WHAT IS LANDSCAPE? Webster s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.

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2 WHAT IS LANDSCAPE? Landscape: a picture representing a section of natural, inland scenery, as of prairie, woodland, mountains...an expanse of natural scenery seen by the eye in one view. Webster s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary

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4 Perkataan landskap hanya diketahui oleh rakyat malaysia pada hujung tahun 70-an sahaja Praktis: konsep, proses dan prinsip rekabentuk landskap sejak awal-awal sejarah melayu lagi Penggunaan landskap bergantung kepada keadaan sekeliling: bentuk mukabumi iklim tumbuhan lokasi pemandangan kawasan persekitaran 4

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9 What is landscape? People value landscape for many different reasons, not all of them related to traditional concepts of aesthetics and beauty. Landscape encompasses much more than just the landscape. Landscape is a collaboration of the landscape and everything in it - buildings and structures, people, streets and walkways, open space, social spaces, and functional spaces.

10 DEFINISI Mengikut Kamus Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka Edisi Ke-3: Pemandangan alam sesuatu kawasan yang mengandungi unsur-unsur seperti bukit-bukau, sungai, dan tumbuh -tumbuhan, terutamanya pemandangan pedesaan. Seni taman yang memaparkan ciri-ciri pemandangan alam 10

11 LANDSCAPE AS PROCESS Landscapes are dynamic, shaped by ongoing physical, biological, social, and spiritual processes: motion, growth, and exchange; birth, death, and decay; communication, building, learning; dreaming and worship. Processes connect the organic and inorganic, the animate and inamimate, the physical world and the organisms that inhabibit it.

12 LANDSCAPE AS PROCESS Processes create patterns, link scales of space and time: from the intimate scale of touch to to the vast scale of continents and planets, from moments to millennia. Patterns of landscape's material, shape, and structure are clues to ongoing processes and to processes which ceased long ago.

13 LANDSCAPE AS PROCESS Landscape context is a place where processes happen, a setting of dynamic relationships, a weaving together of many patterns

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15 LANDSCAPING Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including: living ELEMENTS, such as FLORA or FAUNA; or what is commonly referred to as gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape. natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water;

16 LANDSCAPING Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including: human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material objects created and/or installed by humans; and abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions.

17 LANDSCAPING Landscaping is both science and art, and requires good observation and design skills. A good landscaper understands the elements of nature and construction, and blends them accordingly

18 LANDSCAPING What landscaping is and what landscaping should be are two dramatically different things. what it should be. Landscaping should be a means of creating an environment that enhances a person's lifestyle and enhances the area in which they are actually doing this enhancement, which might encompass many different things.

19 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING? Landscaping should enhance an area like a pool, deck or patio. Everything about your landscape, especially the plants and the lighting, should work together to create something beautiful and functional.

20 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING? Landscaping try to create an environment specific for somebody's lifestyle, taste, dislikes, family, and entertainment -- all those kinds of things - so that when they get down to the end of the day, or when they come home or whenever they are at their home, they are excited about something that draws them to be there. Something they feel great about.

21 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING? They walk out the door, they sit in their kitchen or living room, and the family can look out the window and feel good about it; depending on what time of year it is and how they are viewing it. It is ever-changing and it is never boring. That is what landscaping is supposed to be.

22 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING? Landscaping is suppose to create an environment that has multiple media in it. It could have patios, it could have lighting in it, pools, decking, fancy planting. Landscaping is not just the use of plants, but that's what people's perception is. Landscaping is about creating an environment.

23 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING? It is something about doing something that's beyond expectations." Beyond what you thought it would be -- that's what clients should say when the work is done Written by David Katz with Elite Landscaping

24 Landscaping Explained Most people consider the aesthetics of the external environment of their home, or workplace, to be very important. Poorly landscaped areas, especially within cities, have negative effects on building occupants and may even promote antisocial behaviour.

25 FUNCTIONS OF LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS Planting or constructing for visual pleasure as well as spiritual fulfillment FUNCTIONAL Planting or constructing for pragmatic reasons such as shade, boundary statements, buffers, cooling effect, energy conservation, etc

26 TYPES OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE ENERGY SAVING LANDSCAPE URBAN LANDSCAPE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE

27 ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE Landscape ecology is the study of spatial variation in landscapes at a variety of scales. It includes the biophysical and societal causes and consequences of landscape heterogeneity. Above all, it is broadly interdisciplinary.

28 ENERGY SAVING LANDSCAPE Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy

29 URBAN LANDSCAPE They embody expressive relationships that mirror changing cultural relationships between nature and city. They are physical relationships with a potentially powerful role in structuring the city. They are social relationships that demonstrate the value of infrastructure in making places.

30 HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE Historical landscapes are special places that reveal aspects of origins, development through their form and features and the way they were used

31 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE A cultural landscape is a geographic area that includes cultural and natural resources associated with an historic event, activity, person, or group of people.

32 SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. This can include ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainability.

33 CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSCAPE Soft landscape Hard landscape

34 Landscaping principally comprises SOFT and HARD' landscape. Soft landscape generally include natural features, such as lawns, embankments and planting, where as hard landscape generally include driveways, patios and car parking facilities.

35 The term soft landscape is used by practitioners of landscape design, landscape architecture and garden design; and gardeners to describe the vegetative materials which are used to improve a landscape by design The corresponding term Hard landscape is used to describe construction materials. The range of soft landscape materials includes each layer of the ecological sequence: aquatic plants, semiaquatic plants, field layer plants (including grasses and herbaceous plants) shrubs and trees.

36 SOFT LANDSCAPE Organic components of landscape which require time to mature or effectual and dependent on climatic factors.

37 HARD LANDSCAPE Non-organic component of landscape which is effectual once it is constructed and non-dependent of climatic factors

38 ISSUES OF DESIGN Who will use the landscape? When will they use the landscape? What activities is planned for the landscape? How many people will use the landscape? Is the landscape flexible for multi-purpose use? Is the landscape easily accessible? Finally have a vision!

39 DESIGN PROCESS A design process is a method of working which incorporates aspects of the environment.

40 STEPS IN DESIGN Develop a plot plan Conduct a site analysis Assess client s needs and desires Locate activity areas Design activity areas Plant selection and placement Hardscape design and placement

41 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT HOUSING INDUSTRIAL PARKS INSTITUTIONS PARKS/GARDENS COMMERCIAL ZONES

42 FAKTOR UTAMA PEMILIHAN LANSKAP KOS:10-30% DARI HARGA RUMAH KONSEP YANG HENDAK DIPILIH PENYELENGGARAAN YANG BERKESAN 42

43 UKURAN KEANEKAAN KESEIMBANGAN PRINSIP LANDSKAP ULANGAN KERINGKASAN TURUTAN 43

44 UKURAN Perbandingan saiz Sesuai dengan saiz rumah dan luas kawasan. Contohnya: rumah yang besar, pokok tidak boleh terlalu kecil Warna Warna memberi ukuran kepada ruang Warna gelap akan kelihatan lebih sempit dibandingkan dengan ruang yang ditanam dengan tanaman yang cerah. VIEW 44

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48 KESEIMBANGAN Ukuran bentuk bangunan menentukan saiz dan jenis pokok yang sesuai diletakkan di kawasan tersebut. Kedua- dua unsur ini mesti ada keseimbangan Contoh: kawasan yang luas memerlukan pokok yang besar dengan jarak yang jauh antara satu dengan yang lain. Gubahan dan susunan tanaman terbahagi kepada 2: Susunan seimbang Susunan tidak seimbang 48

49 SUSUNAN SEIMBANG Satu persepsi yang formal. Tanaman dan elemen-elemen landskap diatur : o o o o o sama bentuk sama bilangan sama warna sama ukuran sama tekstur sama ada di kiri atau di kanan kawasan VIEW 49

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51 SUSUNAN TAK SEIMBANG Satu persepsi tidak formal yang selesa nyaman dan tenang. VIEW 51

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53 Keseimbangan terbahagi kepada 2 Keseimbangan antara kedua-dua belah garisan (kiri dan kanan) Keseimbangan perspektif 53

54 Keseimbangan antara kedua-dua belah garisan. Diatur secara formal dengan kedua-dua belah garisan (simetri) mempunyai aturan yang sebentuk atau ukuran yang kontras antara kiri dan kanan VIEW 54

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56 Keseimbangan perspektif. Keseimbangan bahagian depan, tengah dan belakang. Pokok jenis hiasan di sebelah belakang, Pokok jenis renek di tengah Pokok jenis penutup bumi di hadapan. Dari segi pemilihan warna: bahagian belakang berwarna lebih cerah daripada kawasan tengah atau hadapan VIEW 56

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59 TURUTAN Satu gubahan dan susunan tanaman kepada satu gubahan dan susunan tanaman yang lain mengikut perubahan : bentuk warna tekstur ukuran jarak tanaman Penanaman pokok dengan jarak yang berbeza boleh memberi permandangan yang harmoni. Tujuan : menentukan arah pandangan dalam sesuatu kawasan landskap kelihatan lebih menarik. Gabungan tanaman mengikut turutan warna dan tekstur boleh meningkatkan keharmonian dan nilai estetik landskap VIEW 59

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61 KEANEKAAN Keanekaan susunan, gubahan, warna, bentuk, tekstur dan saiz tanaman serta elemen-elemen landskap Mengelakkan rasa bosan terutama kepada pemandangan. Prinsip: untuk mempelbagaikan unsur-unsur pertentangan dan kontras kawasan dan ruang haruslah dipastikan luas boleh disesuaikan dengan keadaan sekeliling Sekurang-kurangnya tiga elemen reka bentuk perlu dikaitkan pada setiap gabungan, susunan, atau gubahan VIEW 61

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65 KERINGKASAN Unsur keringkasan diambil kira untuk memudahkan proses penyelenggaraan. Keringkasan dalam landskap boleh meningkatkan daya tarikan jika pengurusan dan penyenggaraan dilakukan dengan rapi. Boleh dibahagikan kepada dua: Rekabentuk yang sukar tetapi penyelenggaraan yang mudah Rekabentuk dan penyelenggaraan yang mudah. 65

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68 ULANGAN Penggunaan elemen-elemen landskap, penanaman pokok renek dan penutup bumi perlu diulang untuk mendapatkan susunan yang teratur. Cara ulangan dapat mencetuskan perasaan pergerakan dan perasaan jangkaan. Landskap yang dapat menimbulkan perasaan minat, jangkaan atau terperanjat dianggap berjaya. Pertimbangan untuk menggunakan prinsip ulangan: Elemen unik Elemen reka bentuk o o o o Garisan Warna Bentuk Tekstur 68

69 ULANGAN.. Terlalu banyak atau terlalu sedikit elemen landskap boleh merosakkan kesatuan atau keharmonian landskap. Pemilihan tanaman: Jenis yang sama Satu pokok pada satu kawasan Berkelompok pada satu kawaasan lain 69

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72 ELEMEN REKABENTUK WARNA TEKSTUR KONTRAS TUMPUAN BENTUK GARISAN 72

73 WARNA Elemen terpenting: Menarik perhatian kepada suatu tanaman atau gabungan tanaman. Mempengaruhi perasaan terhadap landskap. Menimbulkan suasana tempat. Menaikkan taraf dan nilai sesuatu gubahan. Contoh : Warna garang atau cerah boleh membangkitkan perasaan marah atau gemuruh. Warna gelap dan lembut boleh menimbulkan perasaan tenang dan selesa. Gabungan warna warna latar belakang atau warna asas diselaraskan dengan warna sekeliling kawasan landskap. Warna utama menonjolkan sesuatu ciri yang penting dalam gabungan tanaman. Warna tanaman dalam landskap mempengaruhi : Ruang atau jarak seseorang itu memandang ke arah landskap. Sinaran cahaya matahari, teduhan dan kesuburan tanah. 73

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76 TEKSTUR Hiasan berkaitan: aturan dan saiz daun, ranting dan dahan kesan penglihatan terhadap kualiti permukaan Perbezaan tekstur bergantung kepada perbezaan saiz : Daun, Batang Pokok Tekstur selalunya dibandingkan dengan pokok yang ada dalam sesuatu reka bentuk landskap. Tanaman yang berlainan tekstur akan memberi daya tarikan yang menarik 76

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79 BENTUK Tanaman akan bertukar bentuk dan saiz dalam masa 5 atau 20 tahun. Merupakan potongan struktur pokok atau rumpun pokok. Dilihat dari segi ukuran panjang dan lebar (bentuk 2 atau 3 dimensi) yang mempunyai fungsi tertentu. Pokok boleh dibentuk mengikut kesukaan pengguna tetapi melibatkan: Tenaga kemahiran wang masa Pokok dengan bentuk semula jadi dipilih untuk hiasan ini. Pelbagai bentuk tanaman penting untuk: Daya tarikan Membentuk kawasan Mengawal pemandangan dalam landskap 79

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82 KONTRAS Untuk mengelakkan pemandangan yang membosankan. Untuk mendapatkan daya tarikan. Dapat diwujudkan dengan menggunakan pokok hiasan atau pokok jenis rendah berdekatan pokok jenis tinggi. Warna boleh memberi kesan kontras. Dapat diselaraskan dan disesuaikan antara satu dengan lain untuk mendapatkan satu reka bentuk yang harmoni. 82

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85 GARISAN Memainkan peranan penting untuk dua bahan landskap. Berbentuk lurus dan bengkok. Bentuk lurus memberi keselesaan, lembut dan menarik. Boleh dilembutkan dengan menanam tanaman rumput laman, penutup bumi atau pokok renek jenis rendah di tepi garisan. Tekstur dan warna akan mengurangkan kekerasan garisan lurus. Bentuk garisan mestilah mengikut rekabentuk keseluruhan landskap. Contoh: o Tapak jalan kaki o Tanaman di tepi bangunan o Sempadan o Parit o Batas 85

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89 TUMPUAN Boleh menarik minat pemerhati kepada gubahan yang tertentu Boleh direkabentuk dengan tanaman yang pelbagai tekstur, bentuk skulptur atau struktur seni bina Pertukaran jarak tanaman daripada biasa kepada tanaman berkelompok Selalunya diletak di tempat yang strategik seperti : Berdekatan jalan masuk Sudut rumah Tempat rehat 89

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