The Evaluation of Inter-Specific Hybrid of P. atlantica P. vera cv. Badami Zarand as a Pistachio Rootstock to Salinity Stress

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1 Journl of Nuts 6(2): , 215 ISSN: x The Evlution of Inter-Specific Hybrid of P. tlntic P. ver cv. Bdmi Zrnd s Pistchio Rootstock to Slinity Stress H. R. Krimi *, A. Mleki Kuhbnni Deprtment of Horticulturl Sciences, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Vli-e-Asr, Rfsnjn, Irn Received: 23 July 215 Accepted: 31 October 215 Abstrct In order to evlute the inter-specific hybrid of P. tlntic P. ver cv. Bdmi Zrnd to slinity stress, n experiment ws conducted s fctoril bsed in completely rndomized design with, 6, 12 mm slinity levels of NCl 2, CCl 2 nd MgCl 2 (3:2:1) on two rootstocks Qhzvini nd Bdmi Zrnd nd n inter- specific hybrid of P. tlntic P. ver cv. Bdmi Zrnd. Minerl concentrtions of sodium (N), chloride (Cl), mgnesium (Mg), clcium (C), copper (Cu) nd iron (Fe) in shoot incresed t 12 mm slinity level; however, the phosphorus (P) concentrtion in root decresed. Rootstocks hd significnt differences in the concentrtions of elements of shoot. The highest concentrtions of N nd Cl were observed in Bdmi Zrnd nd Qhzvini rootstocks, nd the lowest ws observed in hybrid rootstock. The highest concentrtion of Mg ws observed in hybrid rootstock, nd the lowest ws observed in Bdmi Zrnd. Due to restriction in the bsorption nd trnsport of chloride nd sodium to the shoot, hybrid rootstock could tolerte more slinity thn Bdmi Zrnd nd Qhzvini rootstocks. Keywords: Inter specific hybrid, NCl, Pistchio rootstock, Slinity. Introduction Pistchio (Pistci ver L.) is one of the most importnt commercil crops in Irn (Krimi nd Sdeghi- Seresht, 215). The mjority of pistchio orchrds is locted in res with sline soil nd is irrigted with low qulity nd sline wter (Krimi et l., 215). Although pistchio trees re clssified s slt tolernt, previous reserch hs demonstrted tht growth rtes of pistchio trees decrese with incresing sodium chloride (NCl) concentrtion in soil. In ddition, there is positive correltion between sodium (N) s well s chloride (Cl) concentrtions in plnt tissue nd soil (Picchioni et l., 199; Sepskhh nd Mftoun, 1982). More thn 8 million hectres of lnds round the world hve been ffected by slinity, which is equivlent to 6% of totl re (Neini et l., 26). Slinity stress dmge plnts by osmotic nd ion toxicity mechnisms. Mechnism of ionic toxicity relted to ion bsorption nd chnges in physiologicl processes re due to toxicity, shortges or chnges in the blnce of minerls (Nieves et l. 199). Picchioni et l., (199) studied the effect of slinity on pistchio rootstocks nd reported tht with incresing slinity, the root to shoot rtio ws incresed in ll pistchio rootstock, especilly in terebinthus rootstock. In other reserch, Hokmbdi et l., (25) studied theresponse of three pistchio rootstocks ( Bdmi Zrnd, Qhzvini nd Srkhs ) to slinity stress nd reported tht shoot dry weight ws decresed with *Corresponding uthor: Emil: h_krimi119@yhoo.com 113

2 Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 incresing slinity in ll rootstocks, lthough the most of the shoot dry weight ws observed in the Qhzvini rootstock. Doring nd Ludders (1986) reported tht the N nd Cl concentrtion of pomegrnte leves incresed with incresing NCl concentrtions in culture solution nd the highest N nd chloride ws observed in root nd lef, respectively. Wter stress is one of the most common environmentl stresses tht could ffect stomtl conductnce, photosynthetic rte, morphology of leves nd roots nd nutrient blnce in plnts (Behboudin et l., 1986). It is reported by Krimi et l., (212) tht the Bdmi Zrnd rootstock is the most common pistchio in Irn nd tht it is less sensitive to Phytophtor nd more resistnt to slinity compred to Srkhs nd P. mutic. P. tlntic is nother rootstock tht is utilized in some countries (Krimi et l., 211). It hs resistnce to slinity nd high efficiency for zinc bsorption compred with other rootstocks (Sepskhh nd Mftoun, 1982). Hence, seedlings produced by crossing Bdmi Zrnd nd P. tlntic my be ble to tolernt more slinity thn Qhzvini rootstock. The objectives of this study ws to evlute the inter-specific hybrid of P. tlntic nd P. ver cv. Bdmi Zrnd to slinity stress nd compre it with the Qhzvini nd Bdmi Zrnd rootstocks. Mterils nd Methods The experiment ws conducted in the Reserch Greenhouse of Horticulturl Deprtment, Fculty of Agriculture, Vli-e-Asr University of Rfsnjn in the yer 211. The seeds of Qhzvini nd Bdmi Zrnd cultivrs were obtined from the Irnin Pistchio Reserch Institute (IPRI). Hybrid seeds were produced by crossing selected P. tlntic femle tree with selected P. ver Bdmi Zrnd mle tree during breeding progrm in IPRI. Pollen from the stmens of the mle tree ws collected nd introduced to the flowers of the femle tree. In the first September, nuts were collected from the tree nd were dried in temperture room. The seeds were plnted on plstic pots contining 42 g of soil. A sndy cly soil with ph of 7.5 nd electricl conductivity of.85 ds.m -1 ws used for this experiment. The experiment ws conducted s fctoril bsed on completely rndomized design with, 6, 12 mm of slinity levels of NCl 2, CCl 2 nd MgCl 2 (3:2:1) with four replictions on two rootstocks, Qhzvini nd Bdmi Zrnd, nd n inter- specific hybrid of P. tlntic P. ver cv. Bdmi Zrnd. Rootstocks were exposed to slinity tretments for 45 dys. The temperture of the greenhouse fluctuted between 16 nd 35ºC during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, shoots nd roots were dried nd some nutrient concentrtions of shoot nd root were mesured. Smples of shoot nd root were shed in muffle oven t 55 ± 25 C. The resulting white sh ws then dissolved in 1 ml of 2N hydrochloric cid (HCl) nd djusted to volume of 1 ml for determintion of N, P, Mg, K, C, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu concentrtion. The Cl concentrtion ws mesured ccording to the method of Chpmn (1961). The phosphorous concentrtion ws mesured following the method of Olsen et l. (1954). C, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn nd Mn concentrtions were mesured using n tomic bsorption spectrometry (Model GBC, AVANTA, Austrli) nd K nd N were mesured using flme photometer (Model PFP7, JENVY, Englnd). The bsorption (AR) rte nd trnsloction (TR) rtio clculted ccording to the following eqution: AR (mg/ pot) = (dry weight of root concentrtion) + (dry weight of shoot concentrtion) TR= AR (shoot) / AR (root)

3 Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 Dt nlysis Anlysis of vrince (ANOVA) ws performed using the SAS softwre (SAS Inc., Cry NC). If ANOVA determined tht the effects of the tretments were significnt (P<.5, P<.1), then the mens were compred by Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. The grphs were plotted using EXCEL progrm (Microsoft Crop., Pullmn WA). Results Shoot nd root weight The shoot fresh weight ws significntly ffected by the rootstock nd slinity (P <.5) (Tble 1). The weight decresed with incresing slinity. The lowest shoot fresh weight ws obtined t 6 mm. However, no significnt difference ws found between the 6 nd 12 mm slinity levels. The highest shoot fresh weight ws obtined in hybrid rootstock nd the lowest ws Tble 1. Anlysis of vrince for Cl bsorpsion, Cl trnsloction, shoot nd root nutrient found elements in Bdmi nd fresh Zrnd. nd dry Shoot weight of dry pistchio weight rootstocks. ws lso Tretment df Cl bsorpsion mg/pot Cl trnsloction (rtio) ffected by rootstocks (P <.5). The highest nd Root Shoot lowest shoot dry weights were observed in hybrid N Cl C K Slinity 2 * rootstock nd Bdmi * Zrnd respectively (Tble 2) ns Rootstock 2 Slinity Rootstock ns ns ns ns ns *.9 ns Error ns Cv Tretment df Slinity 2 Rootstock 2 Slinity Rootstock 4 Shoot N Cl P Mg Fe Cu *.39 * * ns ns.784 ns ns ns.18 ns.3 * ns Error Cv Tretment df Root dry Root fresh Shoot dry Shoot fresh Weight Weight Weight weight Slinity 2.26 ns ns.18 * Rootstock *.132 * Slinity Rootstock ns.2 ns Cv * nd* significnt t 1 nd 5%, respectively; ns: no significnt

4 Root fresh weight (gr) Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 Tble 2. Effects of irrigtion wter slinity on Cl trnsloction, Cl bsorption nd minerl concentrtion of root nd shoot. Root Cl trnsloction Cl bsorption Slinity levels (rtio) (mg/pot) N + (%) Cl - (%).734 b b.272b 1.44b 6 mm.967b b mm Shoot Slinity levels Mg (%) P (%) Fe (mg/kgdw) Cu (mg/kgdw) Cl (%).39b b b 6 mm.47b.543b b mm b b.8481 Mens with common letter in ech column re not significntly different (Duncn test, P =.5). Root fresh weight lso ws ffected by ll tretments (P <.1) (Tble1). The highest root fresh weight ws observed in Qhzvini nd hybrid rootstock. The lowest ws found in Bdmi Zrnd. The results of interction of slinity nd rootstock on root fresh weight nd dry weight showed tht in Bdmi Zrnd, root fresh weight nd dry weight were decresed t 12 mm slinity (Fig. 1). The highest root dry weight ws observed in hybrid t 12 mm slinity (Fig. 2) Control 6 12 b Qzvini Bdmi Zrnd Hybrid Slinity level (mm) Fig 1. Interction of slinity nd rootstock on root fresh weight

5 Root dry weight (gr) Journl of Nuts 6(1): , b b b b b b Qzvini.4.2 c Bdmi Zrnd Hybrid Control 6 12 Irrigtion wter slinity (mm) Fig 2. Interction of slinity nd rootstock on root dry weight. N nd C concentrtion of shoot The sodium concentrtion of shoot ws significntly ffected by slinity nd rootstock (Tble 1). Shoot N concentrtion incresed with incresing slinity. The highest shoot N concentrtion ws observed t 12 mm slinity level, nd the lowest ws observed in the control ( mm) (Tble 2). The dt showed tht there ws significnt difference between the rootstocks. The highest shoot N concentrtion ws obtined with Bdmi Zrnd rootstock, nd the lowest ws found in hybrid rootstock (Tble 3). C concentrtion of shoot incresed significntly in Bdmi Zrnd rootstock, wheres it ws not ffected by slinity in the hybrid rootstock (Fig. 3). Tble 3. The effect of rootstock on N nd Cl concentrtion of shoot nd root nd Cl trnsloction rtio. Tissue Element Rootstock Hybrid Qzvini Bdmi-Rize-Zrnd Shoot N (%) b.65 b Shoot Cl (mg/kg dw).4 b.63 b.75 Root c 1.8 b Trnsloction rtio.17 b.5.48 Mens with common letter in ech column re not significntly different (Duncn test, P =.5)

6 Mg concentrtion in shoot (%) C concentrtion in shoot (%) Journl of Nuts 6(1): , cd d b bcd b bc b c b Qzvini Bdmi Zrnd.2 Hybrid.1 Control 6 12 Irrigtion wter slinity (mm) Fig 3. Interction of slinity nd rootstock on C concentrtion of shoot. Mg nd K concentrtion of shoot The mgnesium concentrtion of shoot ws significntly ffected by ll tretments (slinity nd rootstock) (Tble 1).The results of the interction of slinity nd rootstock on shoot Mg concentrtions showed tht in Bdmi Zrnd rootstock, the shoot Mg concentrtion incresed with incresing slinity, wheres in the hybrid nd Qhzvini rootstocks, there were no significnt difference between levels of slinity (Fig. 4). Shoot K concentrtion ws unffected by tretments (slinity nd rootstock) (Tble 1) bcd d b bcd dc bcd bc Qzvini Bdmi Zrnd Hybrid Control 6 12 Irrigtion wter slinity (mm) Fig 4. Interction of slinity nd rootstock on Mg concentrtion of shoot. P nd Cl concentrtion of shoot The potssium concentrtion of shoot ws only ffected by slinity nd rootstock. The interction slinity nd rootstock ws not significnt. Shoot P concentrtion significntly decresed t 12 mm, lthough there ws not significnt difference between 6 mm nd control (Tble 2). Shoot Cl concentrtion ws significntly ffected by slinity nd rootstock (Tble1). Slinity significntly incresed Cl

7 Cu concentrtion in shoot (%) Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 concentrtions of shoot. However, there ws not significnt difference between 6 nd 12 mm of slinity levels (Tble 2). Rootstocks hd significnt differences relted to shoot Cl concentrtions. The highest shoot Cl concentrtion ws obtined in Bdmi Zrnd rootstock, nd the lowest ws found in hybrid rootstock (Tble 3). Fe nd Cu concentrtion of shoot Iron concentrtion of shoot ws only ffected by slinity. The interction between slinity nd rootstock ws not significnt. Slinity significntly incresed Fe concentrtions of shoot, lthough there were no significnt differences between 6 nd 12 mm of slinity levels (Tble 2). The results of vrince nlysis showed tht Cu concentrtion of shoot ws significntly ffected by slinity nd interction between slinity nd rootstock (P<.1) (Tble 1). The results of interction of slinity nd rootstock on shoot Cu concentrtion showed tht in hybrid nd Bdmi Zrnd rootstocks, shoot Cu concentrtion decresed with incresing slinity, wheres in the Qhzvini rootstock, there ws no significnt differences between 6 nd 12 mm of slinity levels (Fig. 5). 6 5 b 4 3 bc d bc bc dc c bc Qzvini 2 Bdmi Zrnd 1 Hybrid Control 6 12 Irrigtion wter slinity (mm) Fig 5. Interction of slinity nd rootstock on Cu concentrtion of shoot. N nd Cl concentrtion of root Slinity significntly incresed N concentrtions of shoot. There ws not significnt difference between 6 nd 12 mm of slinity levels (Tble 2). The results of nlysis of vrince dt relted to root Cl concentrtion showed tht root Cl concentrtion ws significntly ffected by slinity nd rootstock (Tble 1). There were no significnt differences between 6 nd 12 mm of slinity levels (Tble 3). Three rootstocks showed significnt differences in root Cl concentrtion in tht the highest vlue ws observed in hybrid rootstock nd the lowest ws found in Qhzvini rootstock (Tble 2). Cl bsorbtion nd trnsloction The results of nlysis of vrince dt relted to root Cl bsorption nd trnsloction showed tht Cl bsorption nd trnsloction were ffected by slinity nd rootstock (Tble 1). Cl bsorption nd trnsloction significntly incresed t 12 mm slinity level. However, there ws not significnt difference between 6 mm nd control (Tble 2). The rootstocks were significntly different in regrds to the Cl trnsloction rtio. The highest of Cl trnsloction ws obtined with the hybrid rootstock nd the lowest ws found in Qhzvini. There were no

8 Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 significnt differences between Bdmi Zrnd nd Qhzvini rootstocks. Discussion This study showed the slinity tretment led to reduction of shoot nd root weight in three pistchio rootstocks, which is in greement with Sdtmnd et l. (27), Picchioni et l., (199), Wlker et l. (1987,1988), Behboudin et l. (1986) nd Sepskhh nd Mftoun (1982). The comprison of fresh weight with dry weight of shoot showed tht slinity ffected fresh weight more thn dry weight. This suggested tht lef fresh weight ws more ffected by wter thn specific-ion-toxicity. Slinity lso incresed N nd C concentrtion of shoot in Bdmi Zrnd rootstock. This results confirmed previous reports of Wlker et l. (1987, 1988), Tjbdipure et l. (25), Sdtmnd et l. (27) nd Krimi et l. (211) in tht incresing slinity shoot resulted in n increse of N nd C concentrtion in pistchio. The results of this study confirmed previous reports (Bnkr nd Rnjbr, 21; Krimi et l., 211) tht genotypes of pistchio tht hve low N concentrtion in shoot re resistnt to slinity stress. The results lso showed tht K concentrtion of shoot ws unffected by slinity nd rootstock. Previous studies reported tht slinity decresed K concentrtion in pistchio seedling (Picchioni et l., 199) nd pomegrnte cutting (Neini et l., 26). This differenence ws likely relted to the kind of slts used. Sdtmnd et l. (27) studied the effects of NCl slinity on pistchio seedling nd reported tht slinity decresed K concentrtion in shoot. Slinity significntly incresed Cl concentrtions of shoot. The highest shoot Cl concentrtion ws obtined in Bdmi Zrnd rootstock, nd the lowest ws found in hybrid rootstock. This result is in greement with Ferguson et l. (22), who reported tht Cl concentrtion in shoot of Kermn grfted on P tlntic nd UCB 1 rootstocks ws lower thn P. integrim rootstock. Ferguson et l. (22) lso reported tht with incresing of NCl level in medium, the ccumultion of N, K, nd Cl in shoot nd root of the pistchio rootstocks were incresed. This study showed tht in hybrid rootstock, Cl ccumulted in root led to more resistnce to slinity thn to Bdmi Zrnd nd Qhzvini rootstocks. It is reported tht the root system in P. tlntic rootstock retined sodium nd chlorine nd trnsferred less to shoot. Lessni nd Mrschner (1978) believed tht this could be due to lck of mechnisms to mintin ionic blnce within the plnt. Therefore, slinity disturbs ionic blnce within the plnt, resulting in n ccumultion of chlorine in plnt tissue. Our result is in ccordnce with Grieve nd Wlker (1983) nd Sepskhh nd Mftoun (1982), who reported tht the sensitivity of citrus nd pistchio vrieties were ssocited with the ccumultion of excessive mount of Cl nd sometimes N in the leves. Conclusions The results of our study showed tht the hybrid rootstock hd good growth vigor nd n exclusion mechnism tht restricted the uptke or trnsport of N or Cl. The results of bsorption nd trnsloction Cl nd N showed tht the hybrid rootstock my mintin sodium nd chloride in the prenchym cells of the root xylem. This will prevent the trnsloction of sodium into the shoots nd could be considered s n voidnce mechnism of slinity resistnce. Acknowledgments The uthors thnk University of Vli-e-Asr, Rfsnjn. References Ashrf M, Mcneilly T (199) Responses of four Brssic species to sodium chloride.

9 Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 Environmentl nd Experimentl Botny. 3, Bnkr MH, Rnjbr GH (21) Evlution of slt tolernce of pistchio cultivrs t seedling stge. Americn-Eursin Journl of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Sciences. 9, Behboudin MH, Wlker RR, TorokflvyE (1986) Effect of wter stress nd slinity on photosynthesis of pistchio. Scienti Horticulture. 29, Chpmn HD, Prh DF (1961) Methods of nlysis for soil, plnts nd wter. University of Cliforni Division Agriculturl Science. Pp, Dhiy SS, Singh M (1976) Effect of slinity, lklinity nd iron ppliction on vilbility of iron, mngnese, phosphorus nd sodium in pe (Pisum stivum) crop. Plnt Soil. 44, Demirl MA (25) Comprtive response of two olive (Ole europe) cultivrs to slinity. Turkish Journl of Agriculture. 25, Doring J, Ludders P (1986) Effect of different slt tretment of Punic grntum L. t different root tretment. Artenbuwissenschft. 52, Durn-Zuzo VH, Mrtinez-Ry H, Aguilr-Ruiz J (23) Slt tolernce of mngo rootstock (Mgnifer indic L. cv. Osteen). Spnish Journl of Agriculturl Reserch. 1, Fergusen L, Poss JA, Grttn SR, Grieve GM, Wng D, Wilson C, Donovn-Cho CT (22) Pistchio rootstocks influence scion growth ion reltions under slinity nd boron stress. Journl of the Americn Society for Horticulturl Science. 127, Grci-Snchez F, Jifon JL, Crrjl M, Syvertsen JP (22) Gs exchnge, chlorophyll nd nutrient contention reltion to N + nd Cl - ccumultion in Sunburst mndrin grfted on differnent rootstocks. Plnt Science. 162, Grttn SR, Grieve CM (1999) Slinity-minerl nutrient reltions in horticulturl crops. Scienti. Horticulture. 78, Hsnpour Z, Krimi HR, Mirdehghn SH (215) Effects of slinity nd wter stress on echophysiologicl prmeters nd micronutrients concentrtion of pomegrnte (Punic grntum L.). Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 38, Hokmbdi H, Arzni K, Grierson PF (25) Growth, chemicl composition, nd crbon isotope discrimintion of pistchio (Pistci ver L.) rootstock seedlings in response to slinity. Austrlin Journl of Agriculturl Reserch. 56, Krimi H (212) Evlution of the behvior of ntive Irnin pistchio species s rootstocks. Journls of Nuts. 3, Krimi HR, Ebdi A, Zmni Z, Fthi R (211) Effect of wter slinity on growth indices physiologicl prmeters in some pistchio rootstocks. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 34, Krimi HR, Hsnpour Z (214) Effects of slinity nd wter stress on growth nd mcronutrients concentrtion of pomegrnte (Punic grntum L.). Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 37, Krimi HR, Sdeghi-Seresht E (215) Investigtion of genetic nture nd diversity of Bnebghi s genotype of Pistci genus by using morphologicl chrcteristics nd RAPD mrker. Plnt Cell Biotechnology nd Moleculr Biology. In press. Krimi HR, Nsrolhpour-Moghdm S, Mohmmdi Mirik AA (215) Vrition nd correltion between seeds nd their seedlings trits in

10 Journl of Nuts 6(1): , 215 pistchio (Pistci ver L.) in seprtion sex. Plnt Cell Biotechnology nd Moleculr Biology. In press. Lessni H, Mrschner H (1978) Reltion between slt tolernce nd long-distnce trnsport of sodium nd cloride in vrious crop species. Austrlin Journl of Plnt Physiology. 5, Mtsumoto K., Tmur F, Chun J, Tnbe K (26) Ntive mediterrnen Pyrus rootstock, P. mygdliformis nd P. elegrifoli, present higher tolernce to slinity stress compred with sin ntives. Jpnese Society for Horticulturl Science. 75, Munns R (22) Comprtive physiology of slt nd wter stress. Plnt Cell Environmentl. 25, Neini MR, Khoshgoftrmnesh AH, Fllhi E (26) Prtitioning of chlorine, sodium, nd potssium nd shoot growth of three pomegrnte cultivrs under different levels of slinity. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 29, Nieves M, Mrtinez V, Cerd A., Guillén MG (199) Yield nd minerl composition of Vern lemon trees s ffected by slinity nd rootstock combintion. Journl of Horticulturl Science. 65, Olsen SR, Cole CV, Wtnbe FS, Den LA (1954) Estimtion of vilble phosphorous in soil by extrction with sodium bicrbonte. USDA Circ. 939, U.S. Government. Printing. Office, Wshington, DC., USA. Pp Prs AA, Krimin N (1975) Effect of sodium chloride on seedling growth of two mjor vrieties of Irnin pistchio (P. ver L.). Journl of Horticulturl Science. 5, Picchioni GA, Miymoto S, Storey JB (199) Slt effects on growth nd ion uptke of pistchio rootstock seedlings. Journl of the Americn Society for Horticulturl Science. 115, Sdtmnd AR, Bnihshemi Z, Mftoun M, Sepskhh AR (27) Interctive effects of soil slinity nd wter stress on growth nd chemicl compositions of pistchio nut trees. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 3, Sepskhh AR, Mftoun M (1982) Growth nd chemicl composition of pistchio cultivrs s influenced by irrigtion regimes nd slinity levels of irrigtion wter. II. Chemicl composition. Journl of Horticulturl Science. 56, Tbtbei SJ (26) Effects of slinity nd N on the growth, photosynthesis nd N sttus of olive (Ole europe L.) trees. Scienti Horticulture. 18, Tjbdipour A, Spskhh A, Mftoun M (25) Plnt wter reltions nd seedling growth of tree pistchio cultivrs s influence by irrigtion frequency nd pplied potssium. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 28, Wlker RR, Torokfluy E, Behboudin MH (1988) Photosynthetic rtes nd solute prtitioning in reltion to growth of slt treted pistchio plnts. Plnt Physiology. 15, Wlker RR, Torokflvy E, Behboudin MH (1987) Uptke nd distribution of chloride, sodium nd potssium ions nd growth of slt-treted pistchio plnts. Austrlin Journl of Agriculturl Reserch. 38,