Refrigeration and. Modern. Air Conditioning. Bracciano, BS, M.Ed., Ed. Sp. Alfred F. Andrew D. Althouse, BS, (ME), MA. Carl H. Tumquist, BS, (ME), MA
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1 Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Andrew D. Althouse, BS, (ME), MA Technical-Vocational Education Consultant Life Member, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Carl H. Tumquist, BS, (ME), MA Technical-Vocational Education Consultant Associate Member, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Member, Refrigeration Engineers and Technicians Association Alfred F. Technical Education Consultant Bracciano, BS, M.Ed., Ed. Sp. Member, Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Associate Member, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Member, Association for Career and Technical Education Member, American Technical Education Association Daniel C. Bracciano, BSME Chief Product Engineer HVAC, Chrysler LLC Member, Interior Climate Control Steering Committee, SAE Member, Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Member, Mobile Air Conditioning Society Associate Member, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Gloria M. Bracciano, BA, MA, Ed. Sp. Member, Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Associate Member, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Member, Association for Career and Technical Educator Member, American Technical Education Association TECHNISCHE INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Tinley Park, IL UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK HANNOVER
2 Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning XV Contents [Section 1 [Refrigeration System Fundamentals [Chapter 1 :undamentals of Refrigeration Systems of Measurement Matter and Energy Force, Work, and Power Heat Volume Pressure Gas Laws Saturated Vapor Mass and Weight Density Basic Processes That Provide Cooling Effect Measuring Refrigeration Effect 24 (Chapter 2 [Basic Refrigeration Systems Compression Refrigeration Cycle High Side and Low Side Compression Condensing Metering Device Evaporating 36 [Section 2 Service Basics Chapter 3 [Tools and Supplies Hand Tools Instruments Standard Supplies Employer-Provided Tools and ' si;"--^ -^'.-^JV--jrv«; Equipment 64 Chapter 4 Working with Tubing and Piping Types of Refrigerant Tubing and Pipe Non-Refrigerant Tubing and Pipe Cutting Tubing Bending Tubing Connecting Tubing Connecting Pipe 91 Chapter 5 Service Calls Troubleshooting and Servicing 5.2 Customer Service 101 Section 3 Refrigerants Chapter 6 Introduction to Refrigerants Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer Classifying Refrigerants Identifying Refrigerants Refrigerant Properties Refrigerant Applications Inorganic Refrigerants Refrigeration Lubricants 126 Chapter 7 Equipment and Instruments for Refrigerant Handling and Service Refrigerant Cylinders Pressure Gauges Service Valves Gauge Manifolds Leak Detection Devices Vacuum Pumps Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming Equipment 156 Chapter 8 Working with Refrigerants Checking Refrigerant Charge Redistributing Refrigerant Locating and Repairing Refrigerant Leaks Evacuating a System Charging a System 186
3 XVi Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Section 4 Basic Electricity, Magnetism, and Electronics Chapter 9 Basic Electricity Fundamental Principles of Electricity Types of Electricity Electrical Materials Circuit Fundamentals Magnetism Electrical Generators Transformer Basics 214 Chapter 10 Electrical Power Electrical Power Power Circuits Electrical Problems 229 Chapter 11 Basic Electronics Semiconductor Basics Control Circuits and Electronic Devices Circuit Boards and Microprocessors Switches Relays Solenoids Thermocouples 244 Section 5 Motors and Electric Control Systems Chapter 12 Electric Motors The Elementary Electric Motor AC Induction Motors Electronically Commutated Motors Standard Motor Data Motor Applications in HVACR Systems 266 Chapter 13 Electrical Control Systems Circuit Diagrams Control System Fundamentals Motor Controls Motor Protection Devices 297 Chapter 14 Servicing Electric Motors and Controls Electrical Test Equipment Troubleshooting Electric Motors Servicing Hermetic Compressor Motors Servicing Fan Motors Servicing External Motors Servicing Motor Control Systems 328 Courtesy of Sporlan Division-Parker Hannifin Corporation
4 Modern Refrigeration and Air conditioning XVii (Section 6 [Compressors, Valves, and Metering Devices I Chapter 15 I Compressors Compressor Drive Configurations Types of Compressors General Compressor Components and Systems 358 [Chapter 16 Valves and Metering Devices Metering Device Basics Capillary Tubes Fixed-Orifice Metering Devices Thermostatic Expansion Valves (TXVs) Automatic Expansion Valves (AXVs) Electronic Expansion Valves (EEVs) Float-Operated Refrigerant Controls Other Refrigerant Control Valves 400 Section 7 Domestic Refrigerators Chapter 17 and Freezers Overview of Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers Domestic Refrigeration Refrigerators and Freezers Innovative Technologies 419 Chapter 18 Systems and Components of Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers Basic Components of Refrigerators and Freezers Specialized Systems 432 Chapter 19 Installation and Troubleshooting of Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers Checking for Proper Installation Diagnosing Symptoms Checking External Circuits Diagnosing Internal Troubles 465 Chapter 20 Service and Repair of Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers External Service Operations Internal Service Operations Storing or Discarding a Section 8 Refrigerator-Freezer 494 Indoor Air Fundamentals Chapter 21 Air Movement and Measurement Climate Atmosphere and Air Comfort Conditions Air Movement Factors Affecting Indoor Air Conditions 525 Chapter 22 Air Quality Indoor Air Quality Standards and Guidelines Air Pollutants Indoor Air Quality Air Cleaning Indoor Air Quality Systems 551 Chapter 23 Air Distribution Air Properties and Behavior 23.2 Air Circulation Basic Ventilation Requirements 23.4 Air Ducts Duct Sizing Fans Air Curtains 581 Chapter 24 Ventilation System Service Airflow Measurement Special Duct Problems and Duct Maintenance Fan Service Filter Service
5 XviH Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Section 9 Air-Conditioning Systems Chapter 25 Ductless Air-Conditioning Systems Principles of Cooling and Humidity Control Remote Comfort Cooling Systems Self-Contained Air-Conditioning Units 608 Chapter 26 Central Air-Conditioning Systems Central Air Conditioning Split Systems Rooftop and Outdoor Units Chilled Water Systems (Chillers) Water-Cooled Condensers Comfort Cooling Controls 646 Chapter 27 Absorption and Evaporative Cooling Systems Absorption Refrigeration Systems Absorption Cooling Systems Evaporative Cooling 667 Chapter 28 Humidity Control Humidity Levels and Comfort Types of Humidifiers Dehumidifying Equipment 683 Chapter 29 Thermostats Thermostats for Heating and Air-Conditioning Thermostat Operation Types of Thermostats 695 Chapter 30 Heating and Cooling Loads Heat Transfer Heat Loads Heat Leakage Other Factors Affecting 30.5 Determining Total Heat Load 735 Chapter 31 Heat Loads 728 Air Conditioning Installation, Troubleshooting, and Service Central Air Conditioning System Service Ductless Air Conditioning Unit Service Absorption System Service Servicing and Installing Humidifiers 764 Section 10 Heating Systems Chapter 32 Forced-Air Heating Fundamentals Basic Components Furnace Types and Construction Forced-Air Duct Arrangements Makeup Air Units Blower Controls Unit Heaters 778 Carrier Corporation, Subsidiary of United Technologies Corp. Chapter 33 Hydronic Heating Fundamentals Hydronic System Components Hydronic System Designs Hydronic System Controls Hydronic System Installation 808
6 Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Xix 33.5 Troubleshooting and Servicing Hydronic Systems Preparing a Boiler for the Heating Season 819 Chapter 34 Heat Pumps Heat Pump Basics Types of Heat Pumps Heat Pump Efficiency Heat Pump System Components Heat Pump Controls Heat Pumps and Solar Heating Chapter 35 Systems 847 Gas-Fired Heating Systems Combustion Gas Valves Gas Burners Ignition Systems Gas Furnace Controls Gas Furnace Efficiency Gas Furnace Venting Categories Gas-Fired Radiant Heat 872 Chapter 36 Oil-Fired Heating Systems Basic Oil Furnace Operation Fuel Oil Combustion Efficiency Fuel Line Components Oil Burners Primary Control Units Oil Furnace Exhaust 902 Chapter 37 Electric Heating Systems Principles of Electric Resistance Heating Electric Heating Elements Electric Heating Systems Electric Furnace and Duct Heater Controls Electric Baseboard Heating Unit Controls Electric Heat Construction Practices 922 Chapter 38 Heating System Installation and Service Heat Pump System Service Gas-Fired Heating System Service Oil-Fired Heating System Service Electric Heating System Service Venting System Installation 949 Section 11 Energy Management Chapter 39 and Conservation Solar Power and Thermal Storage The Nature of Solar Energy Solar Collectors Solar Heating Systems Applications for Solar Heating Systems Supplementary Heat Solar Energy Cooling Systems Converting Solar Energy to Electricity Thermal Energy Storage 970 Chapter 40 Energy Management Energy Consumption Building Control Systems Controllers for Building Control Systems Building Control Protocols Control System Diagnostics and Repair 987 Chapter 41 Energy Conservation Building Efficiency HVAC Equipment Efficiency HVAC Alternatives for Energy Conservation The Role of the HVACR Technician 1002 kkays2/shutterstock.com
7 XX Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Section 12 Commercial Refrigeration Systems Chapter 42 Overview of Commercial Refrigeration Systems Applications Commercial Refrigeration Systems Industrial Applications 1034 Chapter 43 Special Refrigeration Systems and Applications Transportation Refrigeration Alternative Refrigeration Methods 1046 Chapter 44 Commercial Refrigeration System Configurations Sophisticated Commercial Systems Multiple-Evaporator Systems Modulating Refrigeration Cycle Multistage Systems Cascade and Chapter 45 Compound 1070 Commercial Refrigeration Systems High-Side Components Compressors and Motors Commercial Condensers Cooling Towers Heat Recovery Systems Liquid Receivers Liquid Line Filter-Driers Secondary Loop Refrigeration Systems 1124 Chapter 46 Commercial Refrigeration Systems Low-Side Components Metering Devices Commercial Evaporators Accumulators Suction Line Filter-Driers Crankcase Pressure Regulators (CPRs) 1158 Chapter 47 Commercial Refrigeration Systems- Piping Refrigerant Lines Vibration Absorbers Heat Exchangers Check Valves Manual Valves Relief Valves Mufflers Sight Glasses 1172 Section 13 Designing Commercial Refrigeration Systems Chapter 48 Understanding Heat Loads and System Thermodynamics Heat Loads Thermodynamics of the Basic Refrigeration Cycle 1198 Chapter 49 Commercial Refrigeration Component Selection Sizing Compressors, Condensers, and Evaporators Calculating Theoretical Compressor Volume Designing Piping 1216
8 Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ection 14 nstalling and Servicing Commercial ystems hapter 50 nstalling Commercial Systems Types of Commercial Installations Codes and Standards Installing Condensing Units Installing Expansion Valves Installing Evaporators Installing Refrigerant Lines Installing Electric Motors Testing Installations Charging Commercial Systems Starting a Commercial Refrigeration System 1246 hapter 51 roubleshooting Commercial Systems- System Diagnosis Commercial Refrigeration Troubleshooting Checking Refrigerant Charge Diagnosing Common Symptoms Troubleshooting Ice Machines 1279 hapter 52 roubleshooting Commercial Systems Component Diagnosis Checking Electrical Circuits Checking External Motors Checking Condensing Units Checking Liquid Lines Checking Thermostatic Expansion Valves (TXVs) Checking Electronic Expansion Valves (EEVs) Checking Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRs) Checking Hot-Gas Valves Checking Solenoid Valves Checking Evaporators Checking Suction Lines 1311 Chapter 53 Servicing Commercial Systems System Service Fundamentals Servicing Motors and Compressors Servicing Condensers Servicing Liquid Lines Servicing Evaporators Servicing Valves Reconditioning Equipment after a Flood 1339 Section 15 Professional Development Chapter 54 Technician Certification EPA Certification EPA Service Requirements Service Organizations and Industry Associations 1351 Appendixes 1356 Appendix A: Service Information 1357 Appendix B: Troubleshooting Charts 1361 Appendix C: Refrigerants 1374 Appendix D: Electricity and Electronics 13i Appendix E: Heat, Temperature, and Pressure 1385 Appendix F: Equivalent Charts 1390 Glossary 1398 Index 1433
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