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1 IMPACT OF THE PAST URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE ENVİRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE İN LARGE INDUSTRİAL ZONE AND ADJACENT AREAS -A CASE STUDY OF KAWASAKİ SEA- SİDE INDUSTRİAL ZONE- YOSHIKI MISHIMA Address: =505, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, JAPAN ABSTRACT This paper aims to show the impact of green development strategies, conducted in the past urban development projects, on the present conditions of the environmental infrastructure such as greenery, parks, and water channel system in the large industrial zone. The study area, Kawasaki Sea-Side Industrial Zone, is one of the largest and oldest industrial areas in Japan, located in between Tokyo and Yokohama and facing to Tokyo bay. This study primarily consists of two parts of research. In the first phase of research, the evolution of green development strategies in the history of the study area is discussed with chronological table. Focusing on the major urban development projects revealed in the first phase, the second part of research discusses the relationship between these major projects and the amount and quality of the existing environmental infrastructure. As a conclusion, the comparative characteristics among the major urban development projects are addressed. 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Industrial areas in any urbanized area have always been environmentally and sanitarily controversial, and for that reason, people have made efforts to segregate industrial areas from inner city. Convenient for shipping, the location of industrial areas, however, is often found in oceanfront where people used to live primarily by fishing industry. By developing industrial zones at oceanfront, people have lost their local culture and accessibility to their seashore that mostly reclaimed today. Thus, we no longer have physical and emotional connection with oceanfront. Although people tried to separate industrial areas from residential area, there has been large number of residents suffered from environmental pollution caused by industrial area. Today, the issue of pollution has been remedied by many efforts and related technology, but other new environmental issues have been come out, such as heat-island issue and global climate change that the large industrial area has made great contribution. Seriously responding to these issues as well as trying to change industrial area into mixed-use neighborhood, municipality and government have recently made

2 Cities, nations and regions in planning history great effort to improve the environment of industrial area by promoting green development strategies. 1.2 Study Objective Considering these background of issues and potentials of industrial area, this paper aims to reveal the whole picture of environmental infrastructure, defined in this paper as greenery and water, focusing on the evolution of green development strategy in major urban development projects as well as on the relationship between these urban development and the existing conditions of the environmental infrastructure. By deeply understanding the existing greenery and water created and affected by past urban development, it is possible for us to think of future green strategy in industrial area that effectively engaged with existing environmental infrastructure. 1.3 Study Area The study area of this paper is Kawasaki ward in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan. Kawasaki ward is located at the east end of Kawasaki city and has total area of 3,900 ha and population of 217,000. Importantly, Kawasaki ward has one of the most significant heavy industrial zones in Japan. This industrial area has been rapidly developed on the reclaimed land created since 1920 s. Based on the period of reclamation, the industrial zone divided into three layers (Fig.1). In addition to these three layers, the inner city, where major municipality offices and large train station can be found, is located adjacent to layer 1, the oldest industrial area. Figure 1- Aerial Photo of Kawasaki Ward, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan.

3 1.4 Reviewing Previous Study There have been numbers of study dealing with industrial zones in Japan. Kawasaki ward, as it is famous industrial area, is also often targeted by many researches. Interestingly, these studies are mostly focusing on the transition of the land use in the industrial area, often triggered by the relocation of factories 1,2,3. However, few studies have been carried out, especially focusing on the greenery and water in the light of the past urban development projects. 2. RESEARCH FLOW AND METHOD 2.1 Overall Research Flow The research has two parts. The first one is about the history of urban development that has significant impact on the environmental infrastructure we could see today. To pic major urban development projects, the chronological table of urban development was made, based on the extensive research into the municipal document. The second part of research, based on the specific projects found in the first phase, looked into the existing conditions of greenery and water we could identify in GIS and maps. Static analysis of GIS data was carried out in order to reveal the characteristics of each urban development project. In the end of this paper, the characteristic of each urban development project regarding the existing greenery and water are discussed. Fig. 2. Research Flow Diagram 3. EVOLUTION OF GREEN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN THE PAST URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 3.1 Four Major Urban Development Projects With literature-based research into the evolution of urban development in Kawasaki ward, four major urban development projects are listed (Table 1). These projects significantly changed the former land use, mostly rice paddy field, and had great impact on the environmental infrastructure in this area. The oldest urban development project in Kawasaki ward was Arable Land Consolidation that stands on Readjustment of Arable Land Act established in

4 C i t i e s, n a t i o n s a n d r e g i o n s i n p l a n n i n g h i s t o r y Arable Land Consolidation is primarily for improvement of farmland itself, but here people mostly used this system for urban development that provides residential area for employees in new factories that rapidly moved into Kawasaki ward in this period. 4 In 1922, City Planning Act was established, and Daishi Land Readjustment was the first urban development project under this law in Kawasaki ward. Planned in the waterfront area where industrialization was about to come, the objective of this project was to provide a well-planned land use and infrastructure for the future industrialization. 5,6 In the WWII, Kawasaki ward was severely damaged by air raids. Right after the end of this war, Reconstruction Plan was designed in This plan aimed to readjust old land use plan and create new infrastructure suitable for future industrial city that had become important identity of this place. 7 The reclamation project is a bit different from the evolution of other urban development projects. The reclamation project started in 1913 and has been continued till 1996, simply reclaiming the original tidal flat in order to build large factories. This project stands on Ports and Harbors Act which established in This sea-side industrial zone has been facing various environmental issues, and, therefore, green developing strategies, such as Factory Location Act was designed and requested the factories to have certain amount of green space at the each site. 8 Name of Project Period Planning Entity Law Planning Area Arable Consolidation Land s - Landowner Readjustment Arable Land Act of Daishi Readjustment Land Municipality Land Act Readjustment 394 ha WWII Reconstruction Government - Municipality Land Act Readjustment ha Industrial Zone (Reclaimed Area) Municipality Ports and Harbors Act Table 1. List of Major Urban Development Project 3.2 Evolution of Zoning Area in Kawasaki Ward The major urban development projects significantly had impact on the land use, mostly expanding residential area as well as creating large industrial zone on the reclaimed land. Looking at the change from 1908 to 1935, it is clear that the Arable Land Consolidation broadly changed their farm field into residential area.

5 Fig. 3. Evolution of Zoning Area in Kawasaki Ward 3.3 Footprint of Four Urban Development Projects Fig. 4 shows the footprint of the major urban development projects. Importantly, WWII Reconstruction area is significantly overlapping the area of Arable Land Consolidation, mainly because Arable Land Consolidation, done by landowners, did not provide common good such as parks and open spaces. There are still some areas where never officially developed, and the current urban regeneration projects are undergoing on some of these sites. Reclaimed Land has almost doubled the area of Kawasaki ward. Fig. 4. Footprint of the major urban development projects

6 C i t i e s, n a t i o n s a n d r e g i o n s i n p l a n n i n g h i s t o r y 4. ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE CORRELATED WITH PAST URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 4.1 Green Space and Park In this section, the environmental infrastructure, defined as Greenery (green covered area), Park, and Water Channels, are investigated by using GIS and relevant maps. It is important that the purpose of this research is not to understand how much amount of environmental infrastructure is available, but rather to comprehend correlation between the characteristic of environmental infrastructure and each of the major urban development projects. Table 2 is the detail of green space and park, classified by the major urban development projects. This table was created by the environmental infrastructure (Green Space and Park) data map shown in Fig. 5 and 6. Table 2. The detail of Green Space and Park with in each urban development project area Fig. 5. Distribution of Park Types in Each Urban Development Project

7 Fig. 6. Distribution of Green Space Types in Each Urban Development Project 4.2 Water Channel There was a number of water channels created for irrigation in Kawasaki city. This water channel system is called Nikaryo-Yosui, one of the largest water channel systems in Japan. Unfortunately, more than 62% of this water channel has been lost in the course of rapid urbanization. Although 37.1% of water channel is still remained, none is remained in Kawasaki ward (Table 3). 9 Fig. 7 shows the transition of the water channel in Kawasaki ward. Looking at the map of 1927 and 1947, it is possible to say that most of water channels were lost because of the two major urban development projects; Arable Land Consolidation and Daishi Land Readjustment. During WWII Reconstruction, some of the remained water channels were converted into modern sewage system 10, 11 that still functioning today. Table 3. Existing Condition of Water Channel in Kawasaki City

8 C i t i e s, n a t i o n s a n d r e g i o n s i n p l a n n i n g h i s t o r y Fig. 7. Transition of Water Channel (Nikaryo-Yosui) in Kawasaki Ward 5. CONCLUSION This paper conducted the extensive study of the evolution of green developing strategies and its relation to the existing conditions of environmental infrastructure in the sea-side industrial zone in Kawasaki ward. Table 4 summarizes the findings of this study. The characteristics of each urban development projects are clarified by showing the correlation between urban development projects and its achievement we can see today. It is very important to recognize the fact that the highest green cover ratio is found not in residential area but in industrial area on reclaimed land. However, facing the inevitable industrialization in early 20 th century, there existed huge effort to ensure the green space and parks in industrial area. On the contrary to the effort toward green space and parks, there have been little attention on the water channels. But it is still important to understand that some of the historic water channels are now used as active infrastructure; sewage system. In order to regenerate habitable environment at the oceanfront and improve the relationship between industrial area and inner city, creating the preferable environmental infrastructure at the large industrial area is the critical issue we must now tackle with. For achieving this mission, this study tried show the importance of understanding the past green development strategies and its achievement that we should consider for creating sound urban environment.

9 Table 4. Characteristics of Major Urban Development Regarding its impact on Environmental Infrastructure REFERENCES 1. Akinobu Numajiri, Industrial Facilities Allocation Policy and City Planning, the characteristics of the Formation of Japanese Cities from , Tokyo University Press, Eriko Oka, Kunihiro Narumi, Osamu Tabata, Miyata Yukihiro, A Study of transformation of residential area and land use in the sea-side industrial zone in Osaka, Journal of City Planning 33, (1998). 3. Taku Nohara, A study on the existing land use an its transformation in the large waterfront industrial area: The urban trend of qualitative change and promoted mixed use found in the functional transformation at Keihin Sea-side area, Journal of City Planning 41, (2006). 4. Tamotsu Nagashima, Urbanization and Arable Land Consolidation in Kawasaki, Kawasaki City, Daishi Land Readjustment Plan, Kawasaki City, History of Kawasaki City, Kawasaki City, Record of Reconstruction for Kawasaki City, Kawasaki City, History of Kawasaki Port, Kawasaki City, Nikaryo Yousui Comprehensive Plan, Kawasaki City, Kawasaki Ward Nikaryo Yosui Map, Kawasaki City, Sewer System Map, 2006.