CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS

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2 CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS In-situ paving Unit paving Soft paving Concrete 1. IN SITU PAVING relatively easy to install available with several finishes, many colors and various textures durable surface low life time maintenance cost long lasting hard, nonresillent surface adaptable to curvilinear forms joints are required relatively low tensile strength Asphalt low heat and light reflectivity durable dust free surface can be made porous will fray at edges, if not supported can soften in warm weather soluble in gasoline and kerosene

3 2. UNIT PAVING Brick unit paving Non-glare surface easily repaired wide color range High installation cost Difficult to clean Can disintegrate in freezing weather Granite unit paving Hard and dense Very durable under extreme weather conditions Will support heavy traffic Relatively expensive Slate unit paving Durable Wide range of colors Slow to weather Relatively expensive Can be slippery in wet weather

4 3.Soft paving Turfgrass soft paving Colourful Relatively low installation cost Dust free Good drainage characteristics Difficult and expensive to maintain Turf blocks soft paving Same as turf alone but has added stability to withstand light vehicular loads Requires high level of maintenance.

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6 DESIGN CRITERIA APPLICATION Loading bearing Ability: Heavy, medium, & heavy duty applications generally refer to the type of vehicular and pedestrian traffic which a pavements must accommodate. Durability: Pavement design must accommodate sustained pavement loading as well as maintenance methods and natural weathering effects. Safety: Both vehicular and pedestrian pavements are required to be universally accessible and safe, therefore constrained by texture, joinery, slope, drainage and associated with site finishing.

7 CLIMATE: Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes, precipitation rate and frequency, and frost/thaw cycles heavily influence pavement details and finishes. Hot arid, hot humid, temperate, and cold.

8 SUBGRADE: Well-drained or clay subsoil, rooftop gardens, or other unique site Subgrade features play a significant role in determining a structural pavement design strategy. Well drained soils are idea for construction with regard to permeability and bearing capacity. Clay soils are subjected to swelling thus have a high potential for lateral shearing. MAINTAINANCE: Annual maintenance for pavement typically requires periodic coating, pointing, cleaning, and sealing of joints, repair of broken segments or settled areas, re-sitting of unit pavers, and general sweeping to remove accumulated fines and debris.

9 COST: Initial installation cost is a function of material cost, labour, business overhead and profit required to install the pavement and associated support structure. Every layer and associated operation carries a discreet cost per m². Cost therefore may be considered as equal to the sum of each layer installation cost per m². Average, the cost per square foot for asphalt will run between $2.50 to $4.00 & concrete, on the other hand, can run between $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot for basic installation and can cost more depending on different finishes and detail.

10 DESIGN ASPECTS Pavement design has several aspects that are typically identified by the creative expertise of the designer and that are then definitively determined through a collaboration among different design disciplines working toward a common. The structural, functional and aesthetical design aspects are interdependent, and often involve the application of expertise from very difficult design disciplines. STRUCTURAL DESIGN Involves determination of structural composition of pavement Looks at entire pavement system,full depth of soil,base material and its resistance to settling and material failure. Factors affecting location, climate, soil conditions,etc. FUNCTIONAL DESIGN Determines the arrangements of paved areas with respect to their intended use Includes highways, roads, streets, driveways, parking areas, sidewalks,etc. Factors considered safety and accessibility, circulation and traffic, parking and access,etc. AESTHETICAL DESIGN Mainly focuses on appearance of the pavement. Requires knowledge and expertise of design principles and characteristics.

11 DESIGN AND EXPRESSIONS

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15 THIS IS SOMETHING CRAZY

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17 Latest Technology for Pavements

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19 The tiles were installed over a 25-metre distance at the start point of the Paris Marathon, as well as around spectator viewing platforms where it generated almost 5 Kilo Watts of energy which can light up a village in a developing nation for an entire day. It s not just big events that are benefiting from pavement power, some schools in London has a permanent Pavegen installation in its halls, harvesting power from the footsteps of students. Pavegen ultimately hopes to make tiles as affordable as regular floor tiles, and to see them installed in offices, schools, pedestrianised areas and public spaces around the world. Pedestrians around the world can generate energy simply by walking to work or taking an afternoon stroll, thanks to kinetic pavements that turn footsteps into electricity.

20 Solar Roadways Step onto the pavement on a hot day & you might get a sense of the energy.. The Idaho couple are thinking up a way to pave the country's roadways with solar cells, rather than asphalt or concrete. Translating that into a practical solution hasn't been easy, as it isn't as simple as taking solar cells off of a rooftop and burying them into the pavement. In Solar Roadways project, glass-covered solar panels are strong enough to drive on while generating enough power to light the road, melt ice and snow, and send extra energy to cities.

21 Here, the glass is a half inch thick, and tempered, and laminated. The textured surface means it isn't slippery, & since it can self-power small heaters inside to melt ice in winter, it is supposedly safer than an ordinary road. It also powers small LED lights inside that can light up dividing lines and spell out warning messages.

22 They are strong enough to support a truck weighing as much as 250,000 pounds. If the roads of whole country gets converted to the solar pavement system, there'd be enough power to eliminate the use of fossil fuel generators. We can even provide electric power through the roads to power battery vehicles. These solar roadways emits small LED lights at night as shown in the image alongside. Solar panel roads can solve countless environmental problems, but all they need is funding

23 Dazzling STARPATH Pavement UK-based company Pro-Teq has developed a glow-in-the-dark product (liquid product) STARPATH that can be applied to virtually any pavement surface to provide energyfree lighting once night falls. The material absorbs light during the day to create a luminous glow at night, and it is also non-slip and water-resistant, so it could reduce accidents while increasing visibility. Different colours, aggregate sizes, and application bases are also available as shown in the image alongside.

24 Light Pavements Designed by Roberto Paoli, this walkover lighting system is certainly innovative. It s a great way to decorate your garden. Such type of light pavements gives a very fascinating look and appearance.

25 Some creative ideas

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28 DAMAGE IN PAVEMENT

29 DAMAGE IN PAVEMENT

30 Depression formed Broken Part Improper labelling Cracks formation

31 FAULTS IN PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

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