APS Chiller Seminar. Don Brandt, CEM-AEE, BEAP-ASHRAE ASHRAE and IEEE Life Member 3/16/2017

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1 APS Chiller Seminar Don Brandt, CEM-AEE, BEAP-ASHRAE ASHRAE and IEEE Life Member 3/16/2017

2 Agenda for today Refrigeration Cycle Chiller Types and Refrigerants Compressor Styles Chilled Water Pumping Systems Control of Chiller Plants Improving Chiller/System Efficiency Maintenance Absorption Cycle Questions & Answers Anytime

3 Chilled-water System air-cooled chiller pump coil control valve

4 Refrigeration Cycle Review of the Vapor Compression Cycle

5 Vapor-Compression Cycle evaporator expansion device condenser compressor

6 Basic Refrigeration System liquid line expansion device D A condenser evaporator C B discharge line compressor suction line

7 Compressor B C low-pressure refrigerant vapor from evaporator high-pressure refrigerant vapor to condenser

8 Condenser C refrigerant vapor D outdoor air liquid refrigerant

9 Expansion Device A liquid refrigerant D mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant

10 Evaporator A mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant air B refrigerant vapor

11 Basic Refrigeration System high-pressure C side discharge condenser line liquid line D expansion device A evaporator B compressor suction line low-pressure side

12 Chiller Styles Air Cooled Packaged and Split System Water Cooled Small, Medium and Large Tonnage Chillers with Evaporative Condensers Modular Chillers Packaged Chilled Water Plants

13 Packaged Air-cooled Chiller evaporator compressor propeller-type condenser fans air-cooled condenser

14 Air-cooled or Water-cooled Low-ambient Operation air-cooled chiller

15 Air-cooled Condenser propeller fan condenser coil subcooler outdoor air

16 Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller air-cooled chiller

17 Remote Evaporator Barrel condensing unit remote evaporator refrigerant piping

18 Components of a Helical-rotary Water Chiller oil supply system oil separator compressor motor liquid/vapor separator condenser control panel evaporator starter

19 Condenser refrigerant vapor baffle cooling tower water tube bundle liquid refrigerant

20 Evaporator tube bundle liquid refrigerant chilled water return liquid distributor eliminator orifice system

21 Water-cooled Condenser 95ºF [35ºC] hot, refrigerant vapor cooling water 85ºF [29ºC] subcooled, liquid refrigerant subcooler

22 Shell-and-Tube Evaporator chilled water supply baffles chilled water return refrigerant vapor tube bundle liquid/vapor refrigerant

23 Shell-and-Tube Evaporator baffles

24 Cooling Tower propeller fan sprays fill outdoor air sump 85ºF [29ºC] to condenser from condenser 95ºF [35ºC]

25 Evaporative Condenser fan refrigerant vapor condenser coil liquid refrigerant sump subcooler pump

26 Air-cooled or Water-cooled Comparison air-cooled Lower maintenance Packaged system Better low-ambient operation watercooled Greater energy efficiency Longer equipment life

27 Modular Chillers Typically Water-Cooled, some Air- Cooled Modules piped in Parallel from a water flow standpoint Compressors: Scroll, Screw and Centrifugal older may have Reciprocating

28

29 High-efficiency Modular Chiller Cooling Applications Only

30 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Utilizing Heat Pump

31 Refrigerants for Chillers Scroll and Recip: HCFC-22, HFC- 407C, HFC-410A, HFC-134A Helirotor or Screw: HCFC-22, HFC- 134A Centrifugal: HFC-134A, HCFC-123 Future Refrigerants: Ammonia, HFOs Classified by ASHRAE Std

32 Refrigerants of the Future HydroFluoroolefins no ozone depletion and low GWP R-514A, low pressure, replace R-123 in Centrifugal Chillers, GWP = 2 HFO-1234yf, medium pressure, replace R-134a in automotive/transportation, GWP =4 R-32, high pressure, replace R-410A in VRF, GWP = 675

33 Refrigerants of the Future R-452A, med pressure, replace R- 404 in various application, GWP = 1945 R-449A, high pressure, replace R-22 and R-407 in chillers and unitary, GWP=1282 R-513A, medium pressure, replace R-134a in air cooled screw chillers, GWP =573

34 Refrigerants of the Future R-452B, high pressure, replace R- 410A in unitary, residential and smaller HVAC equipment, GWP = 676 Suggested reading-honeywell website under Soltice refrigerants

35 Refrigerants of the Future Also check out websites for Chemours Dupont and Arkema ASHRAE Std has new classification of 2L for low flammability HFO s as it relates to safety ASHRAE just approved $1.5 Million in research for safety guidelines.

36 Refrigerants of the Future California just announced it will no longer allow any new equipment with R-134a in the state, starting in Jan of 2020.

37 Refrigerants of the Future GWP of current refrigerants. R-22, GWP = 1700,HCFC R-123, GWP = 0.02, HCFC R-134A, GWP = 1300, HFC R-11, GWP = 4000, CFC R-12, GWP = 2400, CFC

38 Refrigeration Compressors Reciprocating Scroll Helirotor or Screw-One, two and Three Rotor Centrifugal

39 reciprocating scroll helicalrotary centrifugal American Standard Inc Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

40 Reciprocating Compressor discharge valve intake stroke suction valve refrigerant vapor rod piston cylinder

41 Reciprocating Compressor discharge valve compression stroke suction valve

42 Reciprocating Compressor suction opening cylinder headspace discharge opening piston rod motor crankshaft

43 Scroll Compressor dome scrolls discharge opening motor suction opening

44 Scroll Compressor stationary scroll discharge discharge port driven scroll intake motor shaft intake

45 Scroll Compressor journal bearing motor shaft direction of rotation driven scroll

46 Scroll Compressor intake discharge port intake

47 Scroll Compressor intake phase compression phase discharge phase

48 Helical-Rotary Compressor suction opening slide valve motor rotors discharge opening

49 Helical-Rotary Compressor female rotor male rotor housing

50 Helical-Rotary (Screw) Compressor

51 Helical-Rotary Compressor intake port pocket of refrigerant vapor

52 Helical-Rotary Compressor meshing point discharge port

53 Oil Separator refrigerant vapor to condenser refrigerant vapor and oil mixture oil return to sump

54 Oil Supply System oil separator rotor bearings refrigerant vapor to condenser rotor oil tank sump master solenoid valve 2 compressor 1 oil filter

55 Centrifugal Compressor impeller

56 Centrifugal Compressor refrigerant enters diffuser velocity static pressure refrigerant enters impeller refrigerant enters volute path through compressor

57 Centrifugal Compressor motor inlet vanes suction impeller

58 Centrifugal Compressor volute diffuser passages radial impeller passages blades impeller

59 Motor motor motor impeller geardrive directdrive impellers gears

60 Oil Less Centrifugal Compressor Magnetic Bearing Style Danfoss, Diakin, and York direct drive with VFD Ceramic Bearing Style Refrigerant cooled bearings with VFD

61 Semihermetic Compressor piston motor compressor crankshaft housing

62 Hermetic Compressor housing motor compressor piston

63 Open Compressor housing compressor crankshaft

64 Methods of Compressor Unloading Reciprocating Scroll Cylinder Unloaders Cycle On- Off, Digital, VFD, Ported Helical-Rotary Centrifugal Slide Valve, VFD, Ported Inlet Vanes, VFD

65 Cylinder Unloaders unloader solenoid valve controller unloader valve refrigerant vapor cylinder piston discharge

66 Digital Scrolls Provide Continuous Modulation Separation Of Scroll Elements Alternately Loads And Unloads Compressor By Controlling Separation Times, Compressor Is Precisely Operated Between % Power Linearly Related To Capacity Unloaded State Precise Temperature & Humidity Control Ideal For Light Commercial Split, Package And Chiller Applications Loaded State

67 Next Gen UltraTech Modulation Intermediate Cavity Pressure Communicated To Lift Chamber Via Three Way Valve (Valve De-energized) Part Load Operation Modulation Ring Moves Up, Opening Bypass Ports Part Load Full Load Bypass Ports Opened Suction Pressure Communicated To Lift Chamber Via 3-Way Valve (Valve Energized) Full Load Operation Modulation Ring Moves Down, Sealing Bypass Ports Bypass Ports Sealed

68 How Variable Speed Technology Works

69 Benefits Of Multiples Tandems And Trios Load Matching Capability Via Multiple Steps Of Capacity Compressors Operate Together Or Individually Maintains High Part & Full Load Efficiency Levels Ideal For Commercial Splits, Rooftops And Chillers

70 Slide Valve discharge port slide valve (closed) to suction slide valve (open) full load valve opening part load

71 Slide Valve discharge port housing rotors slide valve

72 Heli Rotor Compressor Unloader ports along the rotor that open back to the compressor suction to decrease the capacity VFDs change speed of rotors for capacity control

73 Inlet Vanes inlet vanes impeller

74 Inlet Vanes A 90 pressure difference C unloading line B vane position (degrees) 75 capacity

75 Variable Speed variable-speed drive

76 Equipment Rating Standards Air-Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Standard 550/ : centrifugal and helical-rotary water chillers Standard : absorption water chillers

77 Flow Rates and Temperatures Q Btu/hr = 500 flow rate T [ Q W = 4,184 flow rate T ] equation for water only

78 ASHRAE Standard Safety standard for refrigerating systems Mechanical equipment room Refrigerant monitors Alarms Mechanical ventilation Pressure-relief piping

79 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard Energy standard Building design and materials Minimum equipment efficiencies HVAC system design

80 Std Tables Equipment FL Kw/Ton - A IPLV - A FL Kw/Ton - B IPLV - B W/C Cent Chiller > Kw/Ton 0.50 Kw/Ton Kw/Ton 0.38 Kw/Ton A/C Chiller > EER 14.0 EER N/A N/A W/C Screw Chiller > Kw/Ton 0.52 Kw/Ton Kw/Ton 0.41 Kw/Ton

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