Site Evaluation and Considerations for Design and Review of Bioretention. Jay Dorsey & John Mathews ODNR-DSWR June 18, 2014

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1 Site Evaluation and Considerations for Design and Review of Bioretention Jay Dorsey & John Mathews ODNR-DSWR June 18, 2014

2 Goals for Presentation Understanding Why Bioretention Practices Fail Site Considerations Right BMP? Site Limitations Site Properties for Design Giving Bioretention Practices the Best Chance to Function Over the Long Haul

3 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? Undersized Bioretention Cell Based on Overestimate of Infiltration Capacity

4 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? Undersized Bioretention Cell Based on Overestimate of Infiltration Capacity

5 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? Undersized Bioretention Cell Based on Overestimate of Infiltration Capacity Sediment Clogging of Geotextile Filter Between Soil and Aggregate Layers

6 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? Undersized Bioretention Cell Based on Overestimate of Infiltration Capacity Sediment Clogging of Geotextile Filter Between Soil and Aggregate Layers

7 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface

8 Clogging of Filter Surface

9 Clogging of Filter Surface Source: Bill Hunt, NCSU-BAE

10 Source: Bill Hunt, NCSU-BAE

11 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface 2. Eroding Sideslopes - Unstable Sideslopes and/or Concentrated Flow

12 Source: Brad Wardynski, NCSU-BAE Source: Amy Dutt, Urban Wild

13 Source: Brad Wardynski, NCSU-BAE

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15 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface 2. Eroding Sideslopes 3. Undersized Surface Ponding Volume

16 Storage Volume Source: Brad Wardynski, NCSU-BAE

17 Storage Volume Severely Undersized (>25%) 35% Source: Brad Wardynski, NCSU-BAE

18 Results: Storage Volume Need to inspect average ponding depth (not height of outlet structure) Source: Brad Wardynski, NCSU-BAE

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20 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface 2. Eroding Sideslopes 3. Undersized Surface Ponding Volume 4. Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight

21 Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight Loss of Exfiltration/Infiltration Capacity smearing or compaction of subgrade soils during excavation compaction of filter bed soils during construction

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26 Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight Loss of Exfiltration/Infiltration Capacity smearing or compaction of subgrade soils during excavation compaction of filter bed soils during construction Materials esp. filter sand and planting media

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29 Photo: Geo Growers

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34 Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight Loss of Exfiltration/Infiltration Capacity smearing or compaction of subgrade soils during excavation compaction of filter bed soils during construction Materials esp. filter sand and planting media Elevations filter bed surface, overflow

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36 Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight Loss of Exfiltration/Infiltration Capacity smearing or compaction of subgrade soils during excavation compaction of filter bed soils during construction Materials esp. filter sand and planting media Elevations filter bed surface, overflow Existing or Hidden Infrastructure

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38 Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight Loss of Exfiltration/Infiltration Capacity smearing or compaction of subgrade soils during excavation compaction of filter bed soils during construction Materials esp. filter sand and planting media Elevations filter bed surface, overflow Existing or Hidden Infrastructure Keeping Sediment Out of BRC During Construction staging, site drainage and erosion control during construction, site stabilization

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41 Source: Amy Dutt, Urban Wild

42 Bioretention Construction Construction season/ construction timing Excavation in fill material

43 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface 2. Eroding Sideslopes 3. Undersized Surface Ponding Volume 4. Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight 5. Plant Selection and Management

44 Plant Selection and Management Plants: Plant selection tolerant to range of soil moisture involve landscape architect or horticulturalist familiar with bioretention Avoid visual clearance issues Minimize maintenance Year-round aesthetic appeal Commercially available

45 Plant Selection and Management - Resources - Horticulturalist or Landscape Architect (esp. ones with stormwater background) Local Rain Garden Alliance (e.g. CincyRain.org) Rain Garden and Stormwater Plant Guides

46 Grassed Bioretention VaDCR Independence, OH Orange Village, OH

47 Landscape Plants vs Grass Conrad St, Toledo

48 Landscape Plants vs Grass

49 Landscape Plants vs Grass

50 Third Federal Bank, North Olmstead Source: Dan Bogoevski, Ohio EPA Grassed Bioretention

51 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface 2. Eroding Sideslopes 3. Undersized Surface Ponding Volume 4. Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight 5. Plant Selection and Management 6. Lack of Maintenance

52 Why Do Bioretention Practices Fail? 1. Sediment Clogging of Filter Bed Surface 2. Eroding Sideslopes 3. Undersized Surface Ponding Volume 4. Construction Issues/Lack of Construction Oversight 5. Plant Selection and Management 6. Lack of Maintenance 7. Bioretention BMP or Design Poor Fit for Site

53 Design for Constructability Specify sod for grassed sideslopes Specify approach/equipment to be used for media placement B. Prunty Photo B. Prunty Photo B. Prunty Photo

54 Design for Maintainability Specify sod for grassed sideslopes Access for maintenance activities Create separate snow storage area w/pretreatment before bioretention NCSU Photo

55

56 Planning Considerations Drainage Area < 2 Acres Existing Infrastructure Setbacks from Property Lines, Building Foundations, Wells, Septic Systems

57 Planning Considerations Drainage Area < 2 Acres Existing Infrastructure Setbacks from Property Lines, Building Foundations, Wells, Septic Systems Commitment/Resources to Maintain Practice

58 Site Evaluation Groundwater Pollution Concerns Karst or Shallow Sand/Gravel Aquifer Areas

59 Groundwater Pollution Potential Maps Search on ODNR groundwater program

60 Site Evaluation Groundwater Pollution Concerns Karst or Shallow Sand/Gravel Aquifer Areas Shallow Depth to Bedrock Shallow Depth to Water Table 2 ft separation recommended, 1 ft required

61 Site Evaluation Groundwater Pollution Concerns Karst or Shallow Sand/Gravel Aquifer Areas Shallow Depth to Bedrock Shallow Depth to Water Table 2 ft separation recommended, 1 ft required Soil Limitations/Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG)

62 Soil Survey Information Search on ODNR soils data

63 Planning and Design Considerations HSG Shorthand HSG-A Shallow aquifer? Avoid short circuiting from pollutant hot spots HSG-B Easy to work with Maintain infiltration capacity of soils Drainage usually recommended HSG-C Oftentimes in optimal landscape position Maintain infiltration capacity of soils Drainage required HSG-D Must identify limitations and design accordingly Drainage required

64 Site Evaluation Groundwater Pollution Concerns Karst or Shallow Sand/Gravel Aquifer Areas Shallow Depth to Bedrock Shallow Depth to Water Table 2 ft separation recommended, 1 ft required Soil Infiltration Capacity

65 BMP Hydrology P Precipitation (Rainfall & Snowmelt) ET Evaporation & Transpiration S1 Temporary Surface Storage S2 Temporary Subsurface Storage F1 Infiltration F2 Exfiltration Qin Runon/Lateral Inflow Qout - Runoff P ET S1 Qoverflow Qin Qin-leak F1 Qout-leak Qtile S2 F2 Qout

66 Infiltration Test for BMP Design? Bore Hole/ Perc Test (v1)? Ponded Ring Infiltrometer Test 3-Dimensional Flow ~1-Dimensional Flow

67 Single Ring Infiltrometer

68 Single Ring Infiltrometer

69 Estimating Infiltration Rates for BMPs for Site Planning

70 Soil Water Characteristics Calculator

71 Subgrade Kfs Estimates Subgrade USDA Soil Texture Clay Content % Ksat (in/hr) Sand < Loamy Sand < Sandy Loam < Loam Silt Loam < Silt < Sandy Clay Loam Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Sandy Clay <0.005 Clay > 40 <0.005

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74 Pretreatment Realities For the bioretention practice to function: 1. The system must remove most sediment from runoff before it enters the filter bed area The bioretention system necessarily includes pretreatment components 2. The runoff must be introduced to the filter bed area with little or no erosive energy The design must address elevation change and concentrated flow

75 Pretreatment Requirements Some form of pretreatment is required Grass Filter Strip Gravel Verge plus Grass Filter Strip Grass Swale Sediment Forebay

76 Pretreatment Forebay Source: Brad Wardynski, NCSU-BAE

77 Pretreatment

78 Source: Bill Hunt, NCSU-BAE

79 Grass Filter Strip Source: Matt Repasky, ODNR

80 Grass Filter Strip and Grass Swale Sterncrest Road, Orange Village

81 flow too concentrated, flowpath too short

82 too steep? add grass filter? flow too concentrated, flowpath too short

83 Okay

84 Much Better Alternative Okay

85 Good Enough?

86

87 Education Center, Zanesville

88 References ODNR. Rainwater and Land Development Manual. Wardynski and Hunt Are Bioretention Cells Being Installed per Design Standards in North Carolina? A Field Assessment. J. Env. Eng. 138(12): Hunt, Davis, and Traver Meeting Hydrologic and Water Quality Goals through Targeted Bioretention Design. J. Env. Eng. 138(6): Brown, Hunt, and Kennedy Designing Bioretention with an Internal Water Storage (IWS) Layer. NCSU-CE. CWP West Virginia Stormwater Management and Design Guidance Manual.

89 Questions: Jay Dorsey Water Resources Engineer ODNR, Soil & Water Resources (614)

Rainwater and Land Development Manual Bioretention Design Specification Updates. Jay Dorsey & John Mathews ODNR-DSWR June 18, 2014

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