THIS short paper describes a method by which the roots of potted
|
|
- Brook Ball
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 [ 220 ] A MODIFIED FORM OF AUTO-IRRIGATOR BY G, REDINGTON, M.SC. (With 7 figures in the text.) THIS short paper describes a method by which the roots of potted plants can be assured of a regular and practically unvarying supply of water over a considerable period of their life. The apparatus used is simple, cheap, and easy to construct. In the first place acknowledgements must be made to Professor J. H. Priestley, with whom the idea of this modified form of autoirrigator originated. It was decided to use the apparatus in connection with experiments on the growth of plants in continuous light, in order that the plants under investigation could be supphed with water by this means. The general practice of watering plants grown in pots is to withhold water until the soil becomes dry, as indicated either by the appearance of the soil surface, the weight of the pot, or the houow sound emitted when tapped. The pot is then filled with water and the process repeated. This method obviously has many disadvantages both for ordinary and special circumstances, and the supply of water to the roots in this way is far from being regular. The modification of this method sometimes adopted, where measured quantities of water are supplied at regular intervals, also has disadvantages and can have little relation to the actual needs of the plant. In the growth of plants in continuous light it was important that all other external conditions should be kept as uniform as possible in order that no factor should operate tending to introduce any periodicity into the life of the plant. The auto-irrigator, it is claimed, is a method by which the supply of water to the soil is controlled by the rate at which it is being lost by evaporation from the surface and sides of the pot and by transpiration. Thus the supply to the plant is regulated primarily by its needs, and the soil moisture content remains practically constant. If this end is to be attained it follows that the water-supplying power of the apparatus must be greater than any demand which is to be made upon it. The idea of the auto-irrigator was apparently first developed in America, and an early apparatus was described by Livingston (4) in 1908 whose short paper was fouowed by one from Hawkins (2) with
2 A Modified Form of Auto-Irrigator 221 a further paper from Livingston(5) in In this case the water supply to the roots of the plant was provided by one or more porous porcelain cups buried in the soil of the plant pot. Originally these cups were cylindrical in shape and similar to the atmometer cup, but later conical cups were used in order to maintain better contact between the soil and the surface of the cup. The cup is filled with water and connected by a rubber stopper and a tube to a water reservoir at a lower level. As water is taken from the soil by plant roots or by evaporation, more water moves from the wall of the cup into the soil, the cup being replenished by water passing up to it from the reservoir. Holmes (3) showed that moisture equilibrium in the soil of pots equipped with auto-irrigators of this type was attained in 75 to 90 days, according to whether a clayey or a sandy soil was used. Livingston and Hawkins (0) found that in this way a fairly constant soil water content is maintained over a period of 24 hours, the maximum plus and minus variation from the mean in six pots being 4-6 per cent, of the mean moisture content of the soil on the basis of weight of dry soil. The modified form of apparatus to be described is hke the porous cup auto-irrigator only in that the soil of the pot is in contact with a water supplying surface which is itself automatically kept supplied with water. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS Suitable sized pots are selected (a little larger than would normally be used) and the drainage hole enlarged to a circular hole, varying in size with the size of the pot. Usually a hole in. in diameter is sufificient for a 3-inch pot^, i in. for a 4f to 5-inch pot and l in. for a 6-inch pot. A piece of ordinary grey flannel is cut to correct size and sewn up to form a cylinder which will fit closely inside the pot. A thread is run through the flannel, drawing it up at the point where it will pass through the enlarged drainage hole, leaving the top of the flannel level with the rim of the plant pot. The pot is thus lined with the flannel, which is continued down through the drainage hole and out in the form of a ' wick' several inches long. The drainage hole is then stopped up by screwing a rubber stopper tightly into the flannel from below. The pot is then ready for the reception of the soil and plant or seeds. After planting, the pot is stood in the neck of a large glass jar which is kept filled with water to within an inch or two of the bottom of the pot. Flannel 1 Sizes of pots expressed as internal diameter in inches.
3 222 G. REDINGTON was used because it is cheap and has considerable powers of water absorption when once wetted thoroughly. It is essential that the flannel and the pot be moist before being filled with soil. Stoppage Plant Pot Rannel Lihina. Rubber Stopper Extension of- Lining. Fig. I. of the drainage hole with a rubber bung was found to be the only way of preventing the roots from growing out through the hole and into the water below, and it was found that this did not interfere with the supply of water to the pot.
4 A Modified Form of Auto-Irrigator 223 The amount of water supplied to the soil is controlled mainly by the relation between the area of the water-supplying surface' the flannel lining to the pot and the volume of soil in the pot. As this volume increases, the proportion of surface to volume decreases, so that the smaller the pot the greater the supply of water. There will thus be a practical limit to the size of the plant pot that can be used, though what this limit is has not yet been determined. It will vary with the water requirements of the plant, the kind of soil used and the degree of consolidation of the soil in the pot. In practice the method has been used successfully for pots up to b^ in. in diameter. Usually for large-sized pots containing plants which make a heavy demand on the water supply, it is advisable to use a double thickness of flannel, whilst a single layer has been found sufficient for pots up to 4 in. in diameter. EXPERIMENTAL The chief tests of the apparatus were made with a series of maize plants grown in pots very much smaller than would ordinarily be used for the purpose. As it was desired to put the capacity of the apparatus to the most severe test, it was decided to grow half of the test plants under continuous illumination, as under these conditions the practically unceasing loss of water in transpiration would throw a great strain on the power of the apparatus to supply adequately the abnormal needs of the plant. Space was available in a room 10 ft. by 5 ft., lighted by four Ediswan gas-filled electric lamps, each of 500 watts. The temperature of the room was approximately 30 C. and the average relative humidity 35. A vigorously growing plant such as maize under these conditions would demand a large supply of water. Six young comparable maize plants (var. Giant Caragua) were selected from about 50 seedlings, and potted, using ordinary potting soil that had been passed through a J-inch sieve. The pots were 4I in. in diameter by 5 in. deep. The drainage hole was enlarged to a diameter of ij in. to accommodate the double thickness of flannel used for lining the pot, and stopped as usual with a rubber bung. The pots were then placed each in the neck of a glass jar which was filled with water to just below the bottom of the pot. Three of the plants were grown in continuous light (C i, C2 and C3), and three in intermittent light (L i, L2 and L 3). Four of the plants were grown under experimental conditions for 15 weeks (from February 15th to June 12th). At the end of that time they had reached a height of from 6 to 8 ft., had borne and matured
5 224. REDINGTON terminal staminate inflorescences and were bearing the young pistillate inflorescences. us uo = is I 3 30 ^^ 10 S ime in days. 3 ;3 (7 ZL 3i, AS i"? Fig. 2. Plant grown in continuous light. isa 35 O 30 /O Time in days 3 13 If ii. 3U li^ S"6 <Jh 100. Fig. 3. Plant grown in continuous light. DETERMINATIONS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT Many determinations of the water content of the soil in the pots were made during this period, the first samples being taken 8 days after potting up the seedlings. The sampling tool used was a cork borer of i-8 cm. diameter. All determinations were made in dupli-
6 A Modified Form of Auto-irrigator 225 cate, two samples being taken in each case from different parts of the pot. The holes were then filled up with soil taken from the bulk C.3. I J Ut, LT JO Tb CjU/OO Fig. 4. Plant grown in continuous light. LA Time in days U iw ur -JO rl, cj^. 100 Fig. 5. Plant grown in intermittent light reserved from potting, every care being taken to ensure as nearly as possible the same degree of consohdation. The method used for determining the moisture content was that adopted by the Agricultural Education Association(l).
7 226 G. REDINGTON Possible variations in soil water content would be between (a) samples from different pots; h Lo K N o ^30 to h O20 10 s - Time II1 da\ ' Jjs Fig. 5. Plant grown in intermittent light. ^ _. L3. ^3f r \ 510 Time in davs. 3 HI] iu ZL Fig. 7. Plant grown in intermittent light. loo (b) samples from different parts of the same pot; (c) samples taken at different periods during the growth of the plants;
8 A Modified Form of Auto-Irrigator 227 (d) samples taken with the water in the reservoirs at lower levels; (e) samples taken after the intermittent light plants had been in the light for 16 hours, and others taken after they had been in darkness for 8 hours. Possible variations from these causes were investigated, with the following results. (a) and (c). In the accompanying figures the soil water content for the six pots is shown graphically^ over the whole of the experimental period of 15 weeks in four cases and 9 weeks in the other two. These latter plants were removed at the end of this time as they had grown to the roof of the experimental room, a height of 8 ft. It will be seen that in four cases there was a close agreement between the different pots over the greater part of the growth period and it was not until the plants had reached fuu height and were beginning to flower that the soil water content began to fall. Plant C I made the most rapid growth and so was the first in which the demand for water exceeded the supply. It is only to be expected that such vigorous plants growing in small pots will in time reach the stage of requiring more water than the apparatus could supply. The breaks in the curve of plant C 3 are due to the fact that on these two occasions the pots were purposely left without water. The dozens of samples from which these curves were plotted were taken on different dates at different times of the day between 8 a.m. and 9 p.m., the six pots generally being sampled together. (6). The general distribution of water in the soil of the pots was investigated by comparing samples taken from different depths, and also samples taken at varying distances from the centre of the pot. These showed that there was a slight increase in water content from the surface to a depth of 9 cm., and also a slightly higher water content near to the flannel lining. Samples 0-3 cm. depth close to flannel lining near to centre of pot Average water content of 6 pots (%) These small differences cannot be of significance in considering the general supply of water to the plant roots. 1 Soil water content throughout is calculated on wet soil.
9 228 G. REDINGTON {d). On two occasions the water in three of the containers was allowed to fall from 6-9 cm. below its usual level. The average water content for the pots supplied from the normal level was 44-6 per cent., and from the low level, 43-9 per cent. (e). With the three plants in intermittent light, samples taken after the 8 hours' darkness showed practically the same water content as those taken after the 16 hours' light period. After several weeks' growth the soil water content of one pot was twice allowed to drop, once to 24-6 per cent, and again to 10-7 per cent. On filling up the containers again, the normal water content was attained within three or four days. GENERAL This apparatus has been used with success for the growth of many species of plants, including such diverse tj'pes as Zea mats, Gossypinni herbaceum, Boehmeria nivea, Kleinia artieulata, Maranta arundinacea, Canna indica, Vicia faha and Lapageria spp., in pots varying in diameter from 2J to 6 in. The chief precautions that have been found necessary in the use of this method of auto-irrigation are due to the fact that in the early stages of the life of a slowly-growing plant, there is a tendency for water to be supplied to the soil more freely than the plant requires, and in young, newly potted plants of this type this had resulted in the loss of 5 plants out of 45 grown. In view of this tendency it is advisable to observe the following precautions in the case of young, newly potted plants of slow growth. 1. A single thickness of flannel should be sufficient for all sizes of pots up to 5 in. in diameter. 2. The soil used for potting should contain a fairly high proportion of sand. 3. The soil should not be rammed too firmly about the roots, but should be left rather looser than is usual. 4. After potting up such young plants, allow two or three days for the soil moisture content to reach equilibrium, and then empty the containers and just keep the flannel moist until the plants have rooted freely in the fresh soil. When active new growth of leaves indicates that this stage has been reached, the containers can be kept fllled with water in the usual way. It win of course be remembered that there exists no free drainage in the pots, so all water entering has to be removed by evaporation and transpiration. Hence it is inadvisable and quite unnecessary
10 A Modified Form of Auto-Irrigator 229 to "water in" newly potted plants or newly sown seed, as is usually done. The apparatus wiu remain in working order as long as will be usually required for the growth of plants under either ordinary or experimental conditions, and one is now in use which has supplied a 63-inch pot for over a year. The cost of the electric light used in the experiments on the growth of these plants was met by a Research Grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. REFERENCES (1) The Official Method fur the Mechanical Analysis of Soils. AgyicuUuyal Pyogress, (2) HAWKINS, LON. A. The porous clay cup for the automatic watering of plants. Plant IVoyld, 13. pp (3) HOLMES, E. S. Moisture equilibrium in pots of soil equipped with autoirrigators. Johns Hopkins University Ciyculay, pp March (4) LIVINGSTON, B. E. A method for controlling plant moisture. Plant IVoyld, 11, pp (5) Porous clay cones for the auto-irrigation of potted plants. Plant Woyld, 21, p (6) LIVINGSTON, B. E. and HAWKINS, LON A. The water relation between plant and soil. Cayn. Inst. Wash. Pub. 204, pp PHYT. XXVII 4.
11
Water Movement in Soils
Water Movement in Soils by DR. WALTER H. GARDNER Professor Emeritus, Washington State University A LIQUID or vapor, water is nearly always moving in the soil. ~ It moves downward after rain or irrigation.
More information04.SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT
04.SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT Soil moisture is estimated both by direct and indirect method. Direct methods involves the determination of moisture in the soil while indirect methods estimate amount of water
More information03. SOIL WATER MOVEMENT - SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOW AND VAPOUR MOVEMENT - SOIL MOISTURE CONSTANTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN IRRIGATION
03. SOIL WATER MOVEMENT - SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOW AND VAPOUR MOVEMENT - SOIL MOISTURE CONSTANTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN IRRIGATION Soil Moisture Tension Soil moisture tension is a measure of the
More informationNOTES ON SOME GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MIKANIA CORD AT A (BURM. F.) B.L. ROBINSON*) B.T. MERCADO ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
BIOTROPIA No. 7, 1994: 30-40 NOTES ON SOME GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MIKANIA CORD AT A (BURM. F.) B.L. ROBINSON*) B.T. MERCADO Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Banos,
More informationGrowth and nutrient absorption of grapes as affected by soil aeration. I. With non-bearing Delaware grapes A. KOBAYASHI, K. IWASAKI and Y.
Growth and nutrient absorption of grapes as affected by soil aeration. I. With non-bearing Delaware grapes A. KOBAYASHI, K. IWASAKI and Y. SATO (College of Agriculture, Kyoto University) It is well known
More informationComparison of Field Seeding of Sugar Beets and Mangel Wurzels with Two Methods of Transplanting 1
PROCEEDINGS THIRD GENERAL MEETING 377 Literature Cited 1. Deming, G. W. Comparative Yields of Equal Plant Populations of Sugar Beets with Different Spacing Relations. Proc. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Techn.
More informationA WAX SEAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LOWER LIMIT OF AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE'
A WAX SEAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LOWER LIMIT OF AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE' LYMAN J. BRIGGS AND H. L. SHANTZ (WITH TWO FIGURES) All soils upon which the plant cover has wilted through lack of water will
More informationSTUDY ON HYBRID SYSTEM OF SOLAR POWERED WATER HEATER AND ADSORPTION ICE MAKER
, Volume 6, Number 4, p.168-172, 2005 STUDY ON HYBRID SYSTEM OF SOLAR POWERED WATER HEATER AND ADSORPTION ICE MAKER Zhaohui Qi School of Energy Science and Engineering, Centralsouth University, Changsha,
More informationMovement of soil water- Infiltration, percolation, permeability Drainage -
Movement of soil water- Infiltration, percolation, permeability Drainage - Methods of determination of soil moisture Soil Water Movement i) Saturated Flow ii) Unsaturated Flow iii) Water Vapour Movement
More information2. It should be capable of supplying requisite amount of water for fire fighting. 3. It should be cheap with the least capital construction cost
2 Requirements of Good Distribution System 1. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places within the city with the reasonably sufficient pressure head. 2. It should be capable of
More informationElvenia J. Slosson Endowment Fund for Ornamental Horticulture. Annual Report 30 June 2005
Elvenia J. Slosson Endowment Fund for Ornamental Horticulture Annual Report 3 June 5 Investigation of water stress-induced bedding plant establishment problems and their solution Richard Y. Evans, J.L.
More informationRoot Temperature Effects on the Growth of Walnut and Avocado Seedlings
California Avocado Association 1939 Yearbook 24: 96-102 Root Temperature Effects on the Growth of Walnut and Avocado Seedlings A. R. C HAAS University of California, Riverside, California Brief access
More informationSOME WHY'S AND WHEREFORE'S OF WATERING'
SOME WHY'S AND WHEREFORE'S OF WATERING' G. J. STOUT,~ Gainesville, Florida T HE foreman of an ornamental garden insisted that the water system should be run from 12 to 1 P.M. every day, rain or shine.
More informationPhysiology of Turfgrass Drought Response. Daniel C. Bowman
Physiology of Turfgrass Drought Response Daniel C. Bowman Anyone who can solve the problem of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes one for peace and one for science. John F. Kennedy Turf from Space
More informationEAT 212 SOIL MECHANICS
EAT 212 SOIL MECHANICS Chapter 4: SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL PREPARED BY SHAMILAH ANUDAI@ANUAR CONTENT Shear failure in soil Drained and Undrained condition Mohr-coulomb failure Shear strength of saturated
More informationSoil Plant Water Relationships 1
Circular 1085 January 1993 Soil Plant Water Relationships 1 Dorota Z. Haman and Forrest T. Izuno 2 Florida is classified as having a humid subtropical climate. The average annual rainfall for most of Florida
More information4. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
The Division of Subtropical Agriculture. The Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research 1960-1969. Section B. Avocado. Pg 47-54. 4. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION a. Rooting of Leaf-bearing Cuttings - A. Kadman
More informationElements of the Nature and Properties of Soils Brady 3e
9 781292 039299 Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils Brady 3e ISBN 978-1-29203-929-9 Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils Nyle C. Brady Raymond Weil Third Edition Pearson Education
More information1. Introduction. Abstract. Keywords: Liquid limit, plastic limit, fall cone, undrained shear strength, water content.
Comparison In Undrained Shear Strength Between Low And High Liquid Limit Soils Neelu Das *1, Binu Sarma 2, Shashikant Singh 3 and Bidyut Bikash Sutradhar 4 1( Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationA METHOD OF MAINTAINING FRACTIONS OF FIELD CAPACITY IN POT EXPERIMENTS
A METHOD OF MAINTAINING FRACTIONS OF FIELD CAPACITY IN POT EXPERIMENTS BY F. H. WHITEHEAD AND J. S. R. HOOD Department of Botany and Plant Technology, Imperial College, London {Received 20 October 1965)
More informationUSE OF THE ETIOLATION TECHNIQUE IN ROOTING AVOCADO CUTTINGS
California Avocado Society 1971-72 Yearbook 55: 97-109 USE OF THE ETIOLATION TECHNIQUE IN ROOTING AVOCADO CUTTINGS Edward F. Frolich and Robert G. Platt Technician IV, Department of Agricultural Science.
More informationIrrigation - How Best to Water Your Desert Trees
Irrigation - How Best to Water Your Desert Trees John Eisenhower, ISA Certified Arborist WE-5213A Integrity Tree Service, Inc. 602-788-0005 www.itreeservice.com How much water do my trees need? How much
More informationCompaction. Compaction purposes and processes. Compaction as a construction process
Compaction Compaction purposes and processes Specification and quality control Moisture condition value Compaction is a process that brings about an increase in soil density or unit weight, accompanied
More informationTHE EVAPORATION AND SPRAY SYSTEMS OF COOLING CREAM 1
THE EVAPORATION AND SPRAY SYSTEMS OF COOLING CREAM 1 W. H. MARTIN, W. J. CAULFIELD, AND A. C. FAY INTRODUCTION The production of butter fat in Kansas in 1934 amounted to 121 million pounds, of which 57
More informationSoil compaction Soil Colour
Soil compaction Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. If performed improperly, settlement
More information1 Determination of soil moisture content by theromogravimetric method.
{ PRACTICALS 1 Determination of soil moisture content by theromogravimetric method. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The principal method of soil mosture determination in common use is where the water is removed by oven-dry
More informationwww.tournesolsiteworks.com Insert-Style Container Irrigation Systems Installation & Operation Field Manual Table of Contents System Contents 3 The Container Irrigation Cycle 4 Preparation 5 Planting 7
More informationChapter 4 - Lawn establishment
Chapter 4 - Lawn establishment Careful preparation of any site is required when a lawn is to be laid by turf or by seed. Although final seedbed preparation for sowing grass with seed is more critical than
More information2. PLANT AND ATMOSPHERE
2. PLANT AND ATMOSPHERE INTRODUCTION In the field you have seen the plants growing on the soil. Some portion of the plant is above the ground and is visible while some of it remains in the soil underground.
More informationContainer Gardening for Small Spaces
Container Gardening for Small Spaces Leonard J.M. Githinji, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist Sustainable and Urban Agriculture Virginia State University (804) 524-5962 lgithinji@vsu.edu
More informationPetunias For Sale 8 Weeks After Potting
For Sale 8 Weeks After Potting John G. Seeley Department of Floriculture Cornell University What factors affect the growth habit and flowering of -petunias? Aboutsix^years ago-this-question-was asked-by
More informationProperly prepared, these mixes did their job well. But they also had their failings. While peat and sand
A REVIEW OF PREPACKAGED PLANT GROWING MEDIA R. A. Ashley, Extension Vegetable Specialist and J. W. Bartok, Jr., Extension Agricultural Engineer A good growing medium must fulfill several requirements.
More informationHow to Read the South Plains Evapotranspiration Information
How to Read the South Plains Evapotranspiration Information Climate and Evapotranspiration (ET) data for the South Plains ET Network are presented in two formats for the convenience of our users. A cumulative
More informationShear Strength of Soils
Shear Strength of Soils Shear failure Soils generally fail in shear strip footing embankment failure surface mobilised shear resistance At failure, shear stress along the failure surface reaches the shear
More informationSYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) - PRINCIPLES AND METHODS
SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) - PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 1. Principles SRI is based on the following principles: Young seedlings between 8-12 days old (2-3 leaf stage) are transplanted to preserve
More informationCourse: Landscape Design & Turf Grass Management. Unit Title: Watering Landscape TEKS: (C)(5)E) Instructor: Ms. Hutchinson.
Course: Landscape Design & Turf Grass Management Unit Title: Watering Landscape TEKS: 130.19(C)(5)E) Instructor: Ms. Hutchinson Objectives: After completing this unit of instruction, students will be able
More informationIntroduction. A soil is an earth concrete. Composition of a soil
Introduction Soil is the result of the transformation of the underlying rock under the influence of a range of physical, chemical and biological processes related to biological and climatic conditions
More informationA. E. ALDOUS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
KOREAN LESPEDEZA 1 A. E. ALDOUS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Korean lespedeza, an annual legume with very fine stems, is a comparatively new crop in Kansas. It is closely related to the small Japanese lespedeza
More information0 to 175 centibars (kilopascals)
WEL SOIL MOISTURE METER Low Maintenance plant in the ground and forget. Save money and time by not irrigating unnecessarily. Avoids nutrient leeching by preventing over irrigation. Cost effective probes
More informationNFT. basic steps to successful growing. nutriculture ltd. Do you want. Find out more. Hydroponic
NFT Do you want Earlier Bigger Taste Hydroponic Crops Yields Explosion Excellence Find out more basic steps to successful growing BASIC STEPS TO GROWING SUCCESSFULLY USING NFT NFT (NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE)
More information100% Effective Natural Hormone Treatment Menopause, Andropause And Other Hormone Imbalances Impair Healthy Healing In People Over The Age Of 30!
This Free E Book is brought to you by Natural Aging.com. 100% Effective Natural Hormone Treatment Menopause, Andropause And Other Hormone Imbalances Impair Healthy Healing In People Over The Age Of 30!
More informationVARIATIONS IN THE ROOT SYSTEM OF THE COMMON EVERLASTING (GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM).
VARIATIONS IN THE ROOT SYSTEM OF THE COMMON EVERLASTING (GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM). HELEN GUHMAN University of Cincinnati It has been observed that the root system of the common everlasting (Gnaphalium
More informationINFILTRATION OF SOILS IN THE PEORIA AREA
Report of Investigation No. 5 99 STATE OF ILLINOIS INFILTRATION OF SOILS IN THE PEORIA AREA R. S. STAUFFER In Cooperation With ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
More informationFERTILIZER, IRRIGATION STUDIES ON AVOCADOS AND LIMES ON THE ROCKDALE SOILS OF THE HOMESTEAD AREA
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 66:228-230. 1953. FERTILIZER, IRRIGATION STUDIES ON AVOCADOS AND LIMES ON THE ROCKDALE SOILS OF THE HOMESTEAD AREA M. H. Gallatin Soil Scientist, U.S.D.A., B.P.I.S.A.E., Soils
More informationPortable Undertree Sprinkler Systems
California Avocado association 1940 Yearbook 25: 85-89 Portable Undertree Sprinkler Systems Arthur F. Pillsbury, Assistant Irrigation Engineer University of California, College of Agriculture, Los Angeles
More informationPreparation of a Vegetable Nursery and Transplanting
Preparation of a Vegetable Nursery and Transplanting By Taurai Zindoga 20 April 2015 1. Main Issues Importance of a Nursery in Vegetable Production Selecting a Site for a Nursery Preparing Nursery beds
More informationTypes of Wicking Beds
Types of Wicking Beds Colin Austin 14 March 2016 Creative commons this document may be reproduced but the source should be acknowledged. Information may be used for private use but commercial use requires
More informationQuantitative Evaluation of Water Needs in Citrus Nurseries Using Three Different Irrigation Systems For Seedling Production
Final Report FDACS Contract No. 20183 Quantitative Evaluation of Water Needs in Citrus Nurseries Using Three Different Irrigation Systems For Seedling Production Principal Investigator Dr. Richard C. Beeson,
More informationCMG GardenNotes #657 Watering Mature Shade Trees. Why Trees Need Water
CMG GardenNotes #657 Watering Mature Shade Trees Outline: Why trees need water, page 1 Tree establishment, page 2 Obey All Ordinances, page 2 Tree roots and their location, page 2 Determining when to water,
More informationPlanting Containerized Trees
Planting Containerized Trees Dig a hole Dig a hole 3 to 4 times wider than the container and only as deep as the existing root ball. The hole should have sloping sides like a saucer to allow for proper
More informationSWEET POTATOES. A. G. B. Bouquet Vegetable Crops Oregon State College. Federal Cooperative Extension Service Oregon State College.
3O.7I (3cI flci3lt STTLT'. LCTO Extension Circular 7O Revision of Circ, 285 OCT 2 :i August 194.1 N., SWEET POTATOES by A. G. B. Bouquet Vegetable Crops Federal Cooperative Extension Service Corvallis
More informationALTERNATIVE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. Marc van Iersel Associate Professor, Floriculture Griffin Campus, UGA
ALTERNATIVE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS Marc van Iersel Associate Professor, Floriculture Griffin Campus, UGA Any unconventional way to water a crop Not: Hand watering Overhead sprinklers Drip irrigation Why use
More informationSEEDS contain everything
Environmental Factors Affecting Seed Germination SEEDS contain everything necessary for the growth and development of a new plant. Some plants produce seeds that germinate immediately once they are released.
More informationSoil Moisture Range and the Growth of Young Lemon and Avocado Plants
California Avocado Society 1941 Yearbook 26: 87-91 Soil Moisture Range and the Growth of Young Lemon and Avocado Plants A. R. C. HAAS University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California
More informationNFT. Instructions & Grow Guide
NFT Instructions & Grow Guide WWW.NUTSYSTEMS.CO.UK 01695 554 080 01226 320 850 0121 289 3450 Raising seeds and cuttings RAISING TRANSPLANTS FROM SEED Ensure your growing environment is good enough for
More informationSRGC Bulb Log Diary Pictures and text Ian Young. BULB LOG th August 2016
SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- Pictures and text Ian Young BULB LOG 34...24 th August 2016 Codonopsis grey-wilsonii I cannot understand why Codonopsis and particularly Codonopsis grey-wilsoniii are not
More informationA study of the plants produced by different methods of vegetative propagation in mango (cvs. Amrapali and Gopalbhog)
J. Agrofor. Environ. 2 (2): 9-13, 2008 ISSN 1995-6983 A study of the plants produced by different methods of vegetative propagation in mango (cvs. Amrapali and Gopalbhog) M.F.A. Bhuiyan, M.A. Rahim and
More informationState of Nevada Department of Transportation Materials Division METHOD OF TEST FOR EVALUATING CLEANNESS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
State of Nevada Department of Transportation Materials Division METHOD OF TEST FOR EVALUATING CLEANNESS OF COARSE AGGREGATE SCOPE The cleanness test provides an indication of the relative proportions of
More information-636. The Amaryllis TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE. }. E. Hutchison, Director, College Station, Texas
-636 The Amaryllis TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE }. E. Hutchison, Director, College Station, Texas The Amaryllis A. F. DeWerth Professor offloriculture Texas A&M University
More informationAuthor(s) Redacted Author(s) Redacted Abstract: Introduction
Author(s) Redacted 1 Author(s) Redacted 3 May 2011 Contrasting Growth Rates and Overall Plant Health in Brassica Rapa Utilizing Standard Fertilizer Pellets and Earthworm Castings Abstract: Brassica rapa
More information----- Bulb Log Diary Pictures and text Ian Young. BULB LOG th September Eucomis bicolor in the garden
SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- Pictures and text Ian Young BULB LOG 37..15 th September 2010 Eucomis bicolor in the garden Eucomis bicolour A few weeks ago I showed some pictures of Eucomis with the flower
More informationTHE TENNESSEE VEGETABLE GARDEN
THE BACKYARD SERIES BACKYARD VEGETABLES W 346-A THE TENNESSEE VEGETABLE GARDEN SITE SELECTION AND SOIL TESTING Natalie Bumgarner, Assistant Professor and UT Extension Residential and Consumer Horticulture
More informationGreen Infrastructure Sub-irrigated Raised Beds - Green Roof
Low Impact Develop (LID) Stormwater Management and Solution Green Infrastructure Sub-irrigated Raised Beds - Green Roof Green Roof Sub-Irrigated Wicking System Green Roof Self Watering Wicking Beds Green
More informationDealing with Soil Compaction
Dealing with Soil Compaction by Nina Bassuk Soil compaction is the single most difficult and harmful environmental or abiotic condition that a tree or shrub can experience in the landscape. There are other
More informationINTERNAL STIRRING CF LIQUIDS
A, INTERNAL STIRRING CF LIQUIDS (1) Magnetic Stirrer for an Evacuated Sorption Apparatus (2) Magnetic Stirrer for Use in the Cup Type of Moisture-Transfusion Apparatus 1941 I. \"? ' R FEB 11 1955 UNITED
More informationarranging flowers informal arrangements formal arrangements
Flowers for cutting arranging flowers You can choose to display your flowers either in a formal arrangement or massed in your favourite vase. informal arrangements Make sure you choose the correct vase
More informationIrrigation scheduling in the Sandveld
Irrigation scheduling in the Sandveld Dr Fienie Niederwieser, Potatoes South Africa and Chris Barnard, Fertigation Academy Prof Martin Steyn (left) and Chris Barnard (right) with a spade and auger in a
More informationPlant Life Cycle Begins
activity 2 Plant Life Cycle Begins OBJECTIVES Students begin to investigate the complete life cycle of a pea plant by planting seeds and observing them until they are seedlings. The students plant their
More informationCalifornia Avocado Society 1955 Yearbook 39: PHOSPHATE RESPONSE IN AVOCADO TREES
California Avocado Society 1955 Yearbook 39: 193-201 PHOSPHATE RESPONSE IN AVOCADO TREES A. R. C. Haas and Joseph N. Brusca Plant Physiologist and Senior Laboratory Technician, University of California,
More informationState of Nevada Department of Transportation Materials Division METHOD OF TEST FOR EVALUATING CLEANNESS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
State of Nevada Department of Transportation Materials Division Test Method Nev. T228C METHOD OF TEST FOR EVALUATING CLEANNESS OF COARSE AGGREGATE SCOPE The cleanness test provides an indication of the
More informationwww. ElectricalPartManuals. com INSTRUCTIONS DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
I.L. 46-300-4 INSTRUCTIONS FIG. L Section of Three-Phase ASL Pcwer Center with Class B Insulation. OPERATION Tap Connections. In type ASL dry type trans formers changes in voltages are made by the changing
More informationDemonstrate that inoculation can increase the yield of legumes.
MODULE 7: DEMONSTRATION 1 EFFECT OF FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE YIELD RESPONSE TO LEGUME INOCULATION PURPOSE Demonstrate that inoculation can increase the yield of legumes. Demonstrate how farm management
More informationOmbrogenous Peat Swamps and Development
Ombrogenous Peat Swamps and Development 1. Background 1.1. Formation of ombrogenous peat swamps Formation of ombrogenous peat is a geogenic process that results in the accumulation of plant debris in an
More informationBasic Hydroponics System
Basic Hydroponics System by 'Buds' Parts List: 1 bucket with lid - 3 Gallon or larger 1 aquarium air pump - Elite 802 2 feet airline 1 air stone (4" or smaller) 1 3" or 4" plant pot 2 cups gro rock or
More informationHomeowner s Guide to Basic Landscape Care in Colorado
Homeowner s Guide to Basic Landscape Care in Colorado Table of Contents Introduction..2 Newly Sodded Lawns..3 Newly Seeded Lawns..4 Plant Materials.7 Automatic Sprinkler System... 9 Wood Mulch/Steel Edging/Rock
More informationLand Capability Classifications
Land Capability Classifications Unit: Soil Science Problem Area: Basic Principles of Soil Science Student Learning Objectives. Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following
More informationCALCULATING THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON SOIL WATER, NUTRIENT AND CARBON STORAGE
ERIC CALCULATING THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON SOIL WATER, NUTRIENT AND CARBON STORAGE Brian Tunstall Abstract The benefits of increasing soil organic matter include carbon sequestration and an increase
More informationUntbersrttp of &tt?ona. SUDAN GRASS IN ARIZONA By R. S. HAWKINS, Assistant Agronomist
Untbersrttp of &tt?ona COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CIRCULAR NO. 35 MAY, 1921 Agricultural Experiment Station D. W. WORKING, DIRECTOR SUDAN GRASS IN ARIZONA By R. S. HAWKINS, Assistant Agronomist Sudan grass
More informationExperimental Research on Monomial Cooling Measure of Greenhouse in Summer
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2013, 4, 48-52 http://dx.doi.org/10./sgre.2013.41007 Published Online February 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/sgre) Experimental Research on Monomial Cooling Measure
More informationCOMPACTION RESISTANCE AND DRAINAGE: THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND SAND BASED ROOT ZONES
COMPACTION RESISTANCE AND DRAINAGE: THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND SAND BASED ROOT ZONES By Eugene Mayer (Reprinted with permission of Turf Magazine, June 1998) Growing quality turf on high-traffic areas, as
More informationSichter, N.J., Lee, R.L., Tyson, R.B., Broadfoot, R. and Dunn, K.G. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 25, 2003
EXPERIENCES WITH THE BALCKE-DÜRR PLATE EVAPORATOR AT TABLELAND FACTORY By N.J. SICHTER 1, R.L. LEE 2, R.B. TYSON 2, R. BROADFOOT 3 and K.G. DUNN 3 1 Bundaberg Sugar Ltd., Bundaberg, Qld 2 Bundaberg Sugar
More informationLow Gradient Velocity Control Short Term Steep Gradient [1] Channel Lining Medium-Long Term Outlet Control Soil Treatment Permanent
Grass Linings DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUE Low Gradient Velocity Control Short Term Steep Gradient [1] Channel Lining Medium-Long Term Outlet Control Soil Treatment Permanent [1] May be used on short, steep
More informationOn Soil Structure of Plowed Layer of Paddy Field
On Soil Structure of Plowed Layer of Paddy Field By YOSHIMITSU DEI* and KENICHI MAEDA** * Head, Agricultural Chemistry Division, Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station ** Soil and Fertilizer
More informationTHE DAILY PERIODICITY OP TRANSPIRATION IN THE TULIP POPLAR LIRIODENDRON TULIPIPERA L.*.
THE DAILY PERIODICITY OP TRANSPIRATION IN THE TULIP POPLAR LIRIODENDRON TULIPIPERA L.*. BERNARD S. MEYER. Although a large number of papers have been published describing investigations upon the daily
More informationCHAPTER 13: Bubbler irrigation of trees
Pressurized Irrigation Techniques 13.1 CHAPTER 13: Bubbler irrigation of trees INTRODUCTION Bubbler irrigation is a localized, low pressure, solid permanent installation system used in tree groves. Each
More informationExperimental Study of Alternatives to Sand in Zeer Pot Refrigeration Technique
International OPEN ACCESS Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Experimental Study of Alternatives to Sand in Zeer Pot Refrigeration Technique Prabodh Sai Dutt R 1, Thamme Gowda C.S. 2 1 Department
More informationManagement strategies for saline irrigation Considerations for citrus production
Management strategies for saline irrigation Considerations for citrus production Peter Rigden, Development Horticulturalist, Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Queensland. These notes are
More informationWeninger GmbH & Co KG Hag 7 A-6410 Telfs
A further innovation from our assortment Fully-automatic watering system for INDOOR PLANTS.» The extremely simple Blumat system is the best method for indoor plants that require little water.» The water
More informationSoil & Garden Preparation. Presented by Missouri Valley Master Gardeners
Soil & Garden Preparation Presented by Missouri Valley Master Gardeners Healthy Yankton Community Gardens Located on City Limit Road Sites available March 14, 2016 Avera Pavilion Cost $20 Contact HealthyYankton@gmail.com
More informationEVAPORATION NEEDS ENERGY
Basic: EVAPORATION NEEDS ENERGY Drying cloth involves two processes. Energy has to be provided to change the water from liquid to vapour and an air stream is needed to remove the vapour. We discuss the
More informationPlant Propagation-The Union of
Plant Propagation-The Union of Art and Science I would like to start my presentation with a word of sincere appreciation to arboreta and botantical gardens in general and the Arnold Arboretum in particular
More informationSRGC Bulb Log Diary Pictures and text Ian Young. BULB LOG th December 2013
SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- Pictures and text Ian Young BULB LOG 50... 11 th December 2013 A snowdrop in a pot featuring on the front page of the Bulb Log! Yes I do like them and especially when they
More informationA comparison of irrigation scheduling by tensiometer versus evaporation pan
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1987. 10:54-56. Proceedings of the First World Avocado Congress A comparison of irrigation scheduling by tensiometer versus evaporation pan MJ SLABBERT
More informationHOW TO PRODUCE TREE SEEDLINGS
HOW TO PRODUCE TREE SEEDLINGS INTRODUCTION Where tree seedlings are produced use the following methods: 1. Produce the seedlings in a tree nursery in polythene pots 2. Produce the seedlings in a nursery
More informationTranspiration Rates under Controlled Environment : Species, Humidity, and Available Water as Variables
The Ohio State University Knowledge Bank kb.osu.edu Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 62, Issue 1 (January, 1962) 1962-01 Transpiration Rates under Controlled
More informationMethods for measuring deep drainage
Vol 24, No 7, page 28 December 2003 January, 2004 Methods for measuring deep drainage By Sarah Hood, Pat Hulme, Bernie Harden and Tim Weaver When cotton is irrigated a proportion of the water that infiltrates
More informationB-1151 February Karen L. Panter, University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service Horticulture Specialist, Department of Plant Sciences
B-1151 February 2004 Karen L. Panter, University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service Horticulture Specialist, Department of Plant Sciences Original bulletin by Jim Cook, former Cooperative Extension
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY BULLETIN No. 184 TESTS WITH NITRATE OF SODA IN THE PRODUCTION OF EARLY VEGETABLES BY JOHN W. LLOYD URBAXA, ILLINOIS, NOVEMBER, 1915 SUMMARY OF BULLETIN No. 184 1. Top-dressings
More informationPRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON WHITE LUPINE AT MADRAS AND REDMOND, OREGON, IN J. Loren Nelson '
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON WHITE LUPINE AT MADRAS AND REDMOND, OREGON, IN 1986 J. Loren Nelson ' ABSTRACT Kiev Mutant, Ultra, and five selections (Nutriseed lines 4801, 4805, 5801, 5803, and 5805) of
More informationWater and Land. 1. Land Use Planning, Forest Cover and Afforestation. More efficient irrigation systems for desert and dryland restoration
Water and Land 1. Land Use Planning, Forest Cover and Afforestation More efficient irrigation systems for desert and dryland restoration David A. Bainbridge Jose J Ramirez More efficient irrigation systems
More information