Sharing experiences in landscape Approaches. Yogyakarta, December 2009) Cora van Oosten,

Transcription

1 Sharing experiences in landscape Approaches Yogyakarta, December 2009) Cora van Oosten,

2 What is a landscape? Imagine a landscape...

3 Reading landscapes

4 Reading landscapes

5 Reading landscapes

6 Reading landscapes

7 Reading landscapes

8 Reading landscapes

9 Reading landscapes

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11 Mind scape

12 Mind scape

13 Mind scape

14 Mind scape

15 Definition of a landscape scape or schap : View, appearance, shape, creation Social construct which changes over time Property, archaic form of governance

16 Definition of a landscape Neef (1967): "a landscape is a concrete part of the earth's surface shaped by uniform structure and same process pattern"

17 Definition of a landscape Turner (2001): spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural, urban ( and industrial ) settings".

18 Multi-functional mosaics

19 Elements to take into account Defined by its core, not by its boundaries Its definition lies in the eyes of the beholder (Maginnis, 2004) Concept of space rather than place Characterised by its internal processes Influenced by external factors (change drivers) Processes steered by stakeholders, and their drivers behind Not necessarily co-incides with administrative boundaries

20 Does the landscape approach offer something new? Response to: Previous attempts to plan development Withdrawal of central states, new scope for local stakeholders Search for stronger regional identities Climate change: shorter production chains

21 Landscape approach Making use of existing experiences: Decentralised NRM Participatory land use planning Community forestry

22 See the bigger picture

23 Taking a landscape

24 Which are the options? High value timber Rich biodiversity Well forested catchment Subsistence farm land Ancestral homeland Grazing land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Sub-soil richness Attractive scenery, tourism Human settlement

25 Which are the options? High value timber Rich biodiversity What are the Well forested catchment claims? Subsistence farm land Ancestral homeland Grazing land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Sub-soil richness Attractive scenery, tourism Human settlement

26 Which are the options? High value timber Rich biodiversity What are the Well forested catchment claims? Subsistence farm land Ancestral homeland Grazing land Commercial farm land Who are the claimants? Biofuel production Sub-soil richness Attractive scenery, tourism Human settlement

27 What drives them? District policy Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Food needs Need for firewood Power relations education Need for money Local Market prices Empowerment Labour force

28 What drives them? Globalisation Need for minerals Population growth Growing food demand Food needs District policy Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Power relations Commodity prices up Increased exploitation Growing demand Animal feed Need for firewood education Climate change Increased Interest in biodiversity Need for money Demand for (bio)fuels Local Market prices Empowerment Labour force Increased mobility Direct foreign investments Land grabbing

29 What drives them? Globalisation Need for minerals Population growth Growing food demand Growing demand Animal feed Food needs Need for firewood District policy Ability to invest Competing claims Land ownership Land pressure Power relations education Commodity prices up Increased exploitation Climate change Increased Interest in biodiversity Need for money Demand for (bio)fuels Local Market prices Empowerment Labour force Increased mobility Direct foreign investments Land grabbing

30 Drivers at multiple levels and multiple scales Giller et al, 2008

31 Glocalisation

32 Exercise Go back to your own landscape What is the major change process? What are the major drivers behind? What are the major impacts of this change? Which are the responses to this change?

33 Landscape dynamics Change Driver Response From destruction to restoration?

34 What is the difference?

35 Simple and complex systems Cooking Puzzle Machine Landscape Simple Simple Complicated Complex Predictable Predictable Not predictable Not predictable Recipe Single solution Guidelines Research Trial & error Problem tree Social learning Planning Scenarios Adaptive management

36 Cynefin Framework Complex Complicated Chaotic Simple Source: Cognitive Edge (

37 Mismatches in levels and scales Bio-geographical scales governance scales juridical scales Individual family Local Community Municipality municipal Province/district department Country provincial National Region International

38 A landscape is... Not easy to understand Cannot easily be controlled or planned Can be influenced By addressing the entire system From planning to emergence Co-design

39 From planning to co-design Planned Co-design Emergent

40 From planning to co-design participatory Flexible and adaptive Creating synergies across boundaries Searching for win-win options Creating positive environment to learn

41 From planning to co-design Describe Resources, stakeholders, institutions Discover Processes, driving factors, scales, changes, responses Deliver Implement, monitor, learn Design Multi-stakeholder process Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs

42 From planning to co-design Governance Protection Describe Resources, stakeholders, institutions Deliver Implement, monitor, learn Discover Processes, driving factors, scales, changes, responses Design Multi-stakeholder process Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs Production Conflict

43 What is new about this? Introducing new understanding Introducing new planning perspectives Introducing new forms of collaborative action

44 Planning...

45 Co-design...

46 Thinking in systems

47 Thinking in systems

48 Thinking in systems

49 Thinking in systems

50 Thinking in systems systems thinking Flows and feedback loops Perspectives Inter-relationships Boundaries Systemic interventions Dynamic aspects Non-linear aspects Entangled inter-relations Delay

51 Flows and feedback loops

52 Perspectives

53 Inter-relations

54 Perceptions

55 Perceptions

56 Boundaries

57 Boundaries

58 Boundaries

59 Systemic interventions

60 Systemic interventions Dynamic aspects Non-linear aspects Entangled inter-relations Delay

61 Expect the unexpected... Watch Closely. And Enjoy this Artwork Sound on