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1 S e c o n d E d i t i o n A n I n t r o d u c t i o n to t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n k, ID 3 I I ' * '^V. ; gas J.^pHI S r - I E r i c D a m i a n K e l l y

2 A b o u t Island Press Since 1984, the nonprofit Island Press has been stimulating, shaping, and communicating the ideas that are essential for solving environmental problems worldwide. With more than 800 titles in print and some 40 new releases each year, we are the nation's leading publisher on environmental issues. We identify innovative thinkers and emerging trends in the environmental field. We work with worldrenowned experts and authors to develop cross-disciplinary solutions to environmental challenges. Island Press designs and implements coordinated book publication campaigns in order to communicate our critical messages in print, in person, and online using the latest technologies, programs, and the media. Our goal: to reach targeted audiences scientists, policymakers, environmental advocates, the media, and concerned citizens who can and will take action to protect the plants and animals that enrich our world, the ecosystems we need to survive, the water we drink, and the air we breathe. Island Press gratefully acknowledges the support of its work by the Agua Fund, Inc., Annenberg Foundation, The Christensen Fund, The Nathan Cummings Foundation, The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, The Educational Foundation of America, Betsy and Jesse Fink Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Kendeda Fund, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The Summit Fund of Washington, Trust for Architectural Easements, Wallace Global Fund, The Winslow Foundation, and other generous donors. The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of our donors.

3 COMMUNITY PLANNING SECOND EDITION

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5 C o m m u n i t y P l a n n i n g A n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n SECOND EDITION Eric Damian Kelly DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN TRUNG TAM HOC LIEU ISLANDPRESS Washington Cove/o London

6 2010, Eric Damian Kelly All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelly, Eric D. Community planning: an introduction to the comprehensive plan / Eric Damian Kelly. 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-10: (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-13: (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN-10: (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. City planning United States. 2. Regional planning United States. 3. Land use- United States Planning. 4. Citv planners United States. I. Title. HT167.K ' dc Printed on recvcled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Keywords: Urban planning, zoning, site planning, public transport, transit-oriented development, land use policy, municipal regulations, smart growth, regional planning, open space, sustainable design, planning, processes, city planners, sprawl, public health, parks planning. community security

7 To my mother, Pat Kelly, and to the memories of my late father and grandparents, Bret Kelly, Ruth and Damian Ducy, and Florence and Bill Kelly, who by example and hy exposition taught my sister, Kate, and me the responsibilities of citizenship: to make a difference in the communities of which we are a part.

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9 CONTENTS Introduction 1 Updates to the Second Edition 1 Substance and Structure of the Book 1 Focus on Comprehensive Planning 1 Legal and Historical Significance 1 Relationship to Other Kinds of Planning 3 A Pragmatic Note 6 The Role of Planners 7 The Role of Individual Citizens 7 Users' Guide 8 Glossary of Key Terms 9 PART I THE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS 11 Chapter 1 Some Overarching Issues: Sustainability, Sprawl, and Human Health 13 Relationship to Climate Change 13 Complexity of the Issues M Sprawl 14 Resources and Sustainability 19 Human Health 22 School Facility Siting 23 Conclusion 26 Chapter 2 Introduction to Planning 29 Elements of a Planning Process 29 Communit}' Planning in Concept 31 Systems Thinking and Planning 33 Planning Traditions in the United States 33 Planning in a Contemporary Democracy 36 Maps as Planning Tools 37 TheRoleofGISs 43 Conclusion 45 Chapter 3 Introduction to the Comprehensive Plan 47 Comprehensive Plan Defined: Examples 49 Historical Evolution of the Comprehensive Plan 50

10 x Contents Elements of a Comprehensive Plan 51 The Planning Commission 55 Updating the Plan 56 Conclusion " Chapter 4 Analysis of Existing Conditions in the Community 61 Practical Aspects of Existing Condition Analysis 63 Conclusion "4 Chapter 5 Projecting Possible Futures for the Community Techniques for Determining What Is Feasible ~9 Bringing Feasibility into the Planning Process 85 Conclusion 8~ Chapter 6 Involving Citizens in Making a Plan 91 Methods of Achieving Citizen Participation 91 Different Approaches to Planning and Citizen Participation 92 Techniques for Citizen Participation 96 Conclusion 103 PART II THE PLAN AS A DOCUMENT 107 Chapter 7 Planning for Future Land Use 109 Creating the Future Land Use Map 109 Basic Principles \ \ Q Mapping Uses \ \ 8 Conclusion 120 Chapter 8 Planning for Public Facilities Such as Parks, Roads, and Utilities 123 Overview of the Issues \ 2 3 Federal, State, and Regional Involvement 125 Planning for Roads and Other Infrastructure \ 26 Planning for Multiple Modes of Transportation \ 27 Planning for or around Other Transportation Facilities \ 3 5 Planning for Sewer and Water Systems \ 36 Planning for Other Utilities \ 37 Planning for Parks, Open Space, and Green Infrastructure 1 38 Planning for Schools, Fire Stations, and Other Facilities \ 39 Planning for Telecommunication Infrastructure \4Q Technology and the Landscape 141 Conclusion 142 Chapter 9 Putting It All Together I45 The Adoption Process 145 The Final Plan 14g The Best Format for an Adopted Plan \ 49 What Does the Official Plan Include? \ 51 Is the Final Plan Internally Consistent? 151 Conclusion 152