SOME RESULTS ON WATER AND NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION OF A GREENHOUSE TOMATO CROP GROWN IN ROCKWOOL
|
|
- Alan Griffith
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SOME RESULTS ON WATER AND NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION OF A GREENHOUSE TOMATO CROP GROWN IN ROCKWOOL JEMAA R BOULARD T., BAILLE A. I.N.R.A., Unité de Bioclimatologie d'avignon Avignon Cedex 9 FRANCE. Abstract Transpiration (TR) and nutrient consumption (N) of a greenhouse tomato crop grown in rockwool were monitored during spring and summer periods. Transpiration measurements were obtained by two ways: (i) hourly values given by an electronic balance supporting four plants; (ii) daily values estimated by the difference between supply and drainage rates of a complete row (108 plants). Nutrient (N03, K, Ca, Mg and P) concentration in the solutions (supply and drainage) were determined each week from chemical analysis of samples of both solutions. Data on crop transpiration obtained with the two methods agree fairly well at daily scale. They were used to test and validate two models of canopy transpiration (TR): i) a model based on the Penman-Monteith approach, where stomatal resistance to water vapour transfer is expressed as a function of global radiation (G) and vapour pressure deficit (D); (ii) a simplified formula derived from the previous model: TR = A*G + B*D, where A and B are two parameters that were identified by fitting the calculated and measured transpiration all along the crop development (April to July). Comparison between predicted and measured values showed that the two models simulate quite closely crop transpiration. The data on mineral absorption of the system (crop + substrate) indicated that the absorption rates of the various nutrients (N) followed quite closely the transpiration rate. The ratio N/TR remained rather stable for all components, with some slight fluctuations for N03 and K. Key words: greenhouse, irrigation, model, nutrient uptake, transpiration, tomato. 1. Introduction In protected cultivation, maximum return on investment implies rational irrigation practices and correct evalution of water requirements: water shortage induces plant stress that reduces growth and yield. Alternatively, excess watering wastes water and nutrients and increases environmental pollution load. To avoid such risks and to improve the efficiency of water and fertilizers, accurate estimates of greenhouse crop transpiration and mineral absorption are valuable information for the growers. As already stated by different authors (Fuchs, 1990; Boulard and Bailie, 1993), greenhouse crop évapotranspiration depends strongly on the greenhouse characteristics (cladding material) and climate equipment (shading screen, fog system, type of heating and ventilation). Therefore, reliable estimation of plant requirements must be based on the knowledge of interaction between greenhouse climate and crop response. In the 70's, simplified models were proposed (De Villèle, 1974) to evaluate the transpiration from the only measure of the outside global radiation using specific coefficients (cladding and crop coefficient). Very simple and commonly used under greenhouse, the precision of these methods lies on the estimation of crop coefficients that depend on crop, climate and greenhouse conditions. Then, if the type of climate, greenhouse and crop change, the model parameters can no longer be valid. Acta Horticulturae 408, 1995 Soilless Cultivation Technology for Protected Crops 137
2 More recently, explicative models were developed for greenhouse crops (Stanghellini, 1987; Yang et al 1990; Boulard et al 1991; Jolliet and Bailey, 1992). They are based on Penman-Monteith (P.M.) formula which expresses the transpiration as function of two climatic parameters: global radiation (G) and water vapour deficit (D) and of physiological parameters such as the aerodynamic (r a ) and stomatal (r s ) resistances and the leaf area index (LAI). In this paper, our purpose is: 1 to analyse the predictions of a transpiration model based on the P.M. equation, including the effects of stomatal regulation; 2 to derive a simplified model for irrigation control objectives; 3 to identify the simplified model parameters. Furthermore, we have taken advantage of the soilless cultivation technology (the crop is grown on rockwool) to measure the mineral absorption of the system constituted by the rockwool slabs and the crop. The long term balance between transpiration and nutrient (NO3, P, K, Ca and Mg) is presented and discussed. 2. Theory Greenhouse tomato crop transpiration TH (W.rtr 2 ) can be estimated by the P.M. formula (for the meaning of symbols, see attached list in annex): TR = A. ( ra / 2 ) Ga + P' C P LAI D (1) A.( ra / 2)+y.rt A.( ra / 2)+y.rt (1) In this equation, the transpiration rate (TR) is divided in two components: a radiative one, proportional to the radiation absorbed by the crop (Ga), and an advective one, proportional to the vapour pressure deficit (D). These two components of transpiration include rt, the total canopy resistance which is the sum of the aerodynamic (r a ) and stomatic (r s ) resistance, the latter one being dependent - among others - on climatic parameters. Previous works (Stanghellini, 1987 and Boulard et al., 1991) showed that r s can be expressed as a function of G, D and T: r s = rsmin * f 1 (G) * f2(d) * f 3 (T) (2) where r sm in is the minimum stomatal resistance of the crop, and fi the response functions to climatic parameters. Due to the large number of parameters involved, this approach is somewhat difficult to apply in irrigation control. Simplification of eqs. (1) and (2) leads to the the following formula: R=A*Ga+B*D (3) where the values of the key parameters A and B can be identified in-situ by using the calculated and measured values of transpiration and climatic parameters. 3. Material and methods 3.1. Greenhouse and experimental set up. The study was carried out in a climate controlled greenhouse equipped with both heating (soil and air) and cooling (fog system, aeration) devices. Tomato plants, cv. Rondello, were planted in double rows (January 1991) and grown on rockwool slabs placed on a 138
3 white plastic mulch. Inside and outside climate parameters (dry and wet bulb temperatures, global radiation) were monitored at hourly time step Transpiration measurements. Crop transpiration was obtained by two methods: (i) a weighting lysimeter which included a frame supporting four plant and an independent system of irrigation and drainage, as shown on fig (la). The decrease in weight (accuracy ± 1 g) was monitored and recorded at hourly time step. (ii) recording the water budget of a complete tomato row (108 plants) by measuring input and output, i.e. water supply (1) and drainage rate (Dr) (figlb). Neglecting the storage term on long time step (day) allows to calculate TR from: TR = I - Dr (4) 3.3. Determination of nutrient uptake. The concentration of nutrients (NO3, P, K, Ca and Mg) in supply and drainage was determined each week from chemical analyses of samples of the supplied and drained solutions. From these measurements (expressed in mg per litre) and the measurements of the volume (expressed in mm per week) of the supplied (I) and drained (Dr) solutions, the nutrient absorption N (j) for an element (j) (expressed on Kg per hectare and per week) can be estimated from: N(j) = Ci*I - Cr*Dr (5) where Ci (mg/1) and Cr (mg/1) are, respectively, the concentrations of the nutrient (j) in the supply drainage solutions. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Validation of the transpiration model Daily courses of measured (lysimeter and water budget) and calculated transpiration (formula 1) are plotted in fig (2a) together with average and maximum daily values of temperature and saturation deficit (fig 2b). Agreement between measured and calculated values can be observed when the plants were young and when the climate conditions were near-optimal (from 7 April to 12 May). Later (end of May to end of June), with older plants and increase of greenhouse air temperature and saturation deficit, we note an overestimation of the model during periods when the fog system was not used. Comparison of TR during warm periods with (28/5 to 22/6) and without (12/5 to 28/5) fog system shows clearly that the use of the fog system can limit the stress intensity. The Penman-Monteith formula allows to estimate the respective contributions of the radiative and advective parts of the transpiration (fig 3). The advective part of transpiration represents 43 % of the total transpiration and should not be neglected. For the period from 7 to 18 l h of April, the accuracy of the calculated transpiration is good when compared to lysimeter measurements (fig 4). These results indicate that, when stress conditions are not too strong, an explicative model based on Penman-Monteith formulation (eq. 1) completed by the description of the stomatic regulation (eq. 2) allows a precise estimation of greenhouse tomato crop transpiration. Nevertheless, this model is not well-adapted to irrigation control because it involves the estimation of numerous crop parameters (LAI, r S) r a ) that are not easily available in production greenhouse. Therefore, a more simple model (eq. 3) was derived and tested in operational procedures. 139
4 4.2. Test of the simplified model and parameters identification The use of the simplified model (eq. 3) for operational procedure calls for the identification of parameters A and B. This was performed by means of the following system of two equations derived from eq. 1: TR=A*Ga+B*D (3) A/B = (A.ra)/(2.p.Cp.LAI) (6) In the following, Ga was estimated from measurements of the incident global radiation on the crop. The aerodynamic resistance r a, was considered as constant (ra = 250 s.nr') under greenhouse conditions (Stanghellini, 1987). It is then possible to identify A and B for each time step. As seen on figs 5 and 6, identified and calculated values of A and B changed periodically between a maximum (diurnal) and a minimum (nocturnal) value, that represent the effect of crop stomatal regulation. The A value (diurnal and nocturnal) remains constant (0.2 and 0.6 respectively) all along the period, whereas B value (diurnal and nocturnal) increases with LAI Nutrient absorption The weekly absorption rate N (Kg.ha-l.week'l) by the system {crop + substrate) for the various nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, NO3 and P) is plotted in figure 7. As it can be seen, the N values for Ca, Mg, and P are rather stable all along the growth period between 7 t ' 1 April and 22 n d June (week 15 to 25), but with a significant increase of NO3 and K absorption during the week 20 and 21. This increase can be related to climate conditions that were marked by an important increase of G and D during these two weeks (fig 8). We find generally, a good correlation between the NO3 and K absorption rates and the climate parameters G and D (that govern the transpiration rate): N(NC>3)= 1.245*G-4 07 (r 2 = 0.69) N(K) = 0.512*G-4.16 (r 2 = 0.54) N(NC>3) = 8.543*D+54.6 (r 2 = 0 67) N(K) = 4.095*D (r 2 = 0.71) N(NC>3) = 0.871*G+4.6*D (r 2 = 0.80) N(K) = 0.251*G+3.014*D (r 2 = 0.75) These results lead us to examine the interdependence between climate, transpiration and absorption of the nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, and P). We observe that the ratio (N/TR) remained rather stable for all components all along the crop duration (fig 9) and analysis of data in fig. 7 showed that the uptake rates for water and nutrients were highly correlated with both radiation and saturation deficit. 5. Discussions and conclusion Transpiration rate of a soilless greenhouse tomato crop was measured from April to August 1991 by means of two methods: - a weighting lysimeter supporting 4 plants (hourly time step). - an input/output method that gives the transpiration rate for a complete row of plants (daily time step). These measurements were compared to a detailed model of transpiration including the effect of stomatal regulation. The positive accuracy between the prediction and the measurements (as long as no strong climatic stress occurs) leads us to adapt and simplify the model for irrigation control purpose. A simple linear model TR = A*Ga-t-B*D, was derived from the analytical model and tested. It was shown that A and B values oscillate between day and night according to the 140
5 oscillations of the stomatal resistance. Nevertheless, the low values of tomato transpiration during night time allow to consider only a single couple of A and B value for irrigation control. During the periods under study, the determination of the absorption rates (N) for various nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, NO3 and P) together with transpiration rate showed that the ratio N/TR remained rather stable for all the components with some slight fluctuations for NO3- and K +. It suggests that the uptake rates for water and nutrients are closely dependent on the same climatic parameters: radiation and air humidity. References Baille M., Laury J.C., Morel P. and Bailie A. (1990). Mesure et estimation de l'évapotranspiration sous serre des plantes ornamentales en pot. Cahier C.N.I.H. 15: Boulard, T., Baille, A. (1993). A simple greenhouse climate control model incorporing effects of ventilation and evaporative cooling. Agric. and Forest Meteor. 65: Boulard, T., Baille, A, Mermier, M. and Vilette, F. (1991). Mesures et modélisation des effets de la résistance stomatique foliare et de la transpiration d'un couvert de tomates de serre. Agronomie 11: De Villèle, O. (1974). Besoins en eau des cultures sous serre, essai de conduite des arrosages en fonction de l'ensoleillement. Acta. Hort. 35: Fuchs, M. (1990). Effect of transpiration on greenhouse cooling. International symposium on greenhouse technology. Israël 26/03-02/04/90. Inst of Agr. and Engineering. A.R Jolliet, O. and Bailey B.J. (1992). The effect of climate on tomato transpiration in greenhouse. Agric. and Forest Meteor 58: Stanghellini, C. (1987). Transpiration of greenhouse crops, an aid to climate management Ph.D. thesis. Agricultural University, Wageningen,150 p. Yang, X., Short, T.M., Fox, R.D. and Bauerle, W.L. (1990 Transpiration, leaf temperature and stomatal resistance of a greenhouse cucumber crop. Agri. and Forest Meteor 51:
6 Annex : List of symbols A : radiative coefficient B : advective coefficient (w.m'^.mb" 1 ) Ci : concentration of nutrient in supply solution (mg.l-1) Cp : calorific capacity (joules.kg' 1. 0 «' 1 ) Cr : concentration of nutnent in drainage solution (mg.l-1) D : saturation deficit (mb) Dr : volume of water drained (mm.week' 1 ) G : global radiation (w.m" 2 ) Ga : radiation absorbed by the crop (w.m" 2 ) I : volume of water supplied (mm.week* 1 ) LAI : leaf area index (m 2 m' 2 ) N : nutrient absorption rate (Kg.ha" 1.week -1 ) r a : aerodynamic resistance (s.m' 1 ) r s : resistance to vapour transfer (s.m" 1 ) rt : total resistance to vapour transfer (s.m' 1 ) T : temperature ( C) TR : transpiration (w.m' 2 ) p : density of air (Kg.m'3) 7 : psychrometric constant : (mb. K' 1 ) A : slope of saturated water vapour pressure deficit (mb. K' 1 ) Fig 1 Schematic iilustation of the transpiration mesurement systems a) Lysimeter supporting 4 plants 1) Plant supporting system 2) Nutrient solution tank 3) Drainage tank 4) Balance 5) Rockwool substrate =3=J=r= b) Fertirrigation and drainage monitoring system for 108 plants 1) Water counter 2) PH and EC measurements in supply solution 3) Distribution 4) Crop rows 5) PH and EC in drainage solution 6) Dripping bucket rain gauge 142
7 Fig 2 a) Courses of mesured and calculated transpiration (7 April to 22 June 1991) 1) lysimeter measurements on 4 plants. 2) measurements by supply and drainage monitoring on one row of 108 plants 3) model (eq. 1 and 2) estimation b) Daily courses of average greenhouse climate parameters: G, T and D (7 April to 22 June 1991) 1) daily average temperature T 2) daily maximum temperature Tmax 3) daily maximum saturation deficit Dmax. Fig 3 Hourly courses of transpiration (total and advective part) estimated by the complete model (eq.1 and 2). Total tranapraoon - Ac^ecov«part 143
8 Fig 4 Correlation between measured (lysimeter) and complete model estimated transpiration (hourly basis, 07 to 19/04/91) IOO ISO :OJ TR Model (w/m2) - - A lidenofied> A model leg 1 & 2) Fig 6 Hour (from 07to19/04) Daily courses of identified (eq. 3 and 6) and calculated (eq. 1 and 2) values of the model's parameters: B and LAI evolution. 144
9 Fig 7 Weekly nutrient absorption for the system {substrate+plant} of various nutrient (K, Ca, Mg, NO3 and P) from 7 April to 22 June Week numcer - m Weekly courses of greenhouse climate parameters (G, D and T) from 7 April to 22 June IS Week number Fig 9 Weekly courses of the ratio (N/Tr) from 7 April (week 15) to 22 June (week 25)
SEASONAL CROP COEFFICIENT OF GERBERA SOILLESS CULTURE
SEASONAL CROP COEFFICIENT OF GERBERA SOILLESS CULTURE A. Papadopoulosl. E. Maloupa^. F. Papadopoulos^ 1. National Agricultural Research Foundation, Soil Science Institute, 541 10 Thessaloniki, Greece.
More informationEffect of Water and Nitrogen Stresses on Correlation among Winter Wheat Organs
Effect of Water and Nitrogen Stresses on Correlation among Winter Wheat Organs Zhou Xin-yang and Wang Yang-ren * Hydraulic Engineering Department, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China, 300384
More informationA New Hydroponic Substrate GREENHOUSE TOMATO CULTIVATION ON GROWSTONES GROW BAGS
A New Hydroponic Substrate GREENHOUSE TOMATO CULTIVATION ON GROWSTONES GROW BAGS A comparison between cultivation on Growstones and Rockwool Written by Paula Costa, Ph.D Director of Research & Development
More informationINFLUENCE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF CUT ROSES PRODUCED IN SOILLESS CULTURE
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF CUT ROSES PRODUCED IN SOILLESS CULTURE I. Urban*, R. Brun** and L. Urban** *C.N.I.H. Station d'expérimentation
More informationEvapotranspiration Rate of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae) in a Non-Circulating Hydroponics System
4:1-6 (2014) Evapotranspiration Rate of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae) in a Non-Circulating Hydroponics System Vivencio A. Pelesco 1 * & Feliciano B. Alagao 2 1 Naval State University-Biliran,
More informationGreenhouses. 4/25/2018 DUBI SEGAL
Greenhouses. 4/25/2018 DUBI SEGAL Why to use greenhouse technology? Economic Advantages of Greenhouses: Ability to grow in various climatic conditions Crop can be marketed throughout the year High quality
More informationManagement, 2nd Edition
Greenhouse Technology and Management, 2nd Edition Nicolas Castilla, PhD Research Coordinator, Department of Horticulture IFAPA (Institute for Agricultural Research and Training), Granada, Spain E-mail:
More informationStudies on the relationships among moisture tension, microclimate and transpiration rate of container grown
J. Appl. Hort., 4(2):65-69, July-December, 22 Studies on the relationships among moisture tension, microclimate and transpiration rate of container grown Acer rubrum Halil Kirnak, Ted H. Short a and R.C.
More informationA Decision Support System to Optimise Fertigation Management in Greenhouse Crops
A Decision Support System to Optimise Fertigation Management in Greenhouse Crops L. Incrocci, D. Massa and A. Pardossi a Dip. Biologia delle Piante Agrarie University of Pisa Pisa Italy L. Bacci, P. Battista,
More informationMOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH PLANTS
MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH PLANTS How a plant uses water and the interaction between root zone and aerial environments In the first of six articles for Practical Hydroponics & Greenhouses, Grodan Crop Consultant
More informationFieldclimate User Manual
1 von 8 13.11.2009 12:42 Fieldclimate User Manual Inhaltsverzeichnis: Getting Started With FieldClimate.Com Irrigation Management Evapotranspiration ETzero Penman Monteith ET pan Soil Moisture Measurement
More informationCHECKLIST NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
CHECKLIST NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Field Production Take soil samples at or near the same time each year, so results from year to year can be compared. Take soil samples during mid summer or fall each year.
More informationMethods for measuring deep drainage
Vol 24, No 7, page 28 December 2003 January, 2004 Methods for measuring deep drainage By Sarah Hood, Pat Hulme, Bernie Harden and Tim Weaver When cotton is irrigated a proportion of the water that infiltrates
More informationEffect of Two Irrigation Frequencies on Rose Flower Production and Quality
Effect of Two Irrigation Frequencies on Rose Flower Production and Quality C. Kittas, G. Dimokas, Ch. Lykas and N. Katsoulas University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture,
More informationMaximizing Vine Crop production with Proper Environmental Control
Maximizing Vine Crop production with Proper Environmental Control Richard McAvoy Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture University of Connecticut richard.mcavoy@uconn.edu 860-486-2925 Environmental
More informationTechnology Transfer of Greenhouse Aeroponic Lettuce Production Information to Alberta Growers,
Technology Transfer of Greenhouse Aeroponic Lettuce Production Information to Alberta Growers, Nabeel Mohammed Greenhouse Research & Production Complex ( GRPC) Lacombe - AB January 18, 2017 Introduction:
More informationCalculating crop evapotranspiration using a dual crop coefficient Part 3
Calculating crop evapotranspiration using a dual crop coefficient Part 3 By Pieter van Heerden and Isobel van der Stoep Introduction As discussed in part 2, the water used by a crop, or crop evapotranspiration
More informationImplementation and testing of a model for the calculation of equilibrium between components of a refrigeration installation
Implementation and testing of a model for the calculation of equilibrium between components of a refrigeration installation Marco Alexandre Onofre Dias This paper presents a model that was implemented
More informationPLASTIC. TOMATO ROOT DEVELOPMENT ON SAND MULCH t GREENHOUSE IN ALMERIA (SPAIN)
TOMATO ROOT DEVELOPMENT ON SAND MULCH t GREENHOUSE IN ALMERIA (SPAIN) PLASTIC N. Castilla Caja Rural de Almeria Apdo. 250 04080 Almeria, Spain C. Gimenez and E. Fereres SIA and Univ. of Cordoba Apdo. 3048
More informationSimulation for Year-Round Nutrient Uptake of Greenhouse Roses over Flowering Cycles
Simulation for Year-Round Nutrient Uptake of Greenhouse Roses over Flowering Cycles Wan-Soon Kim Mi-Young Roh J.H. Lieth and N.S. Mattson Research Development Bureau, RDA Suwon 441-77 Korea Protected Horticulture
More informationOptimisation of the nutritional composition for the cultivation of
1 Optimisation of the nutritional composition for the cultivation of Eustoma grandiflorium in hydroponics De Rijck G. 1, Van Labeke M.C. 2 and Schrevens E. 1 1 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of
More informationTHEORETICAL EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD UNDER VACUUM Zhangjing Chen? Fred M. Lamb1
THEORETICAL EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD UNDER VACUUM Zhangjing Chen? Research Associate Fred M. Lamb1 Professor Department of Wood Science and Forest Products Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 2406
More informationHYDROPONIC CULTURE OF TOMATO AND GERBERA AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES
HYDROPONIC CULTURE OF TOMATO AND GERBERA AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES Manios V.I. Abstract Papadimitriou M.D. Kefakis M.D. In our Institute several experimental hydroponic cultures were carried out in different
More informationKey words: soil electrical conductivity, nitrate nitrogen, drip-irrigation, fertigation, lysimeters.
1 THE "NITRATE NITROGEN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY" RELATIONSHIP IN NON-SALINE SOILS UNDER FERTIGATION LA CONDUCTANCE ELECTRIQUE DU NITRAT DE NITROGENE EN RAPPORT AVEC DES SOLS NON-SALES SOUS LA FUMURE Kouman
More information4th International Conference on Sensors, Measurement and Intelligent Materials (ICSMIM 2015)
4th International Conference on Sensors, Measurement and Intelligent Materials (ICSMIM 2015) Multi-stage Series Heat Pump Drying System with Dehumidification Simulation and Experiment Verification Chao
More informationTHERMAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF GREENHOUSE SOLAR DRYER UNDER PASSIVE MODE
THERMAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF GREENHOUSE SOLAR DRYER UNDER PASSIVE MODE Pushpendra Singh 1, Vipin Shrivastava 2 1,2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology (India) ABSTRACT
More informationIdentifying the SIX Critical Control Points in High Tunnel Production
Identifying the SIX Critical Control Points in High Tunnel Production Terrance T. Nennich, Extension Professor Emeritus Vegetable and Small Fruit Production University of Minnesota Extension nenni001@umn.edu
More informationIrrigation and Fertilization. Mary M. Peet North Carolina State University
Irrigation and Fertilization Mary M. Peet North Carolina State University Topics Irrigation Fertilization Transplanting Pruning & Training Pollination Harvest Containers Packing lines Irrigation and Fertilization
More informationGreen Roofs Impact on Buildings Cooling Load
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International High Performance Buildings Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2012 Green Roofs Impact on Buildings Cooling Load Karim Besbes assaad.zoughaib@mines-paristech.fr
More informationEffects of Growth Conditions on Postharvest Botrytis Infection in Gerbera - a Nursery Comparison
Effects of Growth Conditions on Postharvest Botrytis Infection in Gerbera - a Nursery Comparison G. Slootweg and O. Körner a Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk The
More informationOn the Evapotranspiration from Paddy Fields in a Southern Part of Kyushu* S. IWAKIRI (Miyazaki Agricultural Experiment Station)
15 On the Evapotranspiration from Paddy Fields in a Southern Part of Kyushu* S. IWAKIRI (Miyazaki Agricultural Experiment Station) Abstract Results of observations on evapotranspiration in both early seasonal
More informationPREDICTION OF THE PRESSURE DROP OF CO 2 IN AN EVAPORATOR USED FOR AIR COOLING ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PROCEDURE
PREDICTION OF THE PRESSURE DROP OF CO 2 IN AN EVAPORATOR USED FOR AIR COOLING M. POIRIER, D. GIGUÈRE, Z. AIDOUN, M. OUZZANE Natural Resources Canada, CANMET Energy Technology Centre-Varennes 1615, Lionel
More informationGrowth and nutrient absorption of grapes as affected by soil aeration. I. With non-bearing Delaware grapes A. KOBAYASHI, K. IWASAKI and Y.
Growth and nutrient absorption of grapes as affected by soil aeration. I. With non-bearing Delaware grapes A. KOBAYASHI, K. IWASAKI and Y. SATO (College of Agriculture, Kyoto University) It is well known
More informationRecirculating Nutrient Solution in Strawberry
Recirculating Nutrient Solution in Strawberry A. Peralbo, F. Flores and J. López-Medina Dpto. Ciencias agroforestales. Universidad de Huelva Spain Keywords: Soilless, closed system, cork composted, compost,
More informationWater and Nutrient Use Efficiency of a Tomato Crop as Affected by Two Refrigeration Methods: External Mobile Shading and Fog System
Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency of a Tomato Crop as Affected by Two Refrigeration Methods: External Mobile Shading and Fog System E. Medrano, P. Lorenzo, M.C. Sánchez-Guerrero, M.L. García, I. parrós,
More informationIRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN TREE FRUIT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.
IRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN TREE FRUIT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Neilsen, D 1, Neilsen, G 1, Forge T 1 denise.neilsen@agr.gc.ca 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, B.C. Canada KEYWORDS Irrigation
More informationVENTILATIVE COOLING CONTROL STRATEGIES APPLIED TO PASSIVE HOUSE IN ORDER TO AVOID INDOOR OVERHEATING
VENTILATIVE COOLING CONTROL STRATEGIES APPLIED TO PASSIVE HOUSE IN ORDER TO AVOID INDOOR OVERHEATING Rebeca Barbosa 1, Martin Barták 1, Jan L. M. Hensen 1, 2, Marcel G. L. C. Loomans 2 1 Czech Technical
More informationShortcut Model for Predicting Refrigeration Cycle Performance
17 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 5, 15 Guest Editors: Petar Sabev Varbanov, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Jun Yow Yong, Xia Liu Copyright 15, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.,
More informationGerbera Cultivation in Soilless Media.
Gerbera Cultivation in Soilless Media. Horti - Expo Seminar Kunnar, India Sept. 2012 Flourishing gerbera roots in coco-fibers, in 4 Liter Container. Gerbera - Practice & Theory Selected chapters Growing
More informationEffect of Nitrogen and Potassium on Growth and Development of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on Growth and Development of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. S. Ruamrungsri, C. Suwanthada N. Ohtake, K. Sueyoshi and T. Ohyama and P. Apavatjrut Department of Applied Biological
More information27/11/2015. How does a greenhouse work: humidity. Energiezuinig ontvochtigen. Climate control, humidity
Energiezuinig ontvochtigen How does a greenhouse work: humidity Masterclass 26 november 2 HAS Den Bosch BOGO project Klimaat en energie: nieuwe low input teeltsystem in de tuinbouw F. Kempkes en S. Hemming,
More informationEffects of Planting Date and Density on Tuber Production in Sandersonia aurantiaca
Effects of Planting Date and Density on Tuber Production in Sandersonia aurantiaca Glenn E. Clark Garry K. Burge New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd
More informationEMPIRICAL MODEL SIMULATING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN TROPICAL AREA
EMPIRICAL MODEL SIMULATING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN TROPICAL AREA Thamer Ahmad Mohammad, Abdul Halim Ghazali, Megat Johari Megat Mohd. Noor Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
More informationWith the advancement of perennial production,
Getting to the Root of It Find out how to work best with media, water and fertilizer when growing perennials. By Paul Pilon With the advancement of perennial production, many operations are looking at
More informationEFFECT OF THE PACKING DENSITY ON THE MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE OF ROOT MEDIA
EFFECT OF THE PACKING DENSITY ON THE MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE OF ROOT MEDIA Atelene N. Kämpf UFRGS, Faculdade de Agronomia C.P.776-90001.970 P. Alegre / RS Brazil P. Allen Hammer & Terri Kirk Purdue University
More information1.1. SCOPE OF THE WORK:
Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. SCOPE OF THE WORK: Multi-stage refrigeration systems are an area of growing industrial importance in large plants. These systems are known to be large power
More informationMSU Extension Publication Archive. Scroll down to view the publication.
MSU Extension Publication Archive Archive copy of publication, do not use for current recommendations. Up-to-date information about many topics can be obtained from your local Extension office. Soil Organic
More informationUse of Adapted Energy Screens in Tomato Production with Higher Water Vapour Transmission
Use of Adapted Energy Screens in Tomato Production with Higher Water Vapour Transmission Hugo F. Plaisier Ludvig Svensson Marconiweg 2 3225 LV Hellevoetsluis The Netherlands Keywords: screens, energy saving,
More informationSUCCESS in 11cm (4.25 ) pots: Quality AND Profitability
SUCCESS in 11cm (4.25 ) pots: Quality AND Profitability Results of a trial comparing 2 different culture techniques: The aim of the trial is to produce quality products, with a high commercial value and
More informationCrop Management Details Start from Parameters settings Emergence Planting Seed brand: Settings Parameter settings Hybrid-specific Generic
2.3.4. Crop Management Details Start from: A Hybrid-Maize simulation can start from either planting or emergence. Make that choice and select the appropriate date from the month/date boxes on the right.
More informationSIMULATION ANALYSIS ON THE FRESH AIR HANDLING UNIT WITH LIQUID DESICCANT TOTAL HEAT RECOVERY
SIMULATION ANALYSIS ON THE FRESH AIR HANDLING UNIT WITH LIQUID DESICCANT TOTAL HEAT RECOVERY Xiaoyun Xie, Yidan Tang, Xiaoqin Yi, Shuanqiang Liu,Yi Jiang Department of Building Science and Technology,
More informationProject Report ROOT GROWTH DURING SOD TRANSPLANTING. Bingru Huang, Associate professor
Project Report EFFECTS OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF NUTRISORB ON SHOOT AND ROOT GROWTH DURING SOD TRANSPLANTING Bingru Huang, Associate professor Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University,
More informationFIRST YEAR RECOVERY FOLLOWING A SIMULATED DROUGHT IN WALNUT. D. A. Goldhamer, R. Beede, S. Sibbett, D. Ramos, D. Katayama, S. Fusi, and R.
FIRST YEAR RECOVERY FOLLOWING A SIMULATED DROUGHT IN WALNUT D. A. Goldhamer, R. Beede, S. Sibbett, D. Ramos, D. Katayama, S. Fusi, and R. Jones ABSTRACT A one year drought was simulated in on mature conventionally
More informationEvaluating rootzone stresses and the role of the root system on rose crop productivity and fertilizer-water use efficiency:
Evaluating rootzone stresses and the role of the root system on rose crop productivity and fertilizer-water use efficiency: Leachate chemical quality and cumulative biomass and flower yields Raúl I. Cabrera
More informationInfluence of the fertilization on the maintaining of the quality of croton plants (Codiaeum) cultivated in pots
Volume 19(3), 1-5, 2015 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro Influence of the fertilization on the maintaining of the quality of croton plants (Codiaeum) cultivated
More informationsolution, due to the partial vapor pressure difference between the air and the desiccant solution. Then, the moisture from the diluted solution is rem
A Simplified model for estimating the regeneration effectiveness of a counter flow regenerator for a liquid desiccant system M.H. Kim 1, H.J. Cho 1, and J.W. Jeong 1* 1 Division of Architectural Engineering,
More informationAutonomous irrigation of Olive
Olive trees are rain-fed or irrigated. The fruit is pickled or extracted for oil. We carried out a detailed autonomous irrigation experiment of Manzanilo for 6 years and gained experience irrigating autonomously
More informationGreenhouse Plant Nutrition
Greenhouse Plant Nutrition 1. Start with water quality analysis Rosa E. Raudales, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist rosa@uconn.edu Phone: (860) 486-6043 www.greenhouse.uconn.edu Se habla
More informationPredicting Rose Vase Life in a Supply Chain
Predicting Rose Vase Life in a Supply Chain U. van Meeteren 1, R. Schouten 1, H. Harkema 2, S. Bastiaan-Net 2 and E. Woltering 1,2 1 Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, PO Box 630,
More informationCompression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD
Compression of Fins pipe and simple Heat pipe Using CFD 1. Prof.Bhoodev Mudgal 2. Prof. Gaurav Bhadoriya (e-mail-devmudgal.mudgal@gmail.com) ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to identify the advantages
More informationNumerical study of heat pipe application in heat recovery systems
Numerical study of heat pipe application in heat recovery systems *Song Lin, John Broadbent, Ryan McGlen Thermacore Europe, 12 Wansbeck Business Park Ashington, Northumberland NE3 QW, UK E-mail: song.lin@thermacore.com
More informationPhysiology of Turfgrass Drought Response. Daniel C. Bowman
Physiology of Turfgrass Drought Response Daniel C. Bowman Anyone who can solve the problem of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes one for peace and one for science. John F. Kennedy Turf from Space
More informationFAMILY FARM HYDROPONICS
FAMILY FARM HYDROPONICS Sustainability, quality, simplicity, and innovation OUR SPECIALTY : 30 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN PLANT NUTRITION Dear Sir, Madam, Thank you for inquiring with General Hydroponics! We
More informationPrediction of Soil Infiltration Rate Based on Sand Content of Soil
Agricultural Engineering Research Journal 3 (): 0-4, 013 ISSN 18-3906 IDOSI Publications, 013 DOI: 10.589/idosi.aerj.013.3..1109 Prediction of Soil Infiltration Rate Based on Sand Content of Soil 1 1 Majid
More informationIRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR DRIP-IRRIGATED ONIONS
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR DRIP-IRRIGATED ONIONS Clinton C. Shock, Erik B. G. Feibert, and Monty Saunders Malheur Experiment Station Oregon State University Ontario, Oregon, 1997 Summary Onions were submitted
More informationA Comparison of Different Models of Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration from Potential Evapotranspiration in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka
A Comparison of Different Models of Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration from Potential Evapotranspiration in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Dr. R. P. de Silva Department of Agricultural and Plantation Engineering,
More informationPrepared and Published by Irrigation Industry Association of British Columbia (IIABC) Editor
Landscape Drip Irrigation Scheduling Calculator Users Guide Prepared and Published by (IIABC) Editor Ted W. van der Gulik, P.Eng. February 2010 www.irrigationbc.com TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 5
More informationNumerical Studies On The Performance Of Methanol Based Air To Air Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN( USA) IJCRGG ISSN 0974-4290 Vol.5, No.2, pp 925-934, April-June 2013 ICGSEE-2013[14th 16th March 2013] International Conference on Global Scenario in Environment
More informationPressure drop analysis of evaporator using refrigerants R-22, R-404A and R-407C
drop analysis of evaporator using refrigerants R-22, R-404A and R-407C #1 Pallavi Sawkar, #2 Dr. Pradeep Patil #12 Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM s JSCOE, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
More informationInfluence of Different Protected Conditions on Growth and Yield of Parthenocarpic Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Hybrids
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.191
More informationArnold Schumann, Kevin Hostler, Laura Waldo (UF/IFAS, CREC) 2013 Fluid Forum February 18-19, 2013 Scottsdale, AZ
Advanced Production Systems for Florida Citrus and Blueberry Crops Arnold Schumann, Kevin Hostler, Laura Waldo (UF/IFAS, CREC) 2013 Fluid Forum February 18-19, 2013 Scottsdale, AZ Introduction Florida
More informationFinding the Balance: Calcined Clay Rate Effects in Pine Bark Substrates
Finding the Balance: Calcined Clay Rate Effects in Pine Bark Substrates James S. Owen 1, Jr., Stuart L. Warren 1, Ted E. Bilderback 1, and Joseph P. Albano 2 1 NC State University, Dept. of Horticultural
More informationThe effect of write current on thermal flying height control sliders with dual heater/insulator elements
Microsyst Technol (2011) 17:959 964 DOI 10.1007/s00542-010-1216-4 TECHNICAL PAPER The effect of write current on thermal flying height control sliders with dual heater/insulator elements Hao Zheng Hui
More informationScientific Principals and Analytical Model. Charcoal Cooler. Lisa Crofoot MECH 425, Queens University
Scientific Principals and Analytical Model Charcoal Cooler Lisa Crofoot MECH 425, Queens University 1.0 Scientific Principles Evaporative cooling is based on the principle that water requires heat energy
More informationShuzo Murakami, Shinsuke Kato, and Taeyeon Kim Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
INDOOR CLIMATE DESIGN BASED ON FEEDBACK CONTROL OF HVAC COUPLED SIMULATION OF CONVECTON, RADIATION, AND HVAC CONTROL FOR ATTAINING GIVEN OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE Shuzo Murakami, Shinsuke Kato, and Taeyeon
More informationGrowth Inhibitor Accumulates in the Nutrient Solution of Closed System Rose Cultivation
Growth Inhibitor Accumulates in the Nutrient Solution of Closed System Rose Cultivation N. Sato Shizuoka Agricultural Experiment Station Japan Keywords: rose, soilless culture, rock wool, closed system,
More informationINDOOR CLIMATE IN HEATING CONDITION OF A LARGE GYMNASIUM WITH UNDER-FLOOR SUPPLY/RETURN SYSTEM
INDOOR CLIMATE IN HEATING CONDITION OF A LARGE GYMNASIUM WITH UNDER-FLOOR SUPPLY/RETURN SYSTEM Mingjie Zheng Research Laboratory, SANKO AIR CONDITIONING CO., LTD. Nagoya, 450-0003, JAPAN ABSTRACT In large
More informationKEEPING LANDSCAPES GREEN
KEEPING LANDSCAPES GREEN WITH LESS GREEN Dennis Pittenger, M.S. Area Environmental Horticulturist University of California Cooperative Extension Los Angeles County/UC Riverside Presentation 2014 Dennis
More informationEvery single drop: Utilizing deficit irrigation to managing warm-season turfgrass lawns. Jason K. Kruse University of Florida
Every single drop: Utilizing deficit irrigation to managing warm-season turfgrass lawns. Jason K. Kruse University of Florida Introduction Water is the most important environmental factor in establishing
More informationGrowth and Quality of Oriental Lilies at Different Fertilization Levels
Growth and Quality of Oriental Lilies at Different Fertilization Levels J. Treder Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture ul. Pomologiczna 18 96-100 Skierniewice Poland Keywords: lily forcing,,
More informationCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE EFFECT LiBr-WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEM
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE EFFECT LiBr-WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEM Suhail Ahmad Khan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India) ABSTRACT Energy analysis
More informationOptimizing the Water Relations of Cuttings During Propagation
Optimizing the Water Relations of Cuttings During Propagation Fred Davies Dept. of Horticultural Sciences Texas A&M University College Station, Texas So, How Do Cuttings Gain & Lose Water??? Water Water
More informationDesign Procedure for a Liquid Dessicant and Evaporative Cooling Assisted 100% Outdoor Air System
Design Procedure for a Liquid Dessicant and Evaporative Cooling Assisted 100% Outdoor Air System M.H.Kim 1, J.Y.Park 1, E.J.Lee 2, and J.W.Jeong 1* 1 Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University,
More informationSHADING AND PERIODIC REPLACEMENT OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION IMPROVE PRODUCTION OF HYDROPONICALLY-GROWN WATERCRESS
SHADING AND PERIODIC REPLACEMENT OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION IMPROVE PRODUCTION OF HYDROPONICALLY-GROWN WATERCRESS B.A. Kratky, G.T. Maehira and R.J. Cupples University of Hawaii, 461 W. Lanikaula St. Hilo, HI
More informationMODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIRECT EXPANSION AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY SAVING
MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIRECT EXPANSION AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY SAVING V. Vakiloroaya*, J.G. Zhu, and Q.P. Ha School of Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Systems,
More informationVegetarian Newsletter
Vegetarian Newsletter Horticultural Sciences Department A Vegetable Crops Extension Publication May 2007 Growing Bell Peppers in Soilless Culture Under Open Shade Structures By Robert Hochmuth, Linda Landrum,
More informationINTRODUCTION CLIMATE SOIL PLANTING AND SPACING
POMEGRANATE INTRODUCTION The Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 5-8 m. The pomegranate is native to Iran and the Himalayas in northern
More informationInstructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:
Vegetable Crops PLSC 451/551 Lesson 5, Environment, Propagation Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu
More informationThese are non-living factors that influence the performance of a crop. Ex. Climate, weather, soil type, soil fertility, etc.
HORT 102: Climate and Weather Cultivated Plants: Lecture 18 [Teresa Koenig] Slide #: 1 Slide Title: Intro Information Slide Title: Lecture 15 Climate and Weather Speaker: Teresa Koenig Created by: Teresa
More informationCHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT ON CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT
CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT ON CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT 4.1 ABSTRACT Effective rooting is essential for successful crop establishment from cuttings. The objective of this study
More informationLand SAF LSA-SAF Evapotranspiration (ET) Product
Land SAF LSA-SAF Evapotranspiration (ET) Product Alirio Arboleda Budapest 25 April 2017 In collaboration with: Nicolas Ghilain and Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs Royal Météorological Institute of Belgium
More informationXVII th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR)
XVII th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) Hosted by the Canadian Society for Bioengineering (CSBE/SCGAB) Québec City, Canada June 13-17, 21
More informationEffect of salinity on emergence and on water stress and early seedling growth of sunflower and maize
Effect of salinity on emergence and on water stress and early seedling growth of sunflower and maize Katerji N., van Hoorn I.W., Hamdy A., Karam F., Mastrorilli M. in Katerji N. (ed.), Hamdy A. (ed.),
More informationConcepts, tools, and procedures necessary to implement irrigation management in Urban Green Areas
Concepts, tools, and procedures necessary to implement irrigation management in Urban Green Areas J. E. STATHAKOPOULOS *, N.J GEORGI, **, D. H. PELAGOS*** Aristotle University, Agronomist M.Sc. Works division,
More informationFruit Size Management Guide Part 2
Fruit Size Management Guide Part 2 An Australian Citrus Growers Publication Introduction The information in this guide has been based on the Australian Citrus Industry funded project Optimisation of Citrus
More informationPhysiology Behind Turf Drought Response. Daniel C. Bowman
Physiology Behind Turf Drought Response Daniel C. Bowman Dan_bowman@ncsu.edu Let s Examine Why plants need water How plants get water How plants lose water Drought What drives water loss Differences between
More informationEvaluation of a dynamic model for a cold climate counter flow air to air heat exchanger
Evaluation of a dynamic model for a cold climate counter flow air to air heat exchanger Toke Rammer Nielsen, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark; trn@byg.dtu.dk
More informationZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER
, Volume 6, Number 4, p.284-290, 2004 ZONE MODEL VERIFICATION BY ELECTRIC HEATER Y.T. Chan Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China ABSTRACT Selecting
More informationEvaluating rootzone stresses and the role of the root system on rose crop productivity and fertilizer-water use efficiency:
Evaluating rootzone stresses and the role of the root system on rose crop productivity and fertilizer-water use efficiency: Tissue nutrient contents, whole plant biomass and quality Raúl I. Cabrera Texas
More informationThe Sunergy Greenhouse - One Year of Measurements in a Next Generation Greenhouse
The Sunergy Greenhouse - One Year of Measurements in a Next Generation Greenhouse H.F. de Zwart a Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture PO Box 16, Bornsesteeg 65, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Keywords:
More information