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1 Table of Contents Preface... xv Objective... xv Organization of this Manual...xvi How to Use this Manual...xvii Development of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Stormwater Management...xviii Best Management Practices (BMPs)... xviii Source Control BMPs... xviii Treatment BMPs... xviii Flow Control BMPs... xviii Related Documentation... xx Department of Ecology s Stormwater Management Manual...xx Applicable Federal, State and Local Regulatory Requirements...xx Volume 1: Stormwater Site Planning...1 Chapter 1 Development and Redevelopment Impacts Hydrologic Changes Water Quality Changes Biological Changes... 3 Chapter 2 Watershed Designations City of Tacoma Watersheds Land Use Impaired Water Bodies Floodplains Tacoma s Watersheds Summary Descriptions Watershed Flow Control and Water Quality Requirements Chapter 3 Minimum Requirements for New Development and Redevelopment Overview of the Minimum Requirements Exemptions Applicability of the Minimum Requirements Description of Minimum Requirements Exceptions Chapter 4 Preparation of Stormwater Site Plans Stormwater Site Plan Outline Plans Required After Stormwater Site Plan Approval i Table of Contents
2 4.3 Land Use Submittal Requirements Appendix A Regulatory Requirements...57 Appendix B Stormwater Site Plan Submittal Requirements Checklist...62 Appendix C Hydraulic Analysis Worksheet...68 Appendix D Maintenance Standards for Drainage Facilities...70 Appendix E Wetlands and Stormwater Management Guidelines Appendix F Bond Qualities Worksheet Volume 2: Stormwater Management for Construction Sites Chapter 1 The 12 Elements of Construction Stormwater Pollution Prevention Chapter 2 Developing a Construction Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) General Requirements and Guidelines Step-by-Step Procedure Construction SWPPP Checklists Chapter 3 Standards and Specifications for Best Management Practices (BMPs) Source Control BMPs Runoff, Conveyance and Treatment BMPs Appendix A Standard Notes for Erosion Control Plans Appendix B Background Information on Chemical Treatment Appendix C Construction SWPPP Short Form Volume 3: Surface Water Quantity Control and Conveyance Chapter 1 Hydrologic Analysis Minimum Computational Standards Western Washington Hydrology Model Single-Event Hydrograph Method Closed Depression Analysis Chapter 2 Flow Control Design Roof Downspout Controls Infiltration Facilities for Stormwater Flow Control Detention Facilities Chapter 3 Conveyance System Design and Hydraulic Analysis Conveyance System Analysis Requirements Design Event Methods of Analysis Pipes, Culverts and Open Channels Outfalls Systems Pump Systems Easements, Access, and Dedicated Tracts Appendix B Procedure for Conducting a Pilot Infiltration Test ii Table of Contents
3 Volume 4: Source Control BMPs Chapter 1 Frequently Asked Questions Applicability Pollutants of Concern Types of Source Control BMPs Chapter 2 Worksheet for Commercial and Industrial Activities Chapter 3 BMPs for Homeowners Automobile Washing (for Single-Family Residences) Automobile Maintenance Storage of Solid Wastes and Food Wastes Composting Yard Maintenance and Gardening Swimming Pool and Spa Cleaning and Maintenance Household Hazardous Material Use, Storage, and Disposal General Home Maintenance Pet Waste Chapter 4 BMPs for Commercial and Industrial Activities BMPs To Consider for all Activities Cleaning and Washing Activities Transfer of Liquid or Solid Materials Production and Application Activities Storage and Stockpiling Activities Construction and Demolition Activities Dust Control, and Soil and Sediment Control Other Activities Cover and Surround Activities Chapter 5 Regulations and Requirements City of Tacoma Codes and Ordinances State, Federal, and Other Regulations and Requirements Appendix B Recycling/Disposal of Vehicle Fluids and Other Wastes Appendix C Example of an Integrated Pest Management Program Appendix D Recommendations for Management of Street Wastes Volume 5: Water Quality Treatment BMPs Chapter 1 Treatment Facility Selection Process Step-by-Step Selection Process for Treatment Facilities Chapter 2 Treatment Facility Menus Oil Control Menu Phosphorus Treatment Menu Enhanced Treatment Menu iii Table of Contents
4 2.4 Basic Treatment Menu Chapter 3 General Requirements for Stormwater Facilities Design Flow Volume and Flow Rate Sequence of Facilities Setbacks, Slopes, and Embankments Facility Liners Hydraulic Structures Chapter 4 Pretreatment Purpose Application Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Pretreatment Chapter 5 Infiltration and Bio-infiltration Treatment Facilities Purpose Application Site Suitability Site Characterization Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Infiltration and Bio-infiltration Treatment Chapter 6 Sand Filtration Treatment Facilities Purpose Description Applications and Limitations Site Suitability Design Criteria Construction Criteria Maintenance Criteria Chapter 7 Biofiltration Treatment Facilities Purpose Applications Site Suitability Best Management Practices Chapter 8 Wetpool Facilities Purpose Best Management Practices Combined Detention and Wetvault Combined Detention and Stormwater Wetland Chapter 9 Oil and Water Separators Purpose Description Applications/Limitations iv Table of Contents
5 9.4 Site Suitability Design Criteria Oil and Water Separator BMPs Chapter 10 Emerging Technologies Background Emerging Technology and the City of Tacoma Ecology Role in Evaluating Emerging Technologies Evaluation of Emerging Technologies Assessing Levels of Development of Emerging Technologies Examples of Emerging Technologies for Stormwater Treatment and Control Appendix A Basic Treatment Receiving Waters Appendix B Procedure for Conducting a Pilot Infiltration Test Appendix C Geotextile Specifications Appendix D Turbulence and Short-Circuiting Factor Volume 6: Low Impact Development and On-Site Stormwater Management Chapter 1 General Requirements Objectives Site Assessment Site Planning and Layout Retain Native Vegetation Minimize Clearing and Grading Impacts Chapter 2 Low Impact Development Best Management Practices Application Best Management Practices Glossary References v Table of Contents
6 Figures Figure 1. City of Tacoma Watersheds... 5 Figure 2. South Tacoma Groundwater Protection District (STGWPD) Figure 3. Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) Areas and Other Sensitive Habitat Sites Figure 4. Determining Minimum Requirements for New and Redevelopment Project Sites Figure 5. Determining Minimum Requirements for Flow Control Figure 6. Determining Minimum Requirements for Road-Related Projects Figure 7. Stake and Wire Fence Figure 8. Stabilized Construction Entrance Figure 9. Small-Site Stabilized Construction Entrance Figure 10. Wheel Wash Figure 11. Nets and Blankets Slope Installation Figure 12. Nets and Blankets Channel Installation Figure 13. Soil Erosion Protection Plastic Covering Figure 14. Surface Roughening by Tracking and Contour Furrows Figure 15. Gradient Terraces Figure 16. Temporary Concrete Washout Facility Figure 17. Prefabricated Concrete Washout Container with Ramp Figure 18. Typical Grass-Lined Channels Figure 19. Temporary Channel Liners Figure 20. Soil Erosion Protection Rip Rap Protection Figure 21. Pipe Slope Drains Figure 22. Cross-Section of a Level Spreader Figure 23. Detail of a Level Spreader Figure 24. Check Dams Figure 25. Sediment Barrier Triangular Sediment Filter Dikes Figure 26. Sediment Barrier Geosynthetic Dike Figure 27. Inlet Gravel & Filter Fabric Figure 28. Drop Inlet with Block and Gravel Filter Figure 29. Gravel and Wire Mesh Filter Figure 30. Catchbasin Filter Figure 31. Block and Gravel Curb Inlet Protection Figure 32. Curb and Gutter Sediment Barrier Figure 33. Brush Barrier Figure 34. Silt Fence vi List of Figures
7 Figure 35. Silt Fence Installation by Slicing Figure 36. Straw Wattles Figure 37. Cross-Section of a Sediment Trap Figure 38. Sediment Trap Outlet Figure 39. Sediment Pond Figure 40. Sediment Pond Cross Section Figure 41. Sediment Pond Riser Detail Figure 42. Riser Inflow Curves Figure 43. Floating Platform with Struts Figure 44. Sample Erosion and Sediment Control Plan Figure 45. Construction Entrance Figure 46. Stake and Wire Fence Figure 47. Sediment Barrier Silt Fence Figure 48. Sediment Barrier Triangular Sediment Filter Dikes Figure 49. Sediment Barrier Geosynthetic Dike Figure 50. Sediment (Berm) Barrier Straw Wattle Rolls Figure 51. Sediment (Berm) Barrier Sandbag Berm Figure 52. Catch Basin Protection Bag Filter Figure 53. Catch Basin Protection Inlet Gravel and Filter Fabric Figure 54. Water Runoff Containment/Control Sediment Trap Cross-Section Figure 55. Water Runoff Containment/Control Sediment Trap Outlet Figure 56. Water Runoff Containment/Control Drainage Swale Cross-Sections Figure 57. Soil Erosion Protection Erosion Blankets and Turf Reinforcement Mats Figure 58. Soil Erosion Protection Rip Rap Protection Figure 59. Soil Erosion Protection Pipe Slope Drains Figure 60. Soil Erosion Protection Tarp Covering Figure 61. Typical Downspout Infiltration Trench Figure 62. Alternative Downspout Infiltration Trench System for Coarse Sand and Gravel Figure 63. Typical Downspout Dispersion Trench Figure 64. Typical Infiltration Pond/Basin Figure 65. USDA Textural Triangle Figure 66. Observation Well Details Figure 67. Typical Detention Pond Figure 68. Typical Detention Pond Sections Figure 69. Overflow Structure Figure 70. Examples of Permanent Surface Water Control Pond Sign Figure 71. Weir Section for Emergency Overflow Spillway Figure 72. Typical Detention Tank Figure 73. Detention Tank Access Detail vii List of Figures
8 Figure 74. Typical Detention Vault Figure 75. Flow Restrictor (TEE) Figure 76. Flow Restrictor (Baffle) Figure 77. Flow Restrictor (Weir) Figure 78. Simple Orifice Figure 79. Rectangular, Sharp-Crested Weir Figure 80. V-Notch, Sharp-Crested Weir Figure 81. Sutro Weir Figure 82. Riser Inflow Curves Figure 83. Nomograph for Sizing Circular Drains Flowing Full Figure 84. Circular Channel Ratios Figure 85. Backwater Calculation Sheet Figure 86. Backwater Pipe Calculation Example Figure 87. Debris Barrier Figure 88. Headwater Depth for Smooth Interior Pipe Culverts with Inlet Control Figure 89. Headwater Depth for Corrugated Pipe Culverts with Inlet Control Figure 90. Junction Head Loss in Structures Figure 91. Head for Culverts (Pipe W/ N =0.012) Flowing Full with Outlet Control Figure 92. Head for Culverts (Pipe W/ N =0.024) Flowing Full with Outlet Control Figure 93. Critical Depth of Flow for Circular Culverts Figure 94. Ditches Common Section Figure 95. Drainage Ditches Common Sections Figure 96. Geometric Elements of Common Sections Figure 97. Open Channel Flow Profile Computation Figure 98. Direct Step Backwater Method Example Figure 99. Mean Channel Velocity vs Medium Stone Weight (W50) and Equivalent Stone Diameter Figure 100. Riprap Gradation Curve Figure 101. Pipe/Culvert Outfall Discharge Protection Figure 102. Flow Dispersal Trench Figure 103. Alternative Flow Dispersal Trench Figure 104. Gabion Outfall Detail Figure 105. Diffuser TEE (an example of energy dissipating end feature) Figure 106. Pressure Wash Water Recovery System Figure 107. Drip Pan Figure 108. Drip Pan Within Rails Figure 109. Loading Dock with Door Skirt Figure 110. Loading Dock with Overhang Figure 111. Oil/Water Separator Layout Figure 112. Covered Fuel Island viii List of Figures
9 Figure 113. Surrounding Activities Containing Oversized Equipment Figure 114. Enclose the Activity Figure 115. Cover the Activity Figure 116. Covered Storage Area for Bulk Solids (including berm if needed) Figure 117. Material Covered with Plastic Sheeting Figure 118. Secondary Containment Vessel Figure 119. Locking System for Drum Lid Figure 120. Covered and Bermed Containment Area Figure 121. Mounted Container Figure 122. Above-Ground Tank Storage Figure 123. Hydrant Flushing Figure 124. Examples of Covered Activities Figure 125. Tarp Covering Figure 126. Paved Area with Sump Drain Figure 127. Above-Ground Tank with Impervious Walls and Floor Figure 128. Containment Types Figure 129. Standby Generator Figure 130. Flow Splitter, Option A Figure 131. Flow Splitter, Option B Figure 132. Flow Spreader Option A Anchored Plate Figure 133. Flow Spreader Option B Concrete Sump Box Figure 134. Flow Spreader Option C Notched Curb Spreader Figure 135. Flow Spreader Option D Through-Curb Ports Figure 136. Observation Well Details Figure 137. Sand Filtration Basin Preceded by Presettling Basin (Variation of a Basic Sand Filter) Figure 138. Sand Filter with a Pretreatment Cell (top view) Figure 139. Sand Filter with a Pretreatment Cell (side view) Figure 140. Sand Filter with Level Spreader (top view) Figure 141. Sand Filter with Level Spreader (side view) Figure 142. Sand Filter Vault (top view) Figure 143. Sand Filter Vault (side view) Figure 144. Linear Sand Filter Figure 145. Typical Swale Section Figure 146. Geometric Formulas for Common Swale Shapes Figure 147. The Relationship of Manning s n with VR for Various Degrees of Flow Retardance (A-E) Figure 148. Biofiltration Swale Underdrain Detail Figure 149. Biofiltration Swale Low-Flow Drain Detail Figure 150. Swale Dividing Berm Figure 151. Biofiltration Swale Access Features ix List of Figures
10 Figure 152. Typical Filter Strip Figure 153. Filter Strip Lengths for Narrow Right-of-Way Figure 154. Wetpond (top view) Figure 155. Wetpond (side view) Figure 156. Headwater Depth for Smooth Interior Pipe Culverts with Inlet Control Figure 157. Headwater Depth for Corrugated Pipe Culverts with Inlet Control Figure 158. Critical Depth of Flow for Circular Culverts Figure 159. Circular Channel Ratios Figure 160. Wetvault Figure 161. Stormwater Wetland Option Figure 162. Stormwater Wetland Option Figure 163. Combined Detention and Wetpond (top view) Figure 164. Combined Detention and Wetpond (side view) Figure 165. Alternative Configurations of Detention and Wetpool Areas Figure 166. API (Baffle Type) Separator Figure 167. Coalescing Plate Separator Figure 168. Spill Control Separator (not for oil treatment) Figure 169. Recommended Values of F for Various Values of v H /Vt Figure 170. Typical Dispersion Trench Figure 171. Standard Dispersion Trench with Notched Grade Board Figure 172. Typical Downspout Splashblock Dispersion Figure 173. Typical Concentrated Flow Dispersion for Steep Driveways Figure 174. Sheet Flow Dispersion for Driveways Figure 175. Threshold Discharge Area x List of Figures
11 Tables Table 1. Maintenance Standards Table 2. Water Quality Ranges Found in Study Wetlands Table 3. Temporary Erosion Control Seed Mix Table 4. Landscaping Seed Mix Table 5. Low-Growing Turf Seed Mix Table 6. Bioswale Seed Mix Table 7. Wet Area Seed Mix Table 8. Meadow Seed Mix Table 9. Mulch Standards and Guidelines Table 10. Materials on Hand Table 11. Storm Drain Inlet Protection Table 12. Geotextile Standards Table 13. Vegetated Strips Table 14. Sediment Trap Sizing Table 15. Sediment Trap Sizing Table 16. Temporary Erosion Control Seed Mix Table 17. Mulch Standards and Guidelines Table 18. BMP Designs in Western Washington Table 19. Runoff Curve Numbers for Selected Agricultural, Suburban and Urban Areas Table 20. Bioretention Soil Mix Aggregate Component Table 21. Sizing Table for Rain Gardens Table 22. Modeling Assumptions for Rain Garden Sizing Table 23. Infiltration Rate Reduction Factors to Account for Biofouling and Siltation Effects for Ponds Table 24. Recommended Infiltration Rates based on USDA Soil Textural Classification Table 25. Alternative Recommended Infiltration Rates Based on ASTM Gradation Testing Table 26. Correction Factors to be Used with In-Situ Infiltration Measurements to Estimate Long-Term Design Infiltration Rates Table 27. Permanent Surface Water Control Pond Sign Specifications Table 28. Small Trees and Shrubs with Fibrous Roots Table 29. Values of C d for Sutro Weirs Table 30. Runoff Coefficients C Values for the Rational Method Table 31. Coefficients for the Rational Method Table 32. Rainfall Intensities for the City of Tacoma Table 33. n and k Values Used in Time Calculations for Hydrographs Table 34. Percentage Impervious for Modeling Fully Developed Conditions Table 35. Manning s n Values for Pipes Table 36. Backwater Calculation Sheet Notes xi List of Tables
12 Table 37. Maximum Pipe Slopes, Velocities and Anchor Requirements Table 38. Allowable Structures and Pipe Sizes Table 39. Constants for Inlet Control Equations Table 40. Entrance Loss Coefficients Table 41. Values of the Roughness Coefficient n Table 42. Channel Protection Table 43. Rock Protection at Outfalls Table 44. Additional Storm Drain Easement Widths Table 45. Design Storm Precipitation Values Table 46. Uncovered Fuel Island Separator Sizing Requirements Table 47. Typical TPH Levels in Street Sweeping and Catch Basin Solids Table 48. Typical c-pah Values in Street Waste Solids and Related Materials Table 49. Typical Metals Concentrations in Catch Basin Sediments Table 50. Recommended Parameters & Suggested Values for Determining Reuse & Disposal Options Table 51. Recommended Sampling Frequency for Street Waste Solids Table 52. Pollutants in Catch Basin Solids Comparison to Dangerous Waste Criteria Table 53. Typical Catch Basin Decant Values Compared to Surface Water Quality Criteria Table 54. Typical Values for Conventional Pollutants in Catch Basin Decant Table 55. Catch Basin Decant Values Following Settling Table 56. Screening Treatment Facilities Based on Soil Type Table 57. Treatment Trains for Phosphorus Removal Table 58. Treatment Trains for Enhanced Treatment Table 59. Treatment Facility Placement in Relation to Detention Facilities Table 60. Lining Types Recommended for Runoff Treatment Facilities Table 61. Acceptable Gradation for Compacted Till Liners Table 62. Sand Specifications Table 63. Clay Liner Specifications Table 64. Sizing Criteria Table 65. Stability Check Steps (SC) Guide for Selecting Degree of Retardance Table 66. Guide to Selecting Maximum Permissible Swale Velocities for Stability* Table 67. Grass Seed Mixes Suitable for Biofiltration Swale Treatment Areas Table 68. Groundcovers & Grasses Suitable for the Upper Side Slopes of a Biofiltration Swale in Western Washington Table 69. Recommended Plants for Wet Biofiltration Swale Table 70. Emergent Wetland Species Recommended for Wetponds Table 71. Distribution of Depths in Wetland Cell Table 72. Correction Factors to be Used with In-Situ Infiltration Measurements to Estimate Long-Term Design Infiltration Rates Table 73. Geotextile Properties for Underground Drainage xii List of Tables
13 Table 74. Geotextile for Underground Drainage Filtration Properties Table 75. Geotextile Strength Properties for Impermeable Liner Protection Table 76. Bioretention Soil Mix Aggregate Component Table 77. Sizing Table for Rain Gardens Table 78. Modeling Assumptions for Rain Garden Sizing xiii List of Tables
14 xiv List of Tables
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