Simulation of energy and water consumption in Australian housing Dr Zhengen Ren CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Normanby Road, Clayton VIC3168

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1 You can change this image to be appropriate for your topic by inserting an image in this space or use the alternate title slide with lines. Note: only one image should be used and do not overlap the title text. Enter your Business Unit or Flagship name in the ribbon above the url. Add collaborator logos in the white space below the ribbon. [delete instructions before use] Simulation of energy and water consumption in Australian housing Dr Zhengen Ren CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Normanby Road, Clayton VIC3168

2 Outline 1. Introduction Available tools for residential building energy simulation in CSIRO 2. Methodology for prediction housing energy and water consumption 3. Case study and validation 4. Future work

3 Building simulation tools Thermal Hot Water Lighting HVAC Water Appliances Occupancy PV/battery AccuRate AccuRate Sustainability AusZEH Design

4 Chenath engine Chenath engine +GUI (AccuRate) - Benchmark software of housing energy star rating used in Australia; BERS Professional and FirstRate Developed by coupling a frequency response building thermal model (Wash and Delsante, 1983) with a multi-zone air flow model (Ren and Chen, 2010); Heating and cooling thermostat setting based on the Protocol for House Energy Rating Software published by ABCB; Using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data of 80 (69) climate zones; Calculate hourly space heating and cooling loads over period of one year; Assigns 0 to 10 stars based the annual total H/C energy loads in terms of Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS).

5 Methodology Data Inputs Building description, location, etc Water, hot water and lighting HVAC systems systems, plug-in appliances Occupant number and occupancy profiles Chenath Engine Energy consumption for space heating and cooling Data AusZEH Design tool Simulation Manager consumption System Output Manager Modules for HW, lighting, appliances Energy consumption for water heating, lighting and plug-in appliances. Indoor and outdoor Water Data Outputs for a range of options Hourly (half-half) end-use energy and water consumption over 12-month period End-use energy and water consumption for single modules and a whole household CO 2 emissions

6 Space heating and cooling Modifying Chenath Engine for space heating and cooling energy consumption 1. Thermostat setting according to occupancy scenarios 2. HVAC system performance E d i 24 j M i 1 j 1 e ji q cop j ji

7 Hot water Energy demand for water heating E w =4.186 [Q s (T s -T o )+Q o (T ou -T o )]- E solar Total energy consumption E=(E w +E loss )/Eff w

8 Lighting E I mean L eff h A floor N N p r Where E - daily electric lighting energy-consumption (kwh/day) I mean - average luminance level, domestic building is 150 lux h - the hours of artificial lighting on L eff - the luminance efficacy in workplace (lum/w) A floor - the house floor area (m 2 ) N p - the number of occupants N r - the number of rooms in the house

9 Appliances IT equipment (PCs, laptops, monitors, etc.) Home entertainment (games, set-top boxes, televisions, VCRs, etc.) Cooking (electronic ovens, electric hobs, microwaves, kettles, etc.) Cold appliances (refrigerators, freezers, and combined fridgefreezer) Wet appliances (washing machines, clothes dryers, and dishwashers) Miscellaneous appliances (vacuum cleaners, irons, electric tools, etc.) E ( ha Wa hsby Wsby hoff Woff )/1000

10 Water consumption V=Flow rate Duration Frequency V=Volume Frequency

11 Occupancy The way occupants use thermostats Hours/weekday house is occupied Unoccupied period is from 9:00 to 13:00. One of the occupants in this type of household may have a part-time job in the morning session. Unoccupied period is from 13:00 to 17:00. One of the occupants in this type of household may have a part-time job in the afternoon session. Unoccupied period is from 9:00 to 17:00. The occupants in the house all have full-time job. Unoccupied period is from 9:00 to 16:00. The family of this type of household may have a child to look after when school closed. The house is occupied all the time. The family of this type of household may have a minor child to look after or is of retired couples and single. The house is unoccupied from 17:00 to 21:00. Weekend day.

12 Appliance model vs monitoring studies in Australia and New Zealand Appliance (Isaacs et al., 2006) (Pacific Power, 1994) Model Fridge/freezer 1119 ± Cooking 549± Clothing washing and 182± dryer Dishwasher 107± Microwave 62± Computer/games 227± Entertainment (TV ± (TV/Video only) 432 DVD, etc.) Total

13 Energy consumption (kwh) Demonstration house 5 4 Monitored Modelled Hour

14 Power (kw) Power (kw) Power (kw) Electricity usage patterns of five-people family in SEQ During May 2012-April Annual 1.5 Winter 1.5 Summer Time with half-hour step Time with half-hour step Time with half-hour step

15 Electricity consumption (kwh) Comparison between actual and modelled Actual Model

16 Electricity consumption (kwh) Monitored vs modelled Energy consumption for period Dec 2010-Nov Monitoring Model

17 2006 NSW and VIC electricity consumption

18 Cooling Load (kw) Impact of thermostat setting on cooling load C 24C 24.5C 25C 25.5C 26C 26.5C 27C 27.5C 28C C 29.5C Hour (13 Dec. 2011)

19 Water consumption (L/day) Water consumption of three people family in Melbourne 600 Shower Toilet Clothes washer Tap Dishwasher Total Model Metered Theory Model Metered Theory Model Metered Theory

20 Water consumption (L/day) Water consumption of four people family in SEQ 600 Shower Toilet Clothes washer Tap Dishwasher Total Model Metered Theory Model Metered Theory Model Metered Theory Model Metered Theory Brisbane Gold Coast Ipswich Sunshine Coast

21 Water consumption (L/P/day) Water consumption patterns (metered) Toilet Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Hour

22 Predicted water consumption patterns (weekday) Water consumption (L/P/day) Toilet Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Hour

23 Water consumption (L/P/day) Predicted water consumption patterns (weekend day) Toilet Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Hour

24 Water saving through upgrading water appliances and behaviour change Room/place Options for reducing water consumption Garden Shower Clothes washer Replacing sprinklers with micro-spray irrigation systems for watering garden and lawn Upgrading 2 star showerheads to 3 star and reducing shower time from 7 mins to 5 mins Upgrading 1 star clothes washer to 6 star Tap and sink Upgrading 3 star taps and sinks to 6 star Toilet Dishwasher Upgrading 3 star toilets to 6 star Upgrading 3 star dishwasher to 6 star

25 Indoor water saving (L/day), 38% (1200 kwh/year) electricity saving Toilets 97.3 Taps and Sinks 128 Shower 288 Toilets 81.8 Shower Clothes washer Taps and Sinks 72 Clothes washer 23.2 Dishwasher 7.2 Dishwasher 4

26 Outdoor water saving (L/day) Garden Lawn Swimming pool Car wash Garden Lawn Swimming pool Car wash

27 PV battery system for grid-free housing (without non-electric resources) Battery size (kwh) Item City House 1 House 2 Solar PV size (kw) Solar PV size (kw) Townsville Sydney Melbourne

28 PV battery system for grid-free housing (with non-electric resources) Battery size (kwh) Item City House 1 House 2 Solar PV size (kw) Solar PV size (kw) Townsville Sydney Melbourne

29 Grid free city case study: Townsville FY ,300 Households (57,233 detached, 80.3%), population:167, % families installed PV >3.5 KW 40% <2KW 36% 2-3.5KW 24%

30 Measures to reduce electricity consumption from grid Heating 0.4% Appliances 45.2% Cooling 28.3% Hot water 19.8% Lighting 6.3%

31 Annual electricity consumption (GWh) Annual electricity consumption (10%) Predicted Total Predicted net Actual Predicted (27.5C)

32 Solar PV + 1C thermostat GWh (56% actual electricity consumption) generated by detached and semi detached houses (86%) 4.6 KW solar PV (detached +semi detached) + 1C increase thermostat setting for cooling to achieve offgrid for Townsville

33 Future work 1. Infiltration model 2. Heat loss through ground 3. Occupant behaviour 4. Other environment modules 5. New technologies

34 References 1. Ren Z., Foliente G., Chan W., Chen D., Ambrose M., Paevere P. (2013) A model for predicting household end-use energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development 4, Ren Z., Chen D. (2010) Enhanced air flow modelling for AccuRate - a nationwide house energy rating tool. Building and Environment 45, Ren Z., Chen D. (2014) Estimation of air infiltration for Australian housing energy analysis. Journal of Building Physics 39, Ren Z., Paevere P. and McNamara C. (2012) A local-community-level, physically-based model of end-use energy consumption by Australian housing stock. Energy Policy 49, Ren Z., Paevere P., Grozev G., Egan S. and Anticev J. (2013) Assessment of end-use electricity consumption and peak demand by Townsville s housing stock. Energy policy 61, Ren Z., Grozev G. and Higgins A. (2016) Modelling impact of PV battery systems on energy consumption and bill savings of Australian houses under alternative tariff structures. Renewable Energy 89, Walsh P. and Delsante A. (1983) Calculation of the thermal behaviour of multi-zone buildings. Energy and Buildings 5:

35 Thank you!

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