ENERGY ASSESSOR TRAINING COURSE MANUAL

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1 The Energy Link ENERGY ASSESSOR TRAINING COURSE MANUAL The Energy Link The Atrium Chester Road Higher Walton Warrington WA4 6TJ Tel:

2 module one Aims of our course Here is a step by step guide to using the distance learning package: 1. Read all these workbook modules, completing the self-test sections as you go. 2. Make notes as you go of anything you need to clarify with the trainer. 3. Attend the training course, have your questions answered, and carry out real surveys to practice what you have learned. purpose of this workbook This workbook contains all the information you need to be confident of the quality of your energy assessments and the energy reports produced from the RDSAP software. This workbook is interactive, and is not a textbook - in fact we have deliberately made space available for you to scribble away - so please feel free to make whatever notes, reminders, diagrams you need to within the pages. Nobody will be marking your workbook, or even see it apart from you. All we ask is that you make your notes legible. You are essentially building your own revision guide so that you can complete a full survey form, so you will need to be able to read what you have written! The workbook will be a useful manual, not just for surveyors that are new to energy assessment, but also as a point of reference for energy rating information in the future. There are often times when its nice to confirm your instincts with a quick check in the workbook.

3 module one introduction learning aids introduction To help you navigate your way through the topics of the workbook, the following learning aids have been included. They highlight useful information in the following forms: caution This sign is used whenever there is something important that requires extra explanation. Some parts of the survey are not as straightforward or obvious as they first seem. Items described in the caution sections are important to get right as they have a significant impact on the final rating. Don t jump to conclusions, read the Caution notes. hints & tips These are handy hints sections that can help to cut down the time and effort involved in collecting the data for the energy rating. note Notes are used to explain what to do when you come across something that doesn t fit well into the listed options on the survey form. Look at these sections for explanations of how to deal with particular problems. self-test Self-test questions test your knowledge gained at the end of each module!

4 module one introduction getting further help This course has been designed to answer any questions that may arise as you work through the modules and topics. However, not every conceivable question about energy ratings can be answered within the boundaries of this course. Since you will be completing RDSAP survey forms, all core information presented is relevant to the data collection for this software system. The actual data collected, and the conventions used when collecting these items may differ from other software systems you may have seen or used before. Whilst we cannot explain the way that other products calculate energy ratings, we want you to understand how the RDSAP system works so that you will have confidence in the energy advice being provided to the householder. RDSAP will be the only official, government approved system for assessing an energy rating for an existing home and it is important that you work within its conventions - the rules.

5 introduction What is an Energy Rating? module two energy rating Energy ratings were originally designed to be a measure of the fuel cost of a property. The aim is to provide a figure similar to the milesper-gallon figure used to indicate the energy performance of a car. Because houses and flats can vary widely in size, an allowance is made for the size of the property. So the basis of the energy rating is to try and predict the fuel cost of the property, divide this cost by the floor area, and fit the result onto a simple scale the higher the number, the better. Why do energy ratings? Fuel economy in cars is described by the mpg under a number of standard driving cycles (e.g. urban cycle). This ensures that the consumer has data that can be compared across the different manufacturers and models. In a similar way, domestic energy ratings are calculated on the basis of standard occupancy. This is essential because the way that occupants use a property can increase or decrease its energy use by very large factors. The use of standard occupancy allows a level-playing field for comparison between dwellings, disregarding how the current occupants use the dwelling. The main use of energy ratings at the moment is to set standards for Building Regulations, and for Housing Association and Local Authority properties. In the near future, prospective tenants of rented homes will be given information about its energy efficiency using the RDSAP survey system. From 2007, the RDSAP energy rating will become an essential part of the house buying process, providing independent information on the energy efficiency and likely running costs of different properties. Energy conservation is clearly a good thing - everyone wins with energy conservation. The householder is better off and so is the environment. The government has promoted improvements in energy efficiency for more than 20 years - but with not much effect. Even now, over 75% of cavity walls remain un-insulated, more than 60% of loft spaces have less than 100mm of loft insulation and many heating systems are inefficient and are poorly controlled. Having an energy rating for the home a prospective buyer is considering may help inform their decision - or after they have bought, it may help them to decide how to improve their new home and reduce their fuel costs. What do they show? The ratings and improvements suggested in energy advice reports help to prioritise the different ways of saving energy. Some improvements make

6 module two energy rating obvious economic sense, and others are really only realistic considerations when a particular item requires replacing. Loft insulation and hot water cylinder insulation, for example, are obvious improvements, as they are cheap to purchase, can be easy to install, and often save enough energy to produce real savings in less than a year. On the other hand, double-glazing and a replacement central heating boiler are examples of improvements that cost far more, and this means that they often won t be replaced unless there is the need i.e. a broken boiler or rotting/leaking window frames. The idea is to present the homeowner with enough information to help them decide on the best value for money when investing in energy efficiency. The advice report offers an independent comparison of the options for example, installing new double-glazing (often only adding 2-4 SAP points) with a new boiler and controls (which could easily add in excess of 20 SAP points). The running costs associated with the ratings can also help the consumer to identify the best ways to target their money to reduce fuel bills. Energy conservation/energy efficiency measures do make sense, for cost and comfort. A typical 1960 s house could have its fuel bills reduced by 200 per year for an expenditure of about an effective rate of return of 40% - tax-free and inflation proof! RDSAP Reduced Data SAP (RDSAP) is the survey system that the Government intends to use to produce the Energy Performance Certificates required by a new European Directive the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. Because a full SAP requires many data items that cannot be seen in a survey of an existing house, the different energy rating companies (NHER, MVM and Elmhurst) each created different systems to infer (assume) the missing data. RDSAP has been created by reviewing these existing proprietary systems and developing a new system combining the best aspects of each of them. RDSAP will produce an energy performance certificate and advice report that places the SAP rating on an A-G scale similar to the labels on white goods. It also provides an Environmental Rating of the property in terms of CO2 emissions, in a similar format. The report will also provide an indication of costs for space and water heating and lighting, (based on the SAP) and improvement suggestions. It is important that as well as understanding the SAP and knowing how to collect the required data, the surveyor also understands these improvement suggestions.

7 module two energy rating a note about versions of RDSAP Because RDSAP is a new survey system that has been created especially for the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, it is still under development. The version of RDSAP used in this training material is the very latest development version, updated to take account of feedback from prospective Home Inspectors (HI) and Domestic Energy Assessors (DEA), improvements to the methodology from additional field trials and, of course, the SAP2005 revisions.

8 module three property description By the end of this module you will be able to: Built form Identify the different types of built form for houses and bungalows Property Age Identify the age band of a property using stylistic clues Extension present Know when to enter an extension on the survey form Alternative wall Know when to identify an area of wall as an alternative wall type Rooms in the roof Know when to enter a storey as rooms in the roof Porches Know how to treat heated and unheated porches

9 Built form introduction module three property description The categories of built form are only relevant for houses and bungalows they do not apply for flats and maisonettes. Most of the built form categories are obvious, but there are a few points to clarify. It will help to have the survey form to hand, so that you can relate the explanations below to the questions on the survey form. To complete these questions on the survey forms is simple. Just tick the option relevant to the house you are surveying, or enter the appropriate detail in the box provided. Here s an example

10 built forms for houses detached module three property description Houses that are described as detached have no party walls; so have exposed wall area on all four sides. Here are some examples semi- detached Link detached houses (houses that are essentially detached and are only linked to neighbours by a garage) should also be classed as detached. Semi-detached houses share one side (the party wall) with a neighbour. This leaves exposed wall area on three sides end of terrace Although end-terrace and semi-detached properties are similar terms of exposed walls there is a slight difference in the typical window areas for the two built forms. An endterrace property will usually have a blank gable end wall, where as a semi-detached house will most likely have additional glazing in the side elevation, being glazed on three sides, rather than just front and back. As the name suggests this is just the first or last house in a terraced row. End of terrace properties have three exposed sides like a semi-detached, but tend to have blank end walls. This means that the typical pattern of glazing will be the same as for a mid-terrace.

11 module three property description mid-terrace Mid-terrace houses have two party walls (one on either side) and two heat loss sides (front and back). If the terrace has a passage through to the back of the house classify it as a mid or end terrace house. Include the length of the passage wall in the lowest floor heat loss perimeter. Enclosed mid-terrace These houses are often called back-to-backs. Back-to-back properties are essentially terraced houses that also back onto another terraced row. From the street they will look just like a terraced house, but the rear of the property joins the back of a house from the next street, which gives us the phrase back-toback. They have only one heat loss wall, as the side walls are common with their neighbours and the rear wall is common with the property on the terrace of houses at the rear. Be careful if a house is described to you as back-to-back sometimes this term is used to describe terraces that are built very close together with only a narrow yard separating them. These back-to-backs are not enclosed, they are normal terrace houses. enclosed end terrace An enclosed end-terrace will be the first or last house in a terraced row of back-to-back houses. They have two adjacent heat loss walls, and two adjacent party walls. Modern cluster homes are also enclosed end-terraces, the block is essentially 4 enclosed end terraces without any midterraces in between.

12 property age module three property description introduction The property age is required for the software to select the default heat loss values (U-values) for the wall, roof and floor and to calculate the window area. Houses of different ages have different window to wall and window to floor ratios. The age bands for newer properties correspond to changes in Building Regulations, when the regulations stipulated maximum window areas in order to reduce heat losses (area for area, window heat losses are typically 10 times greater than wall heat losses). There are five main ways of establishing the age of a house: 1. Ask the occupants 2. Contact the local authority 3. Use documentary evidence maps of the area for older properties 4. For modern houses there are clues connected with Building Regulations. For instance the 1990 regulations introduced extract fans, and trickle vents into windows if the house does not have these it must be before the age band. Be cautious using this rule, as the windows might include the trickle vents because they have been replaced recently. 5. Make an informed estimate based on style looking at the whole street, not just the house being inspected, can be useful, although beware of the recently built infill property. Stylistic clues can be misleading, so try to take a few into consideration. The following photographs give some indication of stylistic clues. In the first part of the NHER RDSAP Assessment, you may be asked to identify the correct age band for flats and houses from photographs.

13 module three property description pre 1900 This terrace of houses of different styles and ages is (typically) near the town centre, built from local stone with stone roof tiles. A summary of these houses: 1. The use of local materials e.g. local stone 2. Closer inspection sees the use of brickwork on later houses and often for the chimneys 3. The original windows would have been metal casements or sash windows with small panes often in leaded lights 4. Car parking was not a consideration with these early houses. This means that the roads are now very congested by onstreet parking (such as in the street scene below) 5. The solid brick walls of these houses are often rendered

14 module three property description At the turn of the century, window glass started to be manufactured in larger sheets. The brickwork was of a much better quality. This example shows the decorative use of engineering bricks probably used to improve the foundations and reduce rising damp. Hallmarks of late Victorian houses: 1. Solid front door with fan light above 2. Decorative supports for window sills 3. Tiled floor to the porch 4. Closer inspection reveals 9 thick walls The classical features of some of the Victorian houses made way for the Gothic revival of the Edwardian period. Typical features include: 1. Decorated gables (e.g. on the semi-detached house below c1910) 2. Sash windows with large panes 3. Glazed doors are common.

15 module three property description 1920 s This period is very significant in the development of housing in Britain. It saw the first council housing and there was a great emphasis on social housing. A 70 ft rule governed the minimum distance between houses, reducing density dramatically: from houses per acre (common in Victorian and Edwardian terraces) to as few as 6-8 houses per acre. House building immediately after the 1st world war was much influenced by the garden city movement and the Tudor Walters report. Typical features of this period: 1. Spacious, detached, semi-detached and terraced houses 2. Equally spacious hedge lined plots in an estate layout 3. South facing gardens The windows in the houses below have almost certainly been replaced with 1950s metal casements.

16 module three property description 1930 s Metal casement windows came into fashion in the 30's and have much to do with the recognisable look of many houses from the 30 s. Typical features of the 30 s: 1. Bay windows with horizontal banding 2. The cavity brick wall, which was enshrined in the 1936 Model Bye Laws, came into more common use around this time 3. Introduction of the hipped roof expansive roofs with short ridges and tall chimneys 4. Ribbon developments suburbia as we know it began to grow along the approach roads of our towns and cities 5. The car is accommodated on the plot, usually in a separate garage Building styles were influenced by developments on the continent, particularly by the Bauhaus (the influential German school of architecture). The between wars semi is another classic house type of this period. Features that typify the between wars semi : 1. Formal entrance with the half round opening to the porch area, front door is set back slightly 2. Decorative glazing in door panels 3. Roof extends forward over the bay window, with decorative timber or brick above the glazing. The densities have increased from the luxuries of the garden city houses of the 20's - this is particularly so in the private sector house of this period.

17 module three property description More examples of 1930s dwellings are shown below :-

18 module three property description 1940 s During the war, house building came to a virtual halt except for the prefab. Many of these developments are still lived in today, many years after their design life expectancy of around 20 years. Immediately after the war there was a rush to fill the housing shortage with system built housing estates. These houses are Woolaway houses. To identify a 1940s house, look for: 1. System built walls concrete panels, although many of the houses will have been reclad in brick with new windows fitted under housing defects legislation. These would be entered as system built in wall construction. 2. Corrugated roofing systems

19 module three property description 1950 s The 1950s saw the beginning of a major boom in housing developments, with mass production of building materials producing a standardisation across the country. Typical 1950s houses: 1. Festival of Britain (1951) influences in the flat roofed porches supported on metal posts 2. Plain brick walls (from the mass production of London bricks) 3. Metal casement windows 4. Concrete roof tiles 5. Bungalows became popular during the 50 s 6. Open-plan estates where properties were less clearly separated from neighbours by clear boundaries e.g. no walled front gardens

20 module three property description 1960 s Houses in the 60 s: Flats in the 60 s: 1. The chalet or dormer bungalow (notice the rooms in the roof) 2. Integral parking provision (a feature of the late 50's and 60's) 3. The kitchen/diner and open plan living room are often a feature of this period 1. In the public sector the 1960s saw major developments of flats in blocks of 3 or more storeys 2. The tall tower block is often from this time period

21 module three property description 1970 s During the 70's there was a positive reaction against the sameness of the 60's. Signs of the 70 s: 1. Developments of two and three storey houses a conscious attempt to create not only a variety in the built form but also a mix of house types catering for a varied population 2. Increase in housing density created by the rise in land prices 3. Reaction against the open-plan estate, with the enclosure of private space by high walls and fences 4. Greater attention given to external detailing 5. Off plot parking and carports are a feature of this period 6. Dominance of gas central heating results in a lack of chimneys, and increasing number of ridge vents 7. Large windows reflect the use of double-glazing and the use of Velux roof lights can be seen. The Essex Design Guide (a planning guide produced by Essex County Council) was influential in promoting cluster housing, breaking up the fronting and reducing road widths.

22 module three property description 1980 s 80's estates are also characterised by high densities. But there was a move back to a more conventional estate layout. 1. Cul-de-sacs with tightly packed houses are a common feature 2. There is a conscious move to use different house types to give variety 3. The large windows reflect the common use of doubleglazing but there is often a nostalgic attempt to soften the effect with curved window heads and imitation leaded lights 4. The chimney creeps back again particularly on the larger house type: but more as a result of the gas flame effect fire than any desire to revert to solid fuel heating

23 module three property description and There is little difference in style between and but for relatively new homes like these it is almost certain that the actual date of construction will be known. Houses are closely packed, often in large volume estates. House builders may use a number of subtly different house types to create variety. There is also a conscious effort to break up box-like outlines with a mixture of popular features from the past, often jumbled together - bay windows, pillars, porches, decorative brickwork, cladding or tiles to parts of elevations are commonly seen. The detached (sometimes only just) house is the most common built form on many estates. Post 1990 houses will also have: 1. Extractor fans (or sometimes passive vents in recent properties) in kitchen and bathroom(s) 2. Trickle vents to windows 3. Allocated parking, driveways or garage (often two garage spaces for larger houses)

24 module three property description post 2002 For almost brand new homes it is almost certain that the actual date of construction will be known. However, there are visible differences between post 2002 housing and estates built in the 90s, due to the influence of central government planning guidance (the John Prescott rules). These asked for higher densities in an effort to reduce the impact of new build housing, and encouraged the redevelopment of brown field land instead of green field development. Thus many post 2002 estates are redevelopments of inner city former light industrial areas. Houses are closely packed, often including three storey terraces and low rise apartment blocks.

25 extensions module three property description The first thing to remember about the term extension is that this does not always mean a part of the house that has been added on to the main house at a later date. In energy terms, an extension is any part of the heated and occupied area of the house that is thermally different. By this we mean that it has been insulated to a different standard or has a different built construction from the main part of the house. This will usually be because a part of the property has been built at a later time. However, it could also be because an occupant has insulated part of a house (rather than the whole property); or a part of the original construction might be thermally different (e.g. a mono pitched roof single storey off-shot washroom at the rear of a Victorian terrace). If an extension is present it is entered on this part of the survey form: Do not count as extensions parts of the building that are built within the same age band as the main dwelling and are of the same wall and roof construction with the same levels of insulation. Entering the property into the program as having an extension allows the effect of different levels of insulation to the walls or loft/roof to be described separately. This gives the software a more accurate description of the property, and so increases the accuracy of the energy rating. For instance if a house has a pitched main roof, and part flat roof, this should be entered as a main house plus an extension even if the roofs were built at the same time. The entries for extension dimensions, age, wall and roof details are all separate from the main house details and there are appropriate sections of the survey form for them to be recorded.

26 module three property description Note that on rare occasions you will come across a property that you think cannot be fairly described using the extension fields (maybe because it has too many different types of construction). In such a case it will be necessary to combine extensions so that the number is reduced to two. Alternative wall types When doing this, you should combine those extensions that are closest to each other in terms of their construction and insulation. For example, it is often possible to combine extensions from adjacent age bands. There is no difference in heat loss between an uninsulated loft from a house built in and the same loft built in , but there is a big difference between uninsulated and insulated lofts of the same age band. You would enter an alternative wall type where the property has a significant area of wall that is of different construction or insulation level than the main walls but this wall type cannot be identified as an extension since it does not surround any floor area. Where an area of alternative wall exists but it constitutes less than 10% of the total external wall area, it can be ignored. Alternative wall types can occur as part of the main house, or part of an extension and you should record which of these applies. You will need to measure and enter the area of any alternative wall but note that when entering the area of an alternative wall, you do not include any window areas that may be present in that area of wall. If an alternative wall type is present it is entered on this part of the survey form:- Do not count as alternative wall type any walls that could be described as forming an extension i.e. walls that surround an area of floor.

27 Alternative wall types cont. module three property description For example an end-terrace of cross wall construction (typical of 1960s social housing) will have front and rear walls that are likely to be thermally different from the gable-end wall. Sometimes a house will have a large bay window of timber frame construction, but it is not necessary to record this different wall type unless its area is at least 10% of the total external wall area. In this typical 1950s semi, the tile clad timber framed section on the upper floor is less than 10% of the total heat loss wall area and is therefore too small to be worth recording. The same feature on a mid-terrace house might just qualify as more than 10% of the wall area because a mid-terrace has less heat loss wall area than a semi of the same size. There is no need to be especially accurate in this judgement; estimate both the area of the different construction, and the total heat loss wall area, and if the estimate comes to more than 10% you should then measure the alternative wall area. Where the alternative wall is on the upper floor, as in the house shown above, there is no need to get your ladder out to measure the precise area it can be obtained by measuring the equivalent part of the floor below!

28 module three property description Note that for alternative walls, you are required to record the area of wall and whether it is part of the main house or any extension. Porches Porches which are part of the main building structure are included as part of the main house. For instance a heated porch under the main roof of the dwelling is clearly part of the building and should be included. It is considered to be part of the hall, so should not be counted as an additional room. Note that added on glazed, wooden structures, often added to enclose the front door of the house, should be ignored unless they are heated. If an off-shot porch is heated AND it is greater than 10% of the total floor area, then it is an extension and you should use the extension section of the form to record its details. If the property also has an extension then the porch can be treated as a second extension. If there are already two extensions, then it is best to include the porch with whichever extension is closest to it in terms of its construction and insulation. The area of a porch is normally quite small in comparison with most extensions, so the error that is introduced will be smaller than if the heated porch was left out altogether.

29 Rooms in the roof module three property description A room in the roof is a habitable part of the dwelling built into what would normally be a loft space. Note that for such a loft space to qualify as a room in the roof for energy assessment purposes, it must incorporate fixed staircase access, i.e. not just a loft ladder. It will usually have sloping ceilings for part of the area and may also include dormer or Velux windows :- Relatively modern room in roof construction :- Note that where you identify the presence of roof rooms, details of this storey are entered in the room in roof section and not as a normal storey. Remember that you should enter the floor area as either an additional storey or as a room in the roof, but not both. You will also need to identify the location of the roof rooms, i.e. Main, Extn.1 and Extn.2, for data entry into the software. There are a number of common types of room in the roof. Roof conversions will usually have stud partition walls that lose heat into a void. The 1960 chalet style house also has rooms built into the roof as part of the original structure and some properties will have full-length dormer windows to one or both sides of the dwelling. Some modern timber frame dwellings also adopt this style and the rooms in roof have stud walls that lose heat to the roof space or insulated sloping ceilings. All of these are examples of rooms in the roof structure for RDSAP :-

30 module three property description The above section describes roof rooms that are essentially built within the level of the loft space and are identified as roof rooms for RDSAP. However, some properties have rooms partially built into the roof space - they have some wall in common with the floor below but also have sloping ceilings and dormer windows or rooflights. This is detailed in the section below. Rooms in the roof (cont.) Under these circumstances, the definition of a room in a roof is that the height of the common wall (not any internal stud wall) must be less than 1.8m for roof rooms to be assumed. Where this exposed external wall is equal to or greater than 1.8m, then the sloping ceiling must be ignored and the room(s) entered as a separate storey. This height convention is illustrated below:

31 Rooms in the roof module three property description Here is an example of the rooms in the roof structure for RDSAP with less than 1.8m height of shared front wall: Where there are both standard rooms and rooms in the roof on one storey the dwelling should ideally be split between main and extn. Sections to separately identify the sections incorporating the different roof types. Where it is not possible to split the property in such a way, the decision to enter the data as either rooms in the roof or an extra storey is based on the following criteria. To enter a complete storey as rooms in the roof, at least half the storey must be made up of such rooms. Where there are less than 50% roof rooms and more than 50% of standard rooms on the same storey, the areas of sloping ceiling should be ignored and all the rooms simply entered as a separate storey in the conventional manner.

32 module three property description Remember that a room in the roof is not always created by converting an attic there are many homes that included rooms in the roof in their original build, e.g. the 1960 chalet style dormer bungalow. This would still be entered into the software as a room in the roof if it fits the criteria above. Single storey roof room dwellings summary Note that properties that consist entirely of roof rooms, i.e. roof room flats, cannot be processed solely as roof rooms. These properties should be entered as flats rather than roof rooms, with room height averaged at 2.2m, main wall areas specified appropriately (typically timber framed) and alternative wall areas, e.g. brick gable ends entered appropriately. Roof type should be defaulted to the predominant type in the dwelling and remaining data entry should be as per the flat/maisonette conventions. In this module you have learnt how to - Identify the different types of built form for houses - Identify the age band of a property using stylistic clues - Identify the presence of an extension, alternative wall, or room in the roof - Deal with porches If you feel that you do not fully understand the options on the survey form, then return to the relevant pages to recap. If you feel comfortable with what you have learnt in this module, then have a go at the following Self-Test Questions and move on to the next module Self-test Do you understand all the key points made in this module? Test your knowledge here!

33 Questions module three property description

34 module three property description Turn to Answer Section to check your answers; you will be able to score yourself out of six points for this module Module 3 Self-test result: / 6

35 module four property size By the end of this module you will be able to complete the following sections of the survey form: For all properties: Total number of rooms Follow the convention for counting habitable rooms Property dimensions Know the appropriate dimensions to be taken and collect the data accurately Conservatories Know the definition of a non-separated conservatory and the data required to assess them For Flats (including Maisonettes): Floor position/ number of floors in block Follow the convention for counting storeys to assess floor position Presence of heat loss floor know when to identify a heat loss floor and its exposure. Corridor type and length of sheltered (semi exposed) wall know the options for corridor type and when to enter a sheltered wall length

36 Property Size Floor Position introduction Floor position (flats only) module four property size Some questions contained within this module only apply to flats and maisonettes. Where this is the case, it will be clearly stated in the text. Some of the question titles (for instance, the number of rooms) appear to request the obvious, but do make sure you read everything through at least once, as there are a few points to remember. Floor position is simply a number that identifies on which storey of the block a flat or maisonette is located. In this context, a maisonette is simply a flat that extends over more than one storey. The energy survey system treats a maisonette in exactly the same way as a flat so we refer to them as flats in this workbook. The floor position number is easy to remember as it starts at zero for the ground floor. It follows that the first floor has a storey number of one, and the second floor a storey number of two etc. The floor position is used to work out the height of the flat and therefore the level of exposure to the wind (worse at higher storeys than at ground level). So even if the ground floor of a block of flats contains no dwellings (eg it may contain car parking or communal areas) this floor is still counted as zero. Basement levels In some instances, a block of flats may incorporate basement levels, which may or may not include dwellings. In these circumstances the bottom-most of the basement levels should be identified as the Ground /Level 0 storey, with consecutive numbering from this point upwards as before. Therefore, the Ground/Level 0 storey will always be the bottom-most level in any block and will have a floor that is in contact with the ground, i.e. no further space below. In some parts of the country a type of property called an under dwelling is sometimes found, usually a two storey home, partly or wholly within a basement, and with a separate two storey home above it. The under dwelling has no heat loss roof and the upper property has no heat loss floor, just the same as ground floor and top floor flats. For this reason, both the under dwelling and the upper property are inspected as flats.

37 module four property size When a flat extends over more than one storey, then the floor position is given for the lowest floor of the flat i.e. the lowest floor of the dwelling. Property Dimensions For the purposes if assessment within RDSAP, a maisonette is defined as a flat that occupies more than one floor. Number of floors in block (flats only) The survey form also requires the number of floors within the block. Include the ground floor when counting the number of floors so a low-rise block with a ground, first and second floor and no basement levels, has a total of 3 storeys and a flat on the second floor is at floor position 2. Property Dimensions introduction When surveying flats/maisonettes, only take into account the dwelling for which the rating will apply, e.g. the living space behind the front door of flat number 16. The energy rating will apply to the flat, not the whole block. The floor position question specifically identifies where a flat is situated within the block. At first sight there appears to be a lot of data to be entered onto this part of the survey form. Property dimensions are an important part of the energy rating calculation remember that the energy rating is calculated by dividing the predicted fuel costs by the floor area so it is important that the floor area is collected accurately. The other dimensions are required to assess the heat losses, both through the building fabric, and via ventilation. Even the room height is important, since the ventilation loss depends on the building volume, which in turn is calculated using the room height! In reality though, for a bungalow or flat the actual data entry could be as few as three items floor area, room height and heat loss perimeter. For many houses, the floor area and heat loss perimeter will be the same on all floors (but not the room height!) so the amount of data to input is often less than you might think. Floor areas The survey form requires the floor area for the house and for any extension on each storey of the dwelling. Whether for a house or flat, details of all heated, occupied storeys within the dwelling are included in this table. Heated habitable basements and roof rooms that conform to RDSAP conventions are also included.

38 module four property size For a house this is usually straight forward, as it is typically two or three storeys, often with the same data entered in each row. For flats, consider only the heated storeys of the actual dwelling, not the whole block (see also floor position, covered earlier in this module). You should always make a sketch plan of the property, with the dimensions marked on it as well as the positions of attached neighbouring buildings, garages, conservatories and extensions. The plans will help you to check the data entered into the dimensions sections of the form. It is essential to provide both the sketch plan and the calculated areas and perimeters. There is space on the form to enter details for two extensions see workbook module 3 for more information about extensions. Great accuracy is not needed and small chimney breasts and small bay windows can be left off the sketch plan. The floor area required is calculated from either the external or internal measurements of the dwelling. You should measure either externally, or internally, but not mix the two measurements in a single survey. Complete the internal/external measurements section of the form to indicate which system has been used. The floor area is required for each storey, with the area of rooms in the roof having a separate box on the form. When measuring the floor area of rooms in the roof it is the enclosed internal floor area that is required. Where the eaves contain voids (often used for storage and sometimes accessible via removable panels) the floor area under these voids is not included as part of the room in roof floor area as these areas are catered for elsewhere in the software. The ground floor area must not include any integral or adjoining garages stores, coal sheds or other external unheated spaces thermally separated conservatories unheated porches outside the main building envelope Unless there is a heated basement, enter the details of the ground floor of the house into the Lowest occupied floor row. For flats, it is the details of the lowest occupied floor of the flat, not the whole block, that are required here.

39 module four property size Where an extension does not have a ground floor, for example when it is above a garage, then enter its first floor area and the exposed perimeter in the +1 row of the table, second floor in +2 and so on. Do not include external unheated porches in the floor area. Do not include unheated areas (such as outhouses, w.c.s or coal stores) that are not accessed via an internal door even if they are within the footprint of the dwelling. Do include unheated rooms, e.g. internal utility rooms and lobbies, so long as they are within the external envelope of the property and are accessed via an internal door. A basement is defined as a part of the heated and occupied area of the dwelling where 50% or more of the external wall area loses heat to the adjacent soil rather than to the external air. If the basement is unheated and effectively unused, then it must be ignored (i.e. do not include its area on the survey form). If the basement is heated even if it is portable heating and is clearly part of the heated area of the dwelling then it should be included and you should enter the floor area in the lowest occupied floor box on the form. The ground floor details are then entered in +1, and so on. Room height Enter the room height on each floor into the appropriate rows of the form. Room height is always measured internally, for obvious reasons, regardless of whether rest of the measurements are internal or external. The software uses this measurement to work out the volume of the house, needed for the ventilation heat loss calculation. For rooms in the roof, the room height is not required. Do not add on any allowance for the depth of the floor structure that you have not been able to measure, since the software already adds an amount to allow for this. Heat loss perimeters The form requires the heat loss perimeter for the house and for any extension to be entered, each in separate areas on the form. The perimeter must be calculated for each floor of the house and any extension present. For houses, internal or external dimensions can be used depending

40 module four property size on which are easier to measure on site. If you measure externally, the program uses those external dimensions by adjusting them to allow for the wall thickness, but the entire survey needs to be carried out using either internal or external dimensions. You must not change between internal and external when measuring different parts of the house. Flats on the other hand are always measured internally, as is room height and room in roof floor area. These external or internal dimensions are used to work out the exposed wall perimeter. The exposed wall perimeter is extremely important for evaluating heat loss wall areas as well as the heat loss through the ground floor - so it is essential that it is measured accurately. Note that for mid-terrace dwellings with passageway, the length of passageway wall is part of the exposed wall and its perimeter should therefore be added to the measurement for the exposed perimeter for the dwelling. Where there is an integral garage, or an attached garage, or any other external construction such as an outhouse adjoining the external wall of the dwelling, the perimeter of the house next to it is counted as part of the heat loss perimeter. This is because there will always be heat loss through the wall into the unheated space, although it will be slightly reduced by the sheltering effect of the garage. This reduction in the heat loss through the wall is not significant and is not considered in RDSAP. So, the heat loss through the sheltered wall is calculated as if the garage or other external construction were not there. Enter separately the heat loss perimeter of any extensions - this is illustrated in example 2. An example of an extension on the upper floor only is given in example 3. For rooms in the roof, the heat loss perimeter is not required, since it is assumed that there is no heat loss wall on this storey. The software assumes that all the heat loss is through the roof and calculates the areas of heat loss roof appropriate to a room-in-theroof construction, without need for a heat loss perimeter measurement.

41 module four property size example one two storey house with integral garage Ground floor area is (8 x 3) + (6 x 5) = 54 m2 First floor area is (8 x 9) = 72 m2 Ground floor heat loss perimeter is = 25 m First floor heat loss perimeter is = 25 m ASK ASSESSOR example two two storey detached house with single storey extension Ground floor area is 8 x 6 = 48 m2 Extension floor area is 5 x 3 = 15 m2 House ground floor heat loss perimeter is = 23 m House first floor heat loss perimeter is = 28m (note: this is 5m longer than the ground floor, i.e. the length of wall between the house and ground floor extension) Extension exposed perimeter is = 11 m

42 Habitable Room Count module four property size introduction The habitable room count field is used to assess the proportion of floor area (Zone 1 ) that is heated to a higher temperature than the rest of the dwelling. The energy rating model assumes that a certain portion of the dwelling (typically the lounge, and any areas open to it), are heated to 21о and the rest of the house to 18о. The habitable room count does not directly identify this area but is used to infer the Zone 1 fraction assumed by the software. The greater the proportion of habitable rooms, the greater the zone 1 fraction assumed. The number of habitable rooms counted is important to the energy rating because more output is needed from the heating system to heat to a higher temperature, and heat losses are greater from the better heated rooms. Habitable room count For this question on the survey form all that is required is to write the counted number of rooms in the box next to the question. To count the required number and type of habitable rooms in a property, include any living room, sitting room, dining room, kitchen-diner, bedroom, study and similar. Exclude other rooms such as any kitchen, utility room, bathroom, cloakroom, en-suite accommodation and similar; any hallway, stairs or landing; and also any room not having a window. For open plan dwellings count all spaces thermally connected to the main living area (e.g. a living/dining room or non-separated conservatory connected to the living room as one room). For example, a typical small two-bed mid terrace property might have 6 rooms in total, made up of the following: 1. Lounge/diner 2. Kitchen 3. Master bedroom 4. Second bedroom 5. Bathroom 6. Hall stairs and landing In determining the habitable room count for RDSAP, the hall, stairs

43 module four property size and landing, bathroom and kitchen are not included and the room count is therefore 3. The lounge/diner counts as one room, even if it has been created by removing a separating wall e.g. opening up a through lounge. Room count: include only the types of habitable rooms as described above. Unheated Habitable rooms If any of the habitable rooms included in the room count are unheated, then the quantity should be recorded and noted for the assessment of primary and secondary heating. For a habitable room to be unheated, it will not contain any fixed form of heating but may be heated by portable heating refer to the appropriate RDSAP definition of portable heating in Module 6 Space Heating, as portable heating is ignored under RDSAP conventions, resulting in an unheated room.

44 conservatries separated or nonseparated? module four property size A conservatory is a structure with at least three quarters of its roof and at least half its external walls glazed. The treatment of a conservatory depends on whether it is separated or non-separated from the dwelling. If it is non-separated, several items of data are needed. A separated conservatory is ignored. non-separated conservatories Conservatories are classed as non-separated if it is not physically partitioned from the main property in a manner similar to the existing external construction standard. The conservatory is open to the rest of the heated dwelling if there are no doors between the house and the conservatory or if it is separated by lightweight internal doors A conservatory is only included in the RDSAP dwelling assessment if it is a non-separated conservatory as defined above. A non-separated conservatory is like an extension in that the heat loss perimeter of the house does not include the length of house wall next to the conservatory. This is illustrated in the diagrams below. The exposed perimeter for the conservatory should be measured in the same way as for the main house and extension but it is the length of exposed glazed wall (even where not fully glazed) that is required. This is illustrated below. Remember to indicate if the conservatory is double-glazed. House with a nonseparated conservatory House heat loss perimeter is = 25 m Conservatory glazed perimeter is = 11 m Conservatory floor area is 3*5 = 15m2

45 Semi-exposed walls introduction module four property size Semi-exposed walls (sometimes called sheltered walls ) are walls that separate the heated part of the building from external, unheated parts, such as unheated conservatories or garages. The unheated part of the property provides shelter to the semi-exposed wall so that the temperature within the unheated part will be a little higher than the outside temperature, but not as high as within the house. However, this effect is small and is ignored in the RDSAP system except for flats, which are covered later in this module. Seperated conservatories Separated conservatories provide shelter to the external wall, and also capture solar heat, which will partially warm the house. For most conservatories this effect is very small and both the solar heat gain and the sheltering effect is ignored in the RDSAP energy rating calculation. Some homes have exceptionally large unheated conservatories covering more than one storey and designed as a solar space to deliberately capture solar gain and pre-warm the home. This passive solar heating is not recognised in the SAP and the energy performance of such properties is not fully described by SAP. Therefore these properties should be excluded from any RDSAP assessment.

46 Semi-exposed walls introduction module four property size A few extra items of data are required for flats, since flats sometimes have heat losses from exposed floors, unheated corridors and stairwells which are not usually associated with houses. Heat loss floors (flats only) Where a flat is situated on the ground floor of the block, the software will assume that the floor is a heat loss floor, just as it does for a house or bungalow. Sometimes, upper floor flats have a heat loss floor, perhaps because they are situated over a car parking area, or a covered driveway through to a parking area at the rear of the block. In these circumstances you should enter yes in the main box and further identify the upper heat loss floor type, as follows: Corridors (flats only) If only part of the floor of the flat is a heat loss floor, you should only record it as such if the heat loss floor makes up at least half of the floor area. Flats often have walls separating the occupied floor area from common areas, such as corridors, lobbies or stairwells. For simplicity the survey form refers to all of these as corridors. The heat losses from the flat into the common areas obviously depend on whether the corridor is heated or unheated. The survey form therefore requires you to tick one of the following: No corridor Unheated corridor Heated corridor And in addition for unheated corridors ;- Length of sheltered wall (if unheated corridor) The relevant section of the survey form is shown above.

47 module four property size You must measure and record the length of wall that is sheltered by an unheated corridor, unlike the approach for semi-exposed walls in houses and bungalows, where this length is not required. The length of semi exposed wall is also included in the heat loss perimeter, in exactly the same way as for houses and bungalows. The amount of shelter from an unheated corridor within a building split into flats is more significant than the shelter provided by garages or conservatories. Additionally, in a flat, the area of wall that is sheltered is usually a larger proportion of the total heat loss wall area. This is why it is necessary to separately enter semi exposed wall lengths for flats, but not for houses and bungalows. If there is a heated or unheated corridor, it normally covers the main entry door into the flat. This helps to stop heat losses when the door is open this is generally called a draught lobby. A flat whose front door opens directly to the outside of the building allows heat to escape whenever it is open, and the draught lobby reduces this effect. Summary The options heated corridor and unheated corridor automatically tell the software that there is a draught lobby and the term no corridor that there is no draught lobby. There is no need to enter any particular details for draught lobbies, or make any other assumptions with respect to draught lobbies. In this module you have learnt how to - Assess the room count of habitable rooms - Record the correct property dimensions - Decide if a conservatory is classed as non-separated and record the relevant data for a non-separated conservatory - Record the floor position and number of floors in block for flats/maisonettes - Recognise when and how to enter a heat loss floor for a flat - Record corridors, stairwells and lobbies associated with a flat If you feel that you do not fully understand the options on the survey form, then return to the relevant pages to recap.

48 module four property size If you feel comfortable with what you have learnt in this module, then have a go at the following Self-Test Questions and move on to the next module Do you understand all the key points made in this module? Test your knowledge here! Questions Q1 (2 marks) From the picture, complete the appropriate sections of the survey form for floor position and number of floors in block: Q2 (3 marks) (a) Under what circumstance would a conservatory be classed as nonseparated? (b) what data is recorded on the survey form for non-separated conservatories?

49 module five constructions By the end of this module you will be able to complete the following sections of the survey form: Wall Types Identify the different types of wall construction and wall insulation Loft Insulation- Identify the roof construction and where relevant, describe the levels of loft insulation found in the roof Windows select the correct area of glazing, record the details of any double-glazing, identify if the area of glazing is non-standard and measure the glazed area in such a case. Number of open fireplaces count the open fireplaces. Low energy lighting identify and record the proportion of fixed low energy lights Photovoltaic (pv) panels identify and record the size of pv installations

50 Constructions introduction module five constructions On a modern construction site there are many different ways to build walls, roofs and floors for a dwelling. Construction methods and building legislation have changed with time, and so more traditional methods have given way to an increasing mix of materials and constructions. Wall Construction Types When assessing older properties, descriptions of the built constructions can allow the program to select a suitable rate of heat loss. Modern homes will have been constructed since the introduction of Building Regulations covering the conservation of fuel and power (part L). These Regulations dictate the maximum rate of heat loss for any given building element. introduction Identifying insulation levels and wall constructions is a crucial part of the assessment process, but is not always straightforward. The following pages give further guidance. The software uses the wall type description along with the property age and insulation to assign a suitable rate of heat loss to the wall. The only requirement is to identify a broad description for the construction, and any added insulation. The program will do the number crunching and there is no requirement to understand the heat loss figures it uses. The options on the survey forms for wall construction are Granite or Whinstone, Sandstone, solid brick, cavity, timber frame or non-traditional system built (such as concrete panel construction). stone walls Common in older and rural properties. The stone building material would often be locally quarried. The software program assumes that these stone walls are thicker than for other constructions (600mm or 2 0 ). As some of the assumptions will be different depending on whether the wall is either Granite/Whinstone or Sandstone, these types need to be identified separately.

51 module five constructions granite/ whinstone sandstones

52 module five constructions solid brick As the name suggests these walls are built from brick and have no cavity. The walls are two bricks thick. Rather than just build two skins of wall, which would have a brick pattern identical to a cavity wall, you will notice that some bricks are laid through the structure. These bricks tie the wall together and make it stronger, and are visible in the brick pattern as headers. These are two typical brick patterns that can identify a solid brick wall solid block & solid brick types Where wall type can be identified as solid block rather than solid brick, the wall type should simply be entered as solid brick. Likewise the various thicknesses of solid brick construction i.e. single skin /half- brick/4 brick walls, 9 brick walls and 12 brick walls should all be entered as solid brick.

53 module five constructions timber framed - old There are two types of timber framed houses old (sometimes called black & white) and new. With older timber framed properties the construction should be immediately obvious from a visual inspection as shown below. In this case the software will default to a thermal performance appropriate to the construction and age of the property as normal.

54 module five constructions timber framed - modern Modern timber framed properties often have a brick outer skin or render on them, so it can be difficult to identify them amongst more traditional constructions. Above: A timber frame house by Potton Ltd. This property has a block outer skin, which will be rendered (apart from the stone edging and window surrounds). Above: A section through a typical timber frame wall showing the outer brick skin, internal plasterboard and vapour barriers. Total wall thickness is similar to cavity wall constructions. It is possible to distinguish a new timber frame property from a brick/cavity construction by lightly tapping the interior plastered wall surface in a number of places. A timber frame wall will sound hollow when tapped, but the problem is that a dry-lined masonry wall sounds similar. To distinguish between the two, continued tapping will detect the solid dabs of plaster that make a distinct solid sound compared to timber studs. Unfortunately, if the plasterboards are mounted on battens, they will sound exactly the same as a timber frame wall. So by tapping the wall alone you will not always be able to identify a timber frame wall construction.

55 module five constructions how to spot a timber frame There are a few clues that can identify timber frame wall construction. Look in the loft space and the plasterboard or other sheathing material at the gable will be fairly obvious if the house is timber frame. Above: View of gable end from within roof space note the mineral fibre batts protruding up into the roof space, and the sheathing is also visible between the studs. A further clue is in the window position, which in timber frame houses is often set further back into the wall, in line with the timber frame. Early timber frame dwellings, built during the 60 s, typically used two methods of insulating the frame: either a 25 mm quilt stapled to the frame or a bitumen impregnated fibreboard on the outside with a foil backed plasterboard on the inside. The former gives a slightly lower rate of heat loss. In the mid 70's timber frame housing was at its peak with a slice of the housing market of up to 25%. The 70's constructions used 60 mm of insulation quilt. Since the early 80's, 80 or 90 mm of insulation has become the norm. Right up until the 2001 Building Regulation changes, this construction performed better than was required by legislation, out-performing standard cavity constructions.

56 module five constructions system build (nontraditional) If the property is of non-traditional construction, then it is accounted for in this section. System build refers to different nontraditional construction methods, such as prefabricated concrete panel construction but not timber frame, which is entered as such. The software assumptions try to attach a suitable rate of heat loss to the majority of non-standard constructions. The date built, which sets a minimum according to the Building Regulations is the most influential factor when selecting this wall type in the program. For the age bands prior to 1967 an assumption is made that system build construction has a U-value of 2.0. Some systems had U-values worse or better than this, but 1.98 has been selected as a typical value. local wall types There are many cases of localised wall construction particularly for older properties. These might be materials such as cob, flint etc. In these cases the Inspector should default to the worst-case wall type, i.e. solid stone (granite/whinstone), in order to capture the potential variations in thermal performance of these structures.

57 Wall insulation introduction module five constructions The software uses the wall insulation description along with the property age and wall type to assign a suitable rate of heat loss to the wall. The options on the survey forms for wall insulation are external, filled cavity, internal, as built, unknown. Filled cavity As the name suggests, this is a wall that has been constructed as a standard cavity wall, but has then been retro-filled with cavity insulation. Modern cavity fill techniques usually use 25 mm holes drilled into the mortar joints following a specific drill pattern. The blown fibre or other material is injected through the holes under pressure to completely fill the cavity. The specific drill pattern is used to ensure the complete filling of the cavity with insulation. The holes are then filled with a matching mortar and in many cases fairly close inspection is needed to spot the holes. Cavity fill insulation can often also be spotted by - peering through air-bricks, as these sometimes become blocked by the insulation (they should really have been sleeved prior to cavity fill) - checking in the loft, where the insulation (particularly the expanding foam sort) can be seen between the skins of the cavity. Polyurethane foam often expands beyond the bricks at the top of the walls, and has bubbled out of the cavity in the loft - looking at meter boxes the insulation may get forced out through gaps around the meter - asking the householder if the work has been carried out in the last few years they will probably have a Guarantee certificate

58 module five constructions Because cavity wall insulation makes quite a difference to the energy rating (especially for a detached house) you should make every effort to check for its presence. However, if there is any uncertainty, the insulation for cavity walls should be recorded as being as built or unknown rather than filled cavity. Unknown simply defaults to as built and so for each of these choices, the energy rating will be understated rather than overstated. Adopting this approach ensures that if cavity wall insulation is a viable energy efficiency improvement, then the householder receives information about the difference it could make. A reputable CWI installer will always check that the cavity is suitable for filling prior to commencing work. external or internal insulation External and internal insulation is most often applied to solid brick walls, but is also found on stone walls and system build, and very occasionally on a cavity wall. internal insulation - dry-lining The term dry-lining is often used when describing energy efficiency improvements to solid walls. Dry lining is normally applied to a solid wall construction and involves lining the internal face with a damp-proof membrane and plasterboard. The plasterboard can be fixed to the solid wall by wooden battens or plaster dabs (a number of dollops of plaster are placed on the wall at regular intervals, this provides a number of points to glue/attach the board).

59 module five constructions The walls often receive extra insulation as part of this dampproofing process. Dry lining on solid walls can be detected by tapping gently on the internal surface. There is a noticeable difference in sound between plasterboard, battens and dabs. However you will often need further clues to tell the difference between a battened solid wall and a timber frame construction, particularly if the wall is rendered externally. See the timber frame section for more information. Above: installing internal wall insulation (dry lining). external insulation Unlike dry lining, this insulation system is applied to the exterior of a wall. It is more expensive, but it has certain advantages over dry lining. For one, dry lining does reduce the internal room space, which is significant in smaller houses. External insulation may also provide weather protection to the external façade of the property and provide an attractive decorative finish.

60 module five constructions It is important not to enter normal render as external insulation, as genuine external insulation uses special material with vastly improved insulation properties.

61 Roof Construction Types module five constructions introduction loft construction The software uses the roof type description along with the property age and loft insulation to assign a suitable rate of heat loss to the roof. The only requirement is to identify a broad description for the roof construction, and whether the insulation (if present) is located at rafter or joist level. The program will do the number crunching and there is no requirement to understand the heat loss figures it uses. You do not have to guess the insulation level in a roof where you cannot inspect the thickness yourself. The only time that you need to enter a figure for loft insulation is when you have been able to inspect an accessible loft and have measured the depth of insulation at joist level. In all other circumstances, e.g. in a warm roof construction with insulation at rafter level, it is difficult or impossible to assess the thickness of insulation and so the software includes default values for these options. loft construction The options on the survey form for loft construction are pitched, flat, other dwelling above. Pitched and flat have their usual meanings and other dwelling above is the option to select for a ground or mid-floor flat which has no heat loss roof. Although the block of flats will have a heat loss roof, this is not relevant to the energy survey for any other than the top floor flats. There are further options to record the position of any insulation Rafters, joists, no access. These different options are required because recent building regulations have set higher insulation standards for pitched roofs than for flat roof constructions. In the 2002 regulations, there were 4 different standards that applied. In increasing order of effectiveness, the categories were: rooms in the roof, flat roofs, pitched with insulation between rafters, and pitched with insulation between joists. Combining the property age, roof construction and the insulation position allows the software to provide a default insulation level based on the minimum standard allowed by Regulations for each of these categories.

62 Loft Insulation Insulation thickness module five constructions The thickness of loft insulation affects the energy rating result, and so this should be measured when inspecting an accessible loft space with insulation at joist level. You are not required to enter a figure for loft insulation in any other circumstances. All that is required is to select an appropriate insulation thickness. The thickness on the survey form refers to the depth of glass fibre or mineral wool insulation. There is an option for don t know which is helpful where you cannot see the installed insulation, perhaps because the loft has been floored or is full of junk. Thatched roofs When reporting on the loft insulation thickness of a loft under a thatched roof, the thatch will contribute some additional insulation over and above a standard roof construction. You should therefore add half the thickness of the thatch to the thickness of insulation found at joist level. Where the loft is inaccessible, select the No Access option for insulation position (i.e. do not guess a value). In this case the software will assume a suitable rate of heat loss for the roof, from the date of construction. Sometimes there are varying levels of loft insulation across the loft. If there are distinctly different areas, e.g. a loft where one part is empty and another area is well insulated, the insulated area can be entered as an extension. More usually though, the difference arises from settling of the insulation material or where the insulation is compressed under a small area of flooring. Where the level of insulation varies throughout the loft space, the best approach is to take an average thickness across the loft space.

63 module five constructions Roof rooms Where there are rooms in the roof there is no need to enter a figure for roof room loft insulation. The insulation is likely to be hidden behind stud walls and inaccessible loft spaces, so rather than ask the surveyor to make a guess the software uses a default based on the age of the roof room either the age band when the loft was converted, or the age band of the property if the roof room was part of the original design. Very occasionally, you may inspect a property with a room in a roof that also has an accessible loft area above. Since the system already includes defaults for the insulation in a room in the roof, there is no need to record the loft insulation thickness in these circumstances. Residual roof area Where roof rooms are present, there will normally be some residual (i.e. unconverted) roof area within the loft void. This may be a large loft void adjacent to the roof rooms or may just be a peripheral area around the roof rooms where the roof rooms occupy almost all of the loft space. In all of these circumstances, the data entry for the roof construction type and insulation levels are entered as before but relate to the residual roof area of the roofs in which the roof rooms are located. Where access to residual roof area is possible, at least 50% of the area must be accessible for measured loft insulation to be entered, otherwise loft insulation type should be entered as No access. Main roof and extension roofs The questions about roof construction and loft insulation are repeated on the survey form for the main house, extension 1 and extension 2. Where the house has one or more extensions, the loft insulation will need to be specified separately for the main house as well as the extensions), even if they are the same. Where roof rooms are present in any section of the dwelling, the roof data entered applies to the residual roof area as described above. If there is no loft in a flat (for example the property could be on a mid or ground floor) then enter the roof construction as other dwelling above.

64 windows introduction module five constructions Windows can be framed in wood, metal or upvc but for this level of energy survey the frame material is not significant; however the type of glazing (single or double glazed) does make a difference. In many cases the glazing type will be the same throughout the dwelling. There are four key questions to answer for windows as illustrated here: window area It is not normally necessary to measure window area. The software contains defaults based on the age of the property, and whether it is a house or flat. These defaults have been obtained by measuring window areas on several thousand houses of different ages and represent the best possible approximation. Where a house or flat has clearly had its window area altered since it was built, you can tick the more than typical or less than typical box. These two options change the window area by + or - 25%. You should make an assessment of whether the window area appears typical for the age of the property, remembering that average window areas were at their largest in the 1960s and early 1970s and have reduced significantly since then. As an example, if sizeable windows have been covered by an extension (which itself has few windows) you might tick less than typical. This can happen when a house is extended to the side, effectively turning a semi detached into a terrace. On the other hand, where a turn of the century terrace house has had its original sash windows replaced by larger openings, you might tick the more than typical. The same can apply where large patio doors have been installed.

65 module five constructions The window information must be entered for the whole dwelling including any extension, and the percentages entered should reflect the approximate area of each glazing type. proportion double glazed This is a simple assessment of the proportion of glazing that is double glazed. Secondary glazing should be entered as double glazing, because properly applied secondary glazing does decrease the heat loss through glazing. However, temporary secondary glazing using products such as cling film should not be counted. Note that the proportion double glazed is based on the window area rather than the number of windows and that any doors other than patio doors should be excluded from this assessment. The approximation of glazing types should be a simple estimate. For instance, if the entire front of a property is double glazed and none of the rear is, the proportion double glazed is 50%. There is no need to measure the size of every window to get this estimate! Where there is a mixture of double glazing types, the proportion double glazed should be worked out for the combined area of all double glazing types and the predominant type entered for the type. Single glazing Single glazed units lose heat more rapidly than double glazing. However, because double glazed units can be expensive, it is common for double glazed properties to still have some single glazing, particularly in rooms where less time is spent, e.g. downstairs toilets, porches or store rooms. Since 2002, building regulations have prevented the installation of replacement single glazing. draught-proofing Whilst not an RDSAP data item, the Energy Assessor will need to identify whether any single glazed windows within the dwelling are adequately draught-proofed or not. This is because the software may automatically generate a recommendation to draught proof any remaining single glazed windows and the Assessor will need to know whether this recommendation is valid or if it is inappropriate and should be removed.

66 module five constructions double glazing The basic assumption for double glazing in the software is for typical units that have a 12mm air-gap between the panes. There are other varieties of high efficiency glazing, e.g. triple glazing, double glazing with the gap argon-filled to further reduce heat loss, and/or where the glass itself has been coated to create a Low-e unit. Low-e coatings reduce the rate of heat loss through the glazing, by reflecting long wave radiation (e.g. from the heating system) back into the room. Other software allows the different types of double glazing to be accurately entered, but this makes surprisingly little difference to the overall result, and does not alter any recommendation that the software may make to replace the single glazing. The 2002 building regulations required replacement double glazed units to reach a minimum standard for heat loss. In order to meet this standard, most new double glazed units now come with a low-e coating. This is why the survey asks for the window installation date, as modern glazing is better than typical older double glazed units. If the windows have been retro fitted since 2002, the householder will most probably be aware, and should also possess a FENSA certificate (required by Building Control). Sometimes it is possible to find a date of window build located on the metal strip around the edge of the sealed glazing unit although this is not to be confused with any BS Kitemark dates that might appear on the panes themselves.

67 Number of open fireplaces module five constructions This is a straightforward count of the open fireplaces within the property. Anyone who has sat in front of a roaring open fire will know that open fireplaces include a chimney, which strongly affects the ventilation rate of the house. For that reason we need to define what counts as an open fireplace. When assessing the number of open fireplaces in a property you should only count fireplaces that contain the following: open chimneys with no appliance installed. open chimneys with a non-flued appliance installed (eg: open coal fire) and no control of air supply. temporarily closed chimneys with or without ventilation Do not include fireplaces that incorporate: a flexible flue liner sealed into the chimney a chimney fitted with a damper a chimney for solid fuel appliances with controlled flow of the air supply a chimney fitted with an open flue gas fire where the flue products outlet is sealed to the chimney contain a flued appliance (e.g. wood burning stove or gas fire). A blocked fireplace fitted with ventilators (if ventilator area does not exceed m2) The general definition of an open chimney is any chimney that has a diameter greater than 200 mm (or a rectangular duct of equivalent size).

68 Low energy lighting module five constructions There is now a requirement in the RDSAP survey to identify the proportion of low energy lighting fixed outlets in the property. The definition of a low energy light fixed outlet is an individually wired lighting outlet that is either low energy by its inherent design, e.g. fluorescent strip lights, or a standard outlet that has low energy lamps installed. Note that an individual ceiling rose outlet only counts as one fixed outlet even though it may house more than one lamp and conversely, individually wired and recessed lights within a ceiling such as kitchen, each count as an individual fixed outlet. When counting the proportion of low energy lights you should ignore the following:- 1 External lighting 2 Garages 3 Loft spaces 4 Cupboards/stores 5 Excluded porches 6 Separated conservatories Lighting in all other rooms should be included Low energy fixed lighting outlets will include those housing compact fluorescent lamps (with or without integral ballast) and traditional fluorescent strip lights. Note that a low voltage lighting system e.g. low voltage halogen lighting is not a low energy system. All fixed lighting outlets are counted as one each, irrespective of the number of lamps they contain, with one exception. Where there are grids of recessed ceiling lights (e.g. in kitchens and bathrooms) the quantity of fittings,should be divided by 2 in order to reduce the weighting of these fittings. The value for the proportion of fixed low energy light fittings divided by the total number of fixed light fittings is then entered into the software as a percentage.

69 photovoltaic (PV) solar panels module five constructions Photovoltaic panels are devices that capture solar radiation and turn it directly into electricity. It is this type of device that most people think of when they refer to solar panels. Whilst numbers of PV installations remain low they are actively encouraged by Government and installations are likely to increase significantly in the future. PV installations are normally mounted on south facing areas of roofs or on a suitably located angled frame on a flat roof. Individual PV panels are dark blue in colour, quite slim in construction and typically 1 to 2 m2 in size but will normally be arranged in an array of several square meters at a time. Alternatively, they can be built into small building elements such as individual roof tiles. Image courtesy of Eastleigh Borough Council

70 module five constructions For the purpose of RDSAP reporting, the surveyor simply has to identify the proportion (%) of the total available roof area that is covered in solar roof panels, including all main & extension roof areas in the assessment. For pitched roofs the roof area is the pitched (angled) area of the roof and for flat roofs it is simply the flat roof area.

71 module five constructions summary In this module you have learnt how to - Use clues from your survey to determine the wall construction and added insulation - Record the correct level of loft insulation on the survey form, even where the level of insulation varies - Describe the different window types in a property on the survey form - Record the number of open fireplaces If you feel that you do not fully understand the options on the survey form, then return to the relevant pages to recap. If you feel comfortable with what you have learnt in this module, then have a go at the following Self-Test Questions and move on to the next module self-test Do you understand all the key points made in this module? Test your knowledge here!

72 module five constructions Q2 (4 marks) Read the following statements and decide if they are true or false A. In general terms, timber frame wall construction has a higher rate of heat loss than standard cavity construction. True/False B. Low-e is a coating applied to glass that reduces heat loss through glazed units. True/False C. Secondary glazing should be recorded as double glazing on the survey form. True/False D. If there is no loft in a flat, then the roof construction question should be left blank. True/False Q3 (2 marks) Would you be required to record the loft insulation thickness in the following situations? A. A room in the roof created by converting a loft space. Yes/no B. A flat roofed extension. Yes/no Q4 (2 marks) Would you be required to record the loft insulation thickness in the following situations? A. A room in the roof created by converting a loft space. Yes/no B. A flat roofed extension. Yes/no Q4 (2 marks) Name two places that you could look for evidence of a filled cavity Turn to Answer section to check your answers; you will be able to score yourself out of ten points for this module Module 5 Self-test result: / 10

73 module six space heating By the end of this module you will be able to complete the following sections of the survey forms: Heater type Categorise the main heating type Fuel Select a heating fuel that is compatible with the main heating type System Categorise the main heating system Boiler Describe what type of boiler is present Fan Flue Indicate the presence of a fanned flue Room Heaters Describe what type of room heaters are present Storage Heaters Decide between different types of storage heater Main Heating Controls - Know what controls are appropriate for the different systems Emitter Describe the heat emitter present Secondary fuel and secondary system Know when and how to describe a secondary system in addition to the main heating system Establish when a heating system is inadequate and know how to deal with this for the purposes of RDSAP assessments.

74 main & secondary heating module six space heating introduction The topic of heating is typically the area that causes the most confusion when assessing a property for energy efficiency. Take your time working through this module. You only need to know the basics and are not expected to understand the complexity of the systems as a heating engineer would. If you are uncertain about which option to choose, the principle is always to select the worst case assumption. For example, a boiler should be treated as high thermal capacity (rather than low thermal capacity) if you cannot positively identify it. Where the efficiency is determined by age and there is doubt about the age, you should select the category of lower efficiency. The heating system and controls have a major impact on the SAP rating and care is needed to ensure that it is correctly identified. main or secondary? The survey form allows two different heating systems to be recorded for every property; a main heating system and a secondary heating system. But if there is more than one system, care must be taken to record them correctly. Existing portable heating in the dwelling is not included as part of the RDSAP assessment and is effectively ignored. The definition of portable heating has been amended slightly and is now as follows:- a) Will be a room heater. b) Will be completely free standing/self supporting, on feet/legs or heater base and readily and easily relocated throughout the dwelling, i.e. not wall mounted or specifically designed/shaped to suit a fireplace location. c) In the case of fossil fuel will incorporate its own self contained fuel supply e.g. a gas cylinder, or in the case of electric heaters will have a supply lead and plug for a socket. This presents a change in the method in that both electric panel heaters mounted on the wall and electric focal point fires located in a fireplace (real or otherwise) should not be classed as portable heating even though they may be on a lead and plugged into the ring main. Conversely, if someone has located a free standing electric room heater in a room but hard-wired it into a spur, this would also not be classed as portable heating!

75 module six space heating main heating The first thing to establish is the description of the main heating system. The two items heater type and system together define the main heating system. Usually the main heating system is obvious but sometimes there may be two or more systems and it may not be clear which should be designated as the main heating system. The following rules should be used to establish which is the main heating system: - Select the system supplying heat to the most rooms and which preferably also provides water heating. - If in doubt select the non-room heater system. This is because a boiler and radiator system, or storage heaters, cannot be entered in the program as secondary heating. - If there is still doubt, select the system that supplies useful heat to the dwelling at the lowest cost. - If still in doubt, select the system that supplies heat to the living room. Be careful when applying the first rule to storage heater systems. At first sight the storage heaters may not appear to heat most rooms, but they are designed to provide heating via drift heat to other rooms. The options for the main heating system are described in full later in this module. Look under the main heating topic for more information. Open fires in upstairs rooms are ignored completely when identifying the heating systems (it is assumed that these are feature fireplaces and will not be used unless there is some form of servant!). If you count the upstairs fireplaces when deciding the main heating system, then you could easily introduce a significant difference (of over 5 SAP points). See module 5 for details of how to include open fireplaces elsewhere on the survey form.

76 module six space heating secondary heating The secondary heating section is used to describe additional room heaters you cannot enter a central heating system as the secondary as it is always assumed to satisfy the majority of the heating demand in a property. A secondary heating system should be entered if :- a) Fixed heating is not present in all of the habitable rooms and there are no secondary heaters present. Refer to the following section on inadequate heating for guidance. b) Fixed secondary heaters are present (e.g. a gas fire or a chimney and hearth capable of supporting an open fire). c) A storage heater main heating system that is not capable of providing additional direct acting/instant heating always requires a secondary system to provide this instant heating. These additional heaters may be units that once formed part of the main heating system, but now supplement a central heating system e.g. a gas fire in a lounge. Open fireplaces that remain potentially operational also count, even if they are rarely used the energy rating depends on what systems are in the property, not on how the current occupants use them. Increasingly, occupiers choose to install feature fireplaces that are not really needed to supplement the central heating system, but provide a focal point to the living room, such as flame effect gas fires. Central heating systems and storage heater systems cannot be described under the secondary heating section The options for secondary heating are described in full later in this module. Look under the secondary heating topic for more information.

77 module six space heating inadequate heating Having identified the heating types, it is important to establish whether or not the property is adequately heated. In the occasional case where it is not, an additional assessment is required with the possible inclusion of portable electric heating as follows :- a) Main and secondary heating are identified as described, ignoring any portable heating present and with secondary heating in habitable rooms taking precedence over any secondary heating in non-habitable rooms. Do any habitable rooms remain unheated? If so then assess the following :- b) If less than ¾ of the habitable rooms are unheated and no secondary heating system has already been identified, the secondary heating should be defaulted to portable electric heating. c) If ¾ or more of the habitable rooms are unheated, no secondary heating system has already been identified and the main heater type identified is a room heater, the main heating should be defaulted to portable electric heating and the heating system identified becomes the secondary heating system. Note that it is intended that future versions of the software will incorporate prompts to assist with this process and may automate this process. In the meantime, the user must incorporate this procedure manually. The SAP calculation assumes that the main heating system is capable of heating the entire dwelling. If the main heating system cannot do this as described in the procedure above, a secondary system, in the form of portable electric heating must be entered.

78 main heating systems Central heating introduction module six space heating There are many different systems that are capable of providing heating. Here the term central heating is used to describe systems that are generally capable of heating the whole dwelling. All central heating systems should be entered on the form as main heating. Storage heating and room heaters are excluded from this category because they require multiple units to provide this level of heating through-out a property. They are covered separately later in this module. boiler The typical central heating system, using a central boiler, and a circuit of pipe-work distributing hot water to a number of radiators. A hot water cylinder can also be fed off the same circuit. There are several types of central heating boiler with widely differing efficiencies, so it is important to correctly identify the boiler type. This is covered in detail under boiler type later in this module. All boilers are entered by selecting heater type as Boiler. Above: The essential components of a boiler and radiator system. emitter This refers to the heat emitter, normally radiators, but sometimes a boiler provides heat via an underfloor system, described on the form as underfloor heating

79 module six space heating under-floor heating There are two main types of underfloor heating systems. This part of the survey form is used to record wet under floor heating systems. The underfloor element runs off the rest of the heating system (normally a boiler), so will consist of a circuit of small bore pipes that carry hot water from the boiler. The underfloor circuit normally covers most, if not all, of the ground floor of a property. With houses, you normally find a combined system with underfloor heating to the ground floor and radiators upstairs. You should enter this as a radiator system, since SAP only allows the benefit of underfloor heating to be recognised if it heats the entire property. There are also underfloor systems that use electricity. The storage systems are covered later in this module, under storage heating. Direct acting systems using electric cables are not considered in SAP if they are present they should be treated as if they were electric room heaters. Wet underfloor systems are recorded on the survey form because they make the boiler operate more efficiently. This is because the boiler only has to heat the water to around 50 degrees centigrade for an underfloor system (because there will be people walking on the floor). By comparison, a boiler and radiator system would contain much hotter water around degrees centigrade, which requires burning more fuel.

80 module six space heating electric dry core boilers The electric dry core boilers consist of a large casing of storage bricks with a heat exchanger feeding a wet radiator system. Smaller units suitable for flats or small houses are similar in size to an under counter fridge or freezer, larger units are the same size as an upright fridge-freezer. All units are free standing. Dry-core boilers operate on Economy 7 electricity and are significantly more efficient than ordinary storage heaters. They were particularly popular in the 1970 s but are now very rare. An under-counter electric dry core boiler. electric direct acting boilers Electric direct acting boilers (using on-peak electricity) are certainly more common, a typical example is shown below. Note that they are vastly smaller and slimmer than dry core boiler units.

81 module six space heating warm-air Warm-air systems produce hot air, which is then distributed around the property by a combination of ducting and natural air movement. The systems are generally large e.g. occupying most of a full height airing cupboard, and can also provide water heating via a heat exchanger. They can be fuelled by gas, oil or off peak electricity Some systems are fully ducted, from the heat generating equipment to every room in the house. Others are stub-ducted, where the main unit is placed quite centrally in the property and a limited number of short ducts run to the living areas downstairs. There will often be vents at high level, allowing the warm air to be returned to the main heater for reheating. These return grills are not normally found in wet areas. Above: Warm air unit and vents that can be seen in walls and ceilings of a dwelling. Warm air heaters are entered by selecting heater type as Warm air.

82 module six space heating cpsu - combined primary storage unit This is a single appliance designed to provide both space heating and domestic hot water, in which there is a burner that heats a thermal store. The store must be at least 70 litres, if the store is a different appliance from the boiler i.e. contained within a separate overall casing, the system should be treated as a boiler with a hot water cylinder. Above: Schematic of a CPSU and interior of a Gledhill Gulfstream CPSU. CPSUs are entered by selecting heater type as CPSU.

83 module six space heating heat pumps Heat pump systems are slowly becoming more common, although it is still unlikely that you will come across one. Heat pumps are usually installed to complement the main heating system, often by preheating the cold water feed into a boiler and radiator system, but they are also found with warm air systems. Heat pumps work by absorbing heat energy from a lowtemperature source and upgrading it to a higher temperature so that it can be used for heating. There are a number of heat pump techniques to achieve this. The ratio of heat energy released to the energy consumed (this is known as the co-efficient of performance) is always greater than one - equivalent to an efficiency of more than 100%. Heat pump systems operate most efficiently when the source temperature is as high as possible and the heat distribution temperature is as low as possible. So heat pumps are categorised by the low-temperature heat source used (e.g. air, water, ground), with different efficiencies for each, ranging from 250% to 320%. Where occupants have installed air conditioning/comfort cooling and the system is reversible in order to provide heating, this system would normally be entered as an air-to-air heat pump fuelled by on-peak electricity. Heat pumps are entered by selecting heater type as either Heat pump wet system or Heat pump warm air.

84 module six space heating district (community) heating Community schemes, also known as group or district heating schemes, are defined by heat being produced in a boiler house or boiler room in a block of flats (centralised unit), serving a number of dwellings and communal areas. Although these larger schemes will usually have slightly better efficiencies, they are generally offset by increased distribution losses. Remember to specify the correct level of controls to the system. Community heating schemes are entered by selecting heater type as District heating

85 Storage heaters introduction module six space heating Non fan-assisted storage heaters rely on drift heat, so they will normally be strategically placed in hallways, landings and in the main living area downstairs. They are not often placed in every room, and there will often be direct acting electric fan heaters in the wet rooms (bathrooms and kitchens). old style Old style storage heaters are the large volume, deep units (around 9 or 23cm deep) and dark brown in colour, typically installed in the 1960s. They contain a large quantity of bricks with a high thermal mass to store the heat. They are normally free standing/floor standing rather than being wall mounted because they are so heavy. Above: Old style storage heater. modern Modern heaters are all the slim-line models. They are usually a cream or beige colour and are not as deep as the older units. They contain different bricks for storing the heat, which are smaller and perform better. This means that the heaters are normally secured to the wall but will still have small floor supports. Above: Modern slim-line storage heater.

86 module six space heating fan-assisted Fan assisted heaters incorporate the use of a fan to control and extract more heat from the appliance and the fan(s) may be linked to room thermostat control. Unlike the other storage heaters mentioned so far, fan assisted storage heaters are often capable of producing direct acting heat in addition to stored heat. However, SAP still requires a secondary heating system to be specified. Some fan-assisted heaters have a fan-heater enclosed in the same casing as the storage bricks that can be switched on to provide an instant boost of heat. They can be easily identified because they will have two electric input cables, one to charge the storage part of the heater, and one to power fan motor as well as the directacting fan heater element. Above: A fan-assisted storage heater with two power cables visible. combined storage/direct acting electric heaters Sometimes you may come across something that looks like a storage heater but is deeper in size and has an additional electrical supply to it. These units are generally known as combi units and consist of an off peak storage heater and panel convector heater in the same unit. They are not fan storage heaters and should be entered as a modern storage heater with direct electric secondary heating.

87 module six space heating electric underfloor heating These are based on elements installed under the floor which cannot be seen and usually provide partial heating only. Old systems used to be run on a special preserved tariff, which included a daytime top up from cheap rate electricity. Older systems have a large numbered dial on a wall (usually in the lounge), which is usually not marked with temperature. If supplemented by storage heaters, they will normally run on Economy 7 tariff. If there is no dual meter, the system will use full price On peak electricity and so will often not be used by occupants! Where there is no dual meter the system is counted as if it were direct acting panel, convector or radiant heaters. All storage heating systems, (including electric underfloor heating using off peak electricity) are entered by selecting heater type as Storage heaters. Room Heaters introduction Many identical room heaters placed around a property may provide all the heating required. This means that room heaters would be entered as the main heating system. A mixture of different room heaters could also be entered on the form, with the most prevalent type being recorded as the main heating and the secondary heating describing a different type of heater e.g. A number of gas fires as main with a solid fuel closed fire in the lounge. However, with more and more dwellings being fitted with some form of central heating or storage heating, the room heaters in this section will be commonly seen as secondary heating systems e.g. a boiler and radiator system with a gas flame effect open fire in the lounge. Depending on the main system specified, secondary heating systems provide for up to 15% of the total heating demand.

88 gas fires module six space heating How do you know if a room heater is a gas appliance? One way to spot a gas fire is to identify the gas supply pipe going into the appliance, check along the skirting. Another way is to check that the flames are real, imitation flame effects are used in electric appliances. There will also be an ignition and control for the level of flame. These are usually located beneath a cover at the base of the fire. Gas fires, like gas boilers, can have different types of flue, and can be classed as convector or radiant heaters. Pure gas convector heaters use an internal gas flame to heat air, which is then pushed out into the room. Convector heaters tend to have a balanced flue and have no visible flame, but the gas supply pipe should be visible. Above: A gas convector heater Radiant heaters have visible flames, which we feel heat from. They are more easily identified because they look more like the typical gas fires we are all familiar with. There are different types of radiant gas fires, and the efficiency of these appliances can vary with age, style, and flue type. This leads to more options on the form. More modern gas fires use a heat exchanger of one form or another to capture more of the heat from the flames and transfer it into the room. The heat exchanger could be ceramic grids, coals, wood effect, or even stones in new appliances.

89 module six space heating Old gas fires didn t have this heat exchanger; they burnt more fuel because more flame was needed to directly feel the heat. These units are now rare, and even quite old appliances often fit the description of modern gas fire. Condensing gas fires work on the condensing boiler principle, and require an additional drain or collection tray to deal with the condensate generated. These fires have a high efficiency but are also extremely rare. Above: A condensing gas fire. The section on secondary heating that appears later in this section has more detail on gas room heater types and how they should be entered as part of the RDSAP data set for either main or secondary heating systems. electric fires Only fixed electric fires should be counted. Appliances not fixed to the walls or not located in fireplaces can be described as portable heaters. See the Portable Heaters section on Page 2 of this module and the section below for further information on types of portable heaters.

90 module six space heating open fires Open fires are open-hearth types. They are set into the chimney breast and burn solid fuel. Above: A solid fuel open fire closed fires Closed fires are enclosed units, with a door on the front. They might be set into the chimney or can be freestanding in a room, attached to an open flue. These fires can often burn a variety of solid fuels. Above: A solid fuel closed fire All room heater systems are entered by selecting heater type as Room heaters.

91 portable heaters introduction module six space heating Portable heaters are not included as part of the heating system. This is because they are generally used as a boost to an inadequate main heating system. The type of portable appliance and how they are used as a boost could be very different with changing occupants. Typically these appliances leave the property when the existing occupier moves on, and so they cannot be considered as part of any permanent heating system. They are not recorded on the form. Electric portable heaters Examples of electric heaters might be free standing electric bar fires, or fan/convector style heaters. Electric bar fires carry the greater fire risk. Convector/fan heaters are normally smaller, so are able to provide a boost to a room, but cannot satisfy the entire heating requirement. Above: Portable electric heater. The latest oil-filled (plug-in) portable radiators are also described as electric portable heaters. These heaters are much cheaper to run and provide radiant heat just as a boiler and radiator system would, rather than just blowing hot air to help us feel warmer. Radiant heat is better at heating up the fabric of the property. The walls and furnishings absorb it so that the whole room feels comfortable. Above: A portable oil-filled electric radiator.

92 module six space heating paraffin heaters Paraffin heaters are often blamed for causing the formation of a lot of condensation. They are really only a temporary measure, and compared to the modern equivalents are expensive to run and bring an increased fire risk. They should really only be used as emergency back-ups and are not recorded on the survey form. Portable heaters are not recorded on the survey form. Where the house is inadequately heated and has no permanent secondary heating, the occupant may well use the portable heaters that are present, but for the SAP rating you must record the secondary system as portable electric heaters other heating systems ceiling heating As the name suggests this system provides heating to the room by a circuit similar to electric under floor heating, except it is mounted at ceiling level. This type of heating is recorded by selecting the heating type other. These heating systems can be uncomfortable to live with. In simple terms, the human body requires warm feet and a cool head, and with ceiling heating the opposite can be achieved. Above: Electric ceiling heating during installation.

93 heating fuels mains gas module six space heating This is the normal gas supply that is piped in from a connection point in the street. It is the cheapest and cleanest fuel (it emits the lowest amount of CO2) of the fossil fuels. However, the gas network still does not cover all towns and villages in the UK, so many properties will not be able to use this fuel supply. Where the house does not have a mains gas heating system, if there is gas available in the street it is possible to change to a gas system and reduce the home s running costs. You should always check if mains gas is available and indicate its presence on the form so that the software may recommend mains gas heating. LPG This stands for Liquid Petroleum Gas, which is stored in small metal cylinders or a larger metal tank in the grounds of the property. It is unlikely that houses using LPG have access to the gas network, as the fuel can be quite expensive, even when bulk buying for the larger size tanks. Sometimes mains gas will have reached the village after the LPG system was installed, and in this instance changing from LPG to mains gas is a very cost effective improvement. Above: LPG storage tank

94 module six space heating oil This is another bulk buy heating fuel, typically delivered to rural homes off the gas network. Large green or black storage tanks are usually sited close to the property. Above: Oil storage tanks The same comments apply to oil heating as for LPG you are unlikely to find oil heating where mains gas is available unless the oil systems predates the gas supply. coal Coal can be burnt in solid fuel fires or boilers; open or closed room heaters. Coal fired boilers can be manual feed or auto feed, where a hopper on top of the boiler slowly feeds the fuel in via a screwfeed mechanism. smokeless This fuel gives off less soot in its smoke than other solid fuels, and is still permitted in smokeless zones of the country where the level of soot in the emissions is limited. anthracite Anthracite is a grade of coal that has high carbon content. This means that the fuel has a higher calorific content, and burning this fuel provides more heat for a given volume when compared with standard coal. on-peak electricity This is the standard metered domestic supply of electricity found in our homes. off-peak electricity Electricity is described as off-peak when there is an additional meter to the standard domestic supply. This second meter is on a time switch and records the electricity used during a set off-peak period (usually seven hours at night, which is where the term Economy 7 comes from). Off-peak periods are periods of low demand on the grid so are charged at lower rates than the standard domestic supply, and this feature is typically taken advantage of by electric storage heating systems.

95 other heating systems module six space heating introduction The heating system in a dwelling greatly affects the cost of heating over a year. A more efficient boiler will burn less fuel to heat the home to the same temperature. This means that the same levels of comfort can be achieved more affordably. The description of the boiler (specified on the survey form) is used by the software to work out the central heating efficiency. Sometimes there are clues to the type of boiler you are looking at on the outside of the boiler casing. In many cases there will also be a pull down/slide out panel with the manufacturer and model information written inside. The boiler leaflet, if available, will also have the information needed. If you can identify the precise make and model of the boiler on site, you can select it from the SEDBUK database (see below). boiler identification Identifying a boiler from its identification plate: If marked, a gas boiler can also be uniquely identified by its Gas Council No. (GC number), when also appearing in the SEDBUK database.

96 module six space heating Above : The GC No. of this boiler is However, identifying the type of boiler by sight alone is actually quite simple. A later section explains how to identify the different types of boiler without having to rely on manufacturer labels. You should always do this, even if you feel confident that you have identified the boiler from its label, since it is not always possible to find the boiler in the SEDBUK database SEDBUK There is a database of UK boilers available on the Internet, at It is called the SEDBUK database (this stands for Seasonal Efficiency of Domestic Boilers in the UK). If you can definitely identify the installed boiler in this database, its precise details can be automatically downloaded into the software without having to select from heating codes or drop down menus. This is often the easiest way of identifying a boiler. Note that the SEDBUK database can only currently be used for gas and oil boilers. Unless you can guarantee identification of a boiler from the information available, you will also need to identify the boiler generically so that you can select the type from the various options available in the software. The classification is described below. conventional boilers Conventional boilers can have open, balanced or fan-assisted flues (fan-assisted flues are more common on newer appliances). Flues will be covered in the next topic of this module.

97 module six space heating combination boiler Combination boilers heat domestic hot water "on demand" without the use of a hot water storage cylinder. A combination boiler will be plumbed into the cold mains supply entering the property, and when a hot tap is turned on, the fall in pressure in the hot water pipes triggers the boiler to fire. The boiler heats water from the cold mains supply within the boiler casing, and circulates it to the hot taps on sinks, bath tubs etc. The boiler will also be plumbed into the radiator circuit as normal, so a combination boiler has more pipes entering the casing than the conventional types. It is not necessary to remember what all these pipes do, but for completeness the usual five pipes are listed here... Heating flow (hot water from boiler to radiators) Heating return (colder water from other end of radiator circuit to boiler for re-heating) Gas/oil (fuel supply) Mains cold water (from the supply outside in the street) Hot water supply (hot water from boiler to hot water taps in the property) Since the boiler can only heat up so much water at once, the hot water flow might be slower than with conventional systems using a hot water cylinder. Some combination boilers contain small stores of hot water (usually about enough to fill a kitchen sink) to supply a limited amount of hot water at a higher flow rate. Electric showers are also commonly installed with these systems. Above: A combination boiler.

98 module six space heating A combination boiler can be distinguished by: more pipes entering the boiler case (count 5 or 6, rather than the usual 3) boiler fires when the hot water is turned on look for a pressure gauge on the front of the boiler there is no hot water cylinder Combination boilers tend to have fan-assisted flues as these are more common on newer appliances. Flues will be covered in the next topic of this module.

99 module six space heating condensing boiler Condensing boilers use a second heat exchanger to recover heat from the hot flue gases before they are exhausted through the flue. This increases the overall efficiency of the appliance. Above: A condensing boiler showing the larger diameter condensate drain. Condensing boilers will have an extra pipe (a plastic pipe) to allow condensate from hot flue gases to drain away. This makes four pipes on a standard condensing boiler Gas/oil (fuel supply) Heating flow (hot water from boiler to radiators and hot water cylinder) Heating return (colder water from other end of radiator circuit to boiler for re-heating) Condensate drain (plastic pipe) Other clues to help identify a condensing boiler: - A plastic drainpipe (1¼ or 3/4 diameter) from the boiler to a suitable drain, internal or external - Most probably a fan assisted flue -On a cold day in winter you may notice steam coming out of the flue terminal Its now possible to buy condensing combination boilers, so these have a separate entry on the list of boiler types.

100 module six space heating back boiler For gas-fired or solid fuel-fired room heaters with a back boiler, the back boiler can be identified by water pipes entering the appliance (or chimney breast) and sometimes by radiators in the property with no separate boiler. For a gas or solid fuel fire with a back boiler that feeds radiators you should enter the system as Boiler and radiators in Main Heating, and then enter Back-boiler in the Boiler type. The heating fuel should be specified in appropriately. For a gas or solid fuel fire with a back boiler that only provides hot water (i.e. there are no radiators), then specify the heating system as Room Heaters in Main Heating. Then complete the heating fuel question and the room heater details. flue type Where the main heating incorporates a back boiler for water heating, the water heating type should be referenced as being from the main heating system. introduction Spotting a flue on the outside of a house can help you locate and identify the heating system within. It can provide you with useful clues that can help you decide on the primary and secondary heating systems within a property. With a little practice you will find yourself automatically taking a mental note of the flues as you approach and explore a property. The flue type has an impact on the efficiency of the heating system. The software uses the information to return a more accurate energy rating. It is only necessary to identify the presence of a fan assisted flue, since balanced and open flues are treated as the same for the purpose of calculating the SAP. For clarity, the three typical flue types are described below.

101 module six space heating open These flues act just like a narrow chimney, and have a diameter of around 200mm (about 8"). They rely on the drawing effect of outside air to suck air from the appliance up the flue. Open flues are predominantly vertical, with the minimum of bends as these interfere with the airflow. Appliances with open flues are not "room sealed" as they take air from inside a room, use it in the combustion process and then exhaust the waste gases through the flue to the outside. This type of flue tends to be found on older floor mounted boilers, and these boilers are still very common. Other appliances that typically use open flues are the solid fuel/wood-burning stove and gas fire.

102 module six space heating balanced These are the larger square flues that appear on the outside walls of a property. They are about the size of a cake/biscuit tin, and need to be this size as they rely on natural air movement (rather than air being forced by a fan). These flues are always found exactly on the other side of an external wall to where the boiler/room heater is mounted. The flues run horizontally through an external wall (as the natural air movement only works over a short distance) and so will be mounted low down on external walls for gas fires, and might be higher on the wall when used with a wall mounted boiler. Boilers and room heaters that use this type of flue are often described as "room sealed" because outside air enters the boiler through the flue, is used in the combustion process, and then is exhausted through the flue to the outside once more.

103 module six space heating As the name suggests, these flues use a fan to ensure that the right mix of air and fuel is supplied to the appliance. As with balanced flues, they are "room sealed" so only use air from outside of the property, and exhaust air back outside. This type of flue can accommodate more bends than other types, so boilers need not be fixed to external walls, or have space for a vertical flue directly above them (as with open flue appliances). Above: Examples of fan-assisted flues Note that certain types of boiler and gas fire may incorporate the use of fan assistance on an open flue, rather than in conjunction with a room sealed appliance. For boilers, both the flue type and the fan type need to be separately identified. For gas room heaters, fan type is part of the description and the flue type is automatically inferred from the room heater description.

104 main heating controls module six space heating introduction types of control room thermostats The controls for the main heating system will differ with the type of system. This section firstly describes the different controls and how to identify them and then describes the various options within the software. Boiler controls are covered first and then the different controls associated with other heating systems. In most dwellings the room thermostat will be situated in the lounge or hallway. The purpose of this heating control is to measure the internal air temperature, and depending on the set temperature will turn the heating system on or off. In rare cases you will come across dwellings with zoned heating with more than one room thermostat. This allows the warmer living areas of the house (e.g. lounge) to be independently assessed from say, the bedrooms (which could be kept cooler). (See Full Zone Control, later in this section) Above: This room thermostat also has a delayed start button. When pressed it stops the thermostat calling for the heating to come on, usually delaying the heating by an hour for each press. A programmable room stat allows the heating times and temperature to be set from the one unit. This means it counts both as a room thermostat and a programmer on the survey form.

105 module six space heating programmer The programmer is nearly always found near to the boiler or the hot water tank. It is basically a timer that only allows the heating and hot water systems to operate for certain times of day. Most programmers will allow for independently timed operation of the space and water heating. Most central heating systems have a programmer (or time clock) otherwise the boiler/heating unit would be on continuously. The most common combination is a programmer and room thermostat. TRV s Above: A programmer with separate times for water and space heating. Note that sometimes programming (timer) control is provided integrally within a boiler. Thermostatic radiator valves are used to control heat locally i.e. on each radiator. The hot water flow rate through the radiator is adjusted in line with the setting on the TRV, thereby altering the heat output from the radiator and allowing different temperatures to be obtained. Above: A typical TRV. This allows both the heating times and temperatures of two or more zones to be set independently of each other, for example one upstairs and one downstairs. This involves separate plumbing circuits, either with their own programmers, or separate channels in the same programmer. (By contrast TRV s provide only independent temperature control).

106 module six space heating boiler interlock Where there is a boiler interlock, the wiring of the boiler controls is such that the boiler runs only when there is a demand for either heating or hot water. The pump is also controlled by the interlock so that both boiler and pump turn off. Usually missing from older systems, the lack of this control arrangement causes wasteful boiler cycling. Without an interlock, the boiler keeps running (turning on and off at brief intervals) even though no heat is required. This results in a 5% reduction in operating efficiency. For the purpose of the SAP, an interlocked system is one in which both the space and water heating are interlocked. For solid-fuel boilers and dry-core electric boilers the boiler interlock question is irrelevant. It is not usually possible to assess the presence of a boiler interlock in a short inspection, so the software deduces whether a boiler interlock is present based on the controls identified - there is no need for the Assessor to look for this feature. flow switch This device switches the boiler off when flow stops in the boiler flow line. It is situated close to the boiler or cylinder with an electrical connection. A flow switch may be installed as an alternative to a room stat. Flow switches are not included in RDSAP because they are difficult to identify in a site inspection. In the unlikely event of your finding one in an Inspection, you should enter it as a bypass. boiler energy manager A Boiler Energy Manager is a device used in conjunction with TRVs, which controls the water temperature to suit the external temperature. It also senses the return water temperature and switches off the boiler when this rises above a certain level. For the purposes of the SAP, the latter function is equivalent to a hardwired interlock.

107 module six space heating There are numerous products on the market claiming to be Boiler Energy Managers but which in fact only delay boiler firing, similar to a delayed start thermostat. These do not count as Boiler Energy Managers for the SAP. delayed start thermostat This is a room thermostat that delays the initial switch-on at the start of a heating period if the room temperature has not fallen as much as usual during the off-period. It does not advance the switch-on in cold weather. Delayed start thermostats are not included in RDSAP because they are difficult to identify in a site inspection. In the unlikely event of your finding one in an Inspection, you should enter it as a normal room stat. options for control types no room stat control of room temperature This indicates to the calculation software that there is no time or temperature control for the main heating system, other than any safety shut off sensors. Most central heating systems, even older ones, were installed with some degree of time control, even when there are no temperature controls. However there is no option in the SAP for a programmer and no room stat, so this option should be used whenever there is no room stat control, even if there is a time clock or programmer. This will often be the case where solid fuel room heaters are the main heating system. programmer and room stat Use this option when both of these items are present, or when there is a programmable room stat. programmer room stat and TRVs Use this option when there are TRVs in at least 50% of rooms, in addition to the programmer and room stat.

108 module six space heating full zone control programmer and boiler energy manager Where you identify TRVs and a programmer there will normally be a bypass, as this is simply a loop of pipe or an open radiator. It allows the hot water to continue to circulate when all the TRVs have closed down. This is wasteful compared to having a room stat, because it allows the boiler to continue firing even when no heat is needed. No boiler interlock is possible since there is no room stat to turn off the boiler when there is no need for heat. A flow switch may form part of this arrangement but this is ignored for RDSAP. To use this option you need to be sure that the system includes a Boiler Energy Manager as described above. full zone control This refers to zone control as described above, not a system based on TRVs. controls for storage radiators manual charge control There are three types of control that can be used with electric storage heaters - manual charge, automatic charge and CELECTtype. Celect controls are not included in RDSAP and are treated as automatic charge. As the name suggests this is a simple hand operated control on the storage heater. automatic charge controls These are wired to a thermostat that detects the overnight internal temperature and automatically adjusts the charging of the storage heater accordingly. controls for warm air systems and electric ceiling heating These are similar to the options for boilers, but there are fewer options, and room stat only is an available option: No stat control of room temperature Room stat only Programmer and room stat Programmer and zone control controls for room heaters The options are mostly self explanatory: No stat control of room temperature should be used when there are no controls, or a simple on-off control. Appliance stat only Appliance stat and programmer Programmer and room stat Programmer and zone control

109 module six space heating district heating controls There are four types of heating controls for community heating systems that split into two categories. These are categorised as either flat-rate charging or from a charging system linked to the use of the community heating system. These have the following meanings: Flat rate charging - where households pay for the heat according to a fixed monthly or annual amount, not related to the amount of heat actually used. This applies even if the charges vary within a scheme for other reasons e.g. dwelling size secondary heating introduction Charging system - where the charges are substantially related to the amount of heat used. The options are then self explanatory: Flat rate charge no stat control of room temperature Flat rate charge programmer and room stat Flat rate charge programmer and TRVs Charge system linked to use of district heat, programmer and TRVs Secondary heating systems provide additional heating in a property. For some main heating systems, it may be necessary to include a secondary source of heat because the main heating is not capable of providing instant heat to the dwelling e.g. most types of storage heater. Secondary heating must also be entered on the form where the main system is not capable of heating the whole property adequately, i.e. when the actual heating is inadequate. none Some central heating systems do not require a secondary source of heating, and it is quite common to find no secondary heating in a property. If the main heating system can provide adequate heating and the system does not require a secondary boost e.g. it is a boiler and radiator system, then the answer None may be the correct answer to the secondary heating question.

110 module six space heating mains gas heaters Some of the most common room heater types are mains gas units. These are available in a range of types but for RDSAP purposes are categorised as follows :-

111 module six space heating decorative fuel effect gas fire open to chimney This refers to an open flame effect gas fire underneath an open chimney. The energy calculations assume that these heaters are only 20% efficient as most of the heat escapes up the chimney. Above: Examples of decorative fuel effect gas fires Cross section illustrating a Decorative Fuel Effect Fire in situ.

112 module six space heating flush fitting live fuel effect gas fire (open fronted), sealed to fireplace opening Whilst still an open flame effect gas fire, these units are more efficient than the above as they are sealed to the fireplace opening and therefore provide a more restrictive and controlled flow of combustion ventilation. Overall efficiency is increased from 20 to 40% and these appliances may also be fitted with a back boiler. Above: Examples of inset fuel effect gas fires Cross-section illustrating an inset Live Fuel Effect gas fire in situ.

113 flush fitting live fuel effect gas fire (open fronted), fan assisted, sealed to fireplace opening module six space heating As above but with fan assistance flue improves the assumed efficiency by 5% to 45%. gas fire, open flue, pre-1980 (open fronted) Example of a pre-1980 gas fire, Assumed efficiency of 50% gas fire or wall heater, balanced flue Above: Examples of gas wall heaters. Assumed efficiency of 58%

114 gas fire, open flue, 1980 or later (open fronted), sitting proud of and sealed to fireplace opening module six space heating Above: Example of post 1980 open flue gas fire. Assumed efficiency of 63% Gas fires can be open or closed fronted. Open fronted means that the fuel bed and combustion gases are not sealed from the room in which the gas fire is fitted. Such an open fire may or may not have a glass panel in front of the fuel bed but the panel will not be sealed to the front of the fire. Closed fronted means the fuel bed and combustion gases are sealed (generally with a glass panel sealed to the front of the fire) from the room in which the gas fire is fitted. Any openings around the glass panel mean that the fire is not closed fronted.

115 gas fire, closed fronted, fan assisted module six space heating Above : Example of a closed fronted fan assisted flue gas fire, Assumed efficiency of 72% Diagram illustrating a closed fronted gas fire, standing proud of and sealed to a fireplace opening. Can use radiant emitters or imitation fuel to give a fuel effect. May also be fan assisted. gas fire, closed fronted, fan assisted It is extremely rare to come across one of these types. Assumed efficiency of 85%

116 module six space heating flueless gas fires As their name suggests these gas fires require no flue and therefore need not be mounted on an external wall. The heat loss normally associated with the flue is removed, resulting in a highly efficient appliance. Above cross-section shows the operation of a flueless gas fire. The assumed efficiency is 90%. When attempting to identify a gas fire type, first identify whether it is as live fuel effect fire or otherwise, which will immediately narrow down the options for selection. solid fuel open fire These are true solid fuel open fires, open to the chimney with real flames. If used regularly they will tend to have a guard in front to prevent hot coals escaping into the room. Expect to see ash and the tools for stoking the fire near the hearth. Above: Example of a solid fuel open fire.

117 module six space heating solid fuel closed fire/closed room heater Here the flames are enclosed behind a door. These closed fires tend not to have guards in front of them. Flames can normally be viewed through a glazed window in the door/s. There is usually an open flue, which may feed into the chimney if the unit sits in a fireplace. electric room heaters Above: Example of a solid fuel closed fire. Fixed electric room heaters providing secondary heating can take the form of panel convector heaters, fan heaters and radiant heaters. Modern electric fires often look quite like their gas equivalents, but even though they try to mimic the flame effect they are easy to distinguish from gas units when lit. They are more difficult to tell apart when not switched on, but there will be no gas supply pipe present, and on closer inspection you might be able to spot an on switch or decorative bulb. Electric fires may incorporate a radiant bar heating component or a fan heater. Above: Examples of typical new electric fires. Electric room heaters can also consist of wall mounted panel convector or fan convector heaters and radiant bar fires mounted at high or low level.

118 module six space heating Summary In this module you have learnt how to Categorise the heating systems present in a property into the main and secondary systems Complete the details for main and secondary systems Identify different heating fuels Understand the difference between boiler types and flues options Describe relevant main heating controls If you feel that you do not fully understand the options on the survey form, then return to the relevant pages to recap. If you feel comfortable with what you have learnt in this module, then have a go at the following Self-Test Questions and move on to the next module Self Test Do you understand all the key points made in this module? Test your knowledge here! The self-test section below is longer for space heating than for other modules. This is because heating is usually the topic where surveyors have the least experience. If you get stuck then note down your best guess, go and find the answer from the pages of the module. Try not to look up the answer until you have one of your own to compare you ll be encouraged by how many you get right first time!

119 module six space heating

120 module six space heating

121 module six space heating Phew! No more questions on this subject. The self-test section for this module was longer to cover all the different parts of the survey form that involve space heating. Now mark your answers and don t worry if you haven t managed to take it all in first time remember the results of self-test sections will only ever be seen by you, and the questions are designed to point out areas you might want to clarify before moving on. The answers to this self-test can be found in Section 9, Page 5; you will be able to score yourself out of twenty points for this module Module 6 Self-test result: /20

122 module seven water heating By the end of this module you will be able to complete the following sections of the survey forms: Water heating type describe how the hot water is heated and the fuel used Immersion select the type of immersion heater, if present Hot water cylinder size choose the appropriate cylinder size Hot water cylinder insulation select the type of insulation and its thickness Hot water cylinder thermostat identify the presence of this hot water temperature control Solar water heating identification and recording

123 water heating types introduction module seven water heating The method of water heating must be specified for every property. In most cases the water heating will be from the main/primary heating system or by immersion heater(s). In reality, hot water demand varies with the number and habits of the occupants. In the SAP, it is calculated from the floor area of the dwelling and takes into account losses in heating, storage and distributing the water around the house. For most systems, the distribution losses are due to the heat released into the dwelling from storage cylinders and the distribution pipe work. When water heating is supplied by a system using off-peak electricity, the calculation assumes that a proportion (determined by the floor area and cylinder size) of the water heating will take place at on-peak times. from boiler/main heating Most of the question titles appear to request the obvious, but do make sure you read everything through at least once, as there are a few points to remember. As this option suggests, this option should be selected if the main heating system also heats the hot water for a property. There are obviously limits to applying this option, because some main heating systems cannot supply hot water e.g. storage heater systems and standard room heaters. The From boiler/main heating option can be applied to the following main heating systems: - All boiler types - Back-boiler room heater systems - Warm air systems from secondary system from secondary system This option only appears in the program options when you have identified that a secondary system is present. It is not common for the secondary system to provide the hot water but this can happen where the secondary system is a room heater with back boiler supplying hot water only, or a range heater (Aga or Rayburn).

124 module seven water heating single immersion Immersion heaters are essentially just a larger version of the heating element found in normal jug kettles. There are two common circumstances for identifying a single immersion: 1. Where a dwelling has older style electric storage heaters there will often be a poorly insulated hot water cylinder with a single immersion. 2. Single immersion heaters are very often found on cylinders that are connected up to a boiler and radiator system. However, in this case the immersion heater will be an emergency back up for use when the boiler is being serviced, or has broken down. These back up immersion heaters should be ignored when completing the survey form. If the immersion heater is a back up, the cylinder will be an indirect cylinder (you will see extra pipes carrying the hot water from the boiler) this is a clue that the immersion heater is not the main hot water system. Single immersion heaters are normally at the top of the hot water cylinder you will be able to see the cap from the outside, and sometimes about half way down the side of the cylinder. To identify a single immersion heater, first select independent electric immersion water heating system then choose single in the immersion section. If a hot water cylinder is heated from the main heating system e.g. the boiler, then do NOT record the single back-up immersion on the survey form (this will indicate to the software that all the water heating is from electricity). This will make the energy rating of the property worse than it should be. The correct water heating entry is from boiler/main heating. dual immersion True dual immersion hot water cylinders are normally only found with electric heating systems that operate on a dual meter, usually charged on the Economy 7 or Economy 10 tariff. They are therefore found only with a dual meter (which records two sets of numbers, one for the on-peak electricity and the other, off-peak, charged at the cheaper rate). Dual immersion cylinders have two immersion heaters. For larger cylinders (typically 210 litres) this will consist of a bottom entry immersion for heating the whole of the water

125 module seven water heating overnight on the off-peak rate and a top entry immersion normally located about one-third down from the top of the cylinder, to provide faster top-up as and when required on the on-peak rate. Alternatively, some smaller cylinders will have a two-in-one immersion heater with two elements (one long and one short), with the longer element heating the whole of the cylinder during off-peak periods and the shorter immersion providing a partial top-up during the day. The two-in-one type can be distinguished by two supply wires entering a single immersion heater end-cap. There is one other type of two-in-one immersion heater encountered occasionally in older properties. These are normally attached to a switch with a sink/bath option. They operate in a similar way to the system just described, with bath heating the whole cylinder and sink only heating a smaller volume at the top of the tank. This is still classified as a single immersion heater since the electricity used is the same for both elements for these particular systems. True dual immersion systems normally use a large hot water cylinder, since this way they gain most benefit from the cheaper off- peak rate. To identify a dual immersion heater, first select independent electric immersion water heating system then choose dual in the immersion section. direct electric Water heating via single or dual immersion is charged at a mix of off-peak and on-peak, depending on what time of day the water is heated. There are tariff plans available that link the water heating directly to the off-peak meter, so that the cheaper price is always applied to the water heating regardless of the time of day. These tariffs are fairly rare in England and Wales, and tend to be termed 24-hour space and water heating tariffs. It is far more likely that a property you visit will operate on the usual Economy 7 or Economy 10 tariff, in which case you will find the single and dual immersion options more applicable. Direct electric water heaters are often wall mounted and placed over or under each sink outlet. They normally provide hot water via a small store of typically 5 or 10 litres, (although can be as much as 100 litres in capacity) and the small units can typically re-heat in 10 to 20 minutes. They can be used to feed single outlets or one unit may be sized and plumbed to provide several hot water outlets.

126 module seven water heating Instantaneous electric water heaters require much higher power ratings than small direct storage units and would normally only be used for items such as electric showers. In the unlikely event that the only hot water available is via an electric shower, record this as the water heating option. Direct electric water heaters are expensive to run because by definition, they use on-peak electricity. single-point gas Similar to direct electric water heating, single point heaters can only supply hot water to one basin. They are normally wall mounted by each basin and can be identified by the visible gas supply pipe. There will often be a visible pilot light through a window in the unit. They can incorporate a small store of hot water or may be fully instantaneous in operation. multi-point gas Gas multi-point water heaters can provide hot water to a number of outlets. One multi-point unit can supply hot water to the kitchen and bathroom within a property. They are often found in the bathroom. Both single-point and multi-point gas heaters work like a combination boiler, heating cold water directly from the mains supply. The important difference is that they only use this supply for domestic hot water, NOT to feed a heating/radiator circuit. For both multi-point and single point gas water heaters, you need to choose the fuel type from mains gas, LPG and bottled gas. kitchen range If the hot water is supplied from a kitchen range, then enter the range as a secondary heating system and choose from secondary system. Solid fuel kitchen ranges will normally use a large hot water cylinder.

127 Hot Water Cycle introduction module seven water heating Hot water cylinder size will change depending on the size of the property and the type of system it is part of. Individual properties may differ, but listed below is what you would typically expect to see. Electric cylinders tend to be oversized for the property. Gas/Oil cylinders will be normal for small properties and increase with size of dwelling. Solid fuel cylinders will typically be termed large. They need to be big to avoid the water overheating, as the heating appliances can produce very large amounts of heat and are not as controllable as other systems. They also tend to have less insulation than other systems. normal ( litres) You will probably find this size cylinder in average sized terraces and semi-detached houses that use a boiler and radiator system. Flats and maisonettes with boilers and radiators will tend to have a cylinder this size too. medium ( litres) This is more likely for larger houses, up to 4 bedrooms, running a boiler and radiator system. This is also the most likely option for small properties using electric water heating (cylinders tend to be larger with electric immersions to charge a good store of water on the cheaper overnight tariff). large (over 170 litres) This option is commonly found in slightly larger properties with electric water heating (e.g. 3 and 4 bed properties), and large properties with radiator systems (typically 4 double bedrooms and over). no cylinder You should tick this option where there is a combination boiler or direct or instantaneous water heating. It will not be necessary to enter no cylinder into the software in either of these cases, as the software knows there is no cylinder with these systems. You could leave the question blank on the survey form, but it is better to enter no cylinder as it avoids any doubt if someone other than you enters the survey into the software.

128 module seven water heating no access Use this option when you know that there is a cylinder present, but it is impossible to identify the size, perhaps due to it being boxed in. In this case the software will use the most appropriate default for the size and insulation, depending on the heating system. No recommendations are made based on the no access selection. Otherwise, what is recommended might already be installed, and this would be confusing to the reader. Water content (litres) for different size cylinders: Some common cylinder sizes:

129 module seven water heating programmer cylinder thermostat Heating programmers normally allow the householder to set the space and water heating times independently but for RDSAP there is no need to specify independent space and water heating control. Reducing the temperature of the water in the hot water cylinder has a large impact on the cost of water heating within the home. As water gets hotter, it also loses heat more rapidly, so to keep the temperature rising, more and more energy is required. Keeping this in mind, it is well worth reducing the target temperature of the hot water cylinder, even by 5 or 10 degrees as this can quickly produce real savings. A cylinder thermostat is a cheap way of providing these savings. Without one, the water in the hot water cylinder will be heated to far higher temperatures than required, typically in excess of 80oC. This is the water temperature required for our radiators, and is far too hot for running baths etc. A cylinder thermostat should be set to an ideal temperature of 65oC. This is high enough to minimise the level of harmful bacteria whilst still producing improvements in energy efficiency. It also knocks a typical 15oC off the water-heating target remember this top-end temperature reduction removes the really expensive last bit of water heating! Above: Cylinder thermostats, both these examples are fitted to spray foam insulated cylinders. Electric immersion heaters normally incorporate a thermostat in their construction. Whilst the adjustment can normally be seen under the cap of the immersion heater which may also expose live electrical connections - there is no need to identify its presence as

130 module seven water heating hot water cylinder insulation the built in thermostatic control within the immersion heater is automatically assumed within RDSAP. introduction insulation none This is entered on the form in two sections, insulation and thickness : This option should be used where a hot water cylinder has no jacket or spray foam insulation, or occasionally where there is a jacket in such poor condition that it might as well not be there. jacket Hot water cylinder jackets only provide good insulation if they are thick, and are a snug fit. spray foam Spray foam cylinder insulation is a better insulation material than the glass-fibre in a jacket, even though it may appear thinner. It provides a more uniform layer of insulation, and is factory fitted as standard on most new cylinders. thickness Gaps in the jacket where you can see the cylinder dramatically reduce the overall effect of the insulation, so if the jacket is in poor condition you should downgrade to a thickness that is actually less than your measurement. If a customer has a badly fitting jacket they will then receive advice in their energy report to fit an additional thick jacket snugly over the top of the original. Otherwise, choose the closest option in the list to the thickness you have measured. The list options are:- 12, 25, 38, 50, 80, 120, 160mm. The thicknesses are appropriate to both spray foam and cylinder jacket insulation types.

131 module seven water heating pre-insulated encapsulated cylinders In some cases cylinders will be supplied insulated and encapsulated in metal or plastic covering and will often be of unvented design. Whilst the unvented function is of no consequence as far as RDSAP is concerned, these cylinders should be assumed to incorporate 50mm of spray foam insulation. An example is shown here :-

132 module seven water heating solar water heating Whilst still relatively rare, there is an increasing use of solar water heating to supplement the heating of hot water and where present, RDSAP now needs to identify these units. A solar water-heating panel will normally be mounted on the roof facing a southerly direction, although it could be on a south-facing wall or even mounted at ground level. When roof mounted, the panel may be similar in appearance to a velux rooflight (glazed unit) or may appear as a collection of parallel tubes. In both cases, the panel is likely to be in the region of 1 to 2 m2 in size. It is unlikely that the occupier of the property would be unaware of the presence of solar water-heating. For the purposes of RDSAP, it is just the presence of solar water heating that needs to be noted, the size and performance criteria etc. are all built-in assumptions within the software. Do not confuse the presence of solar water-heating (collection of solar heat to supplement the heating of hot water) with that of solar photovoltaic panels (the immediate generation of electricity via the collection of solar radiation), which is dealt with elsewhere in this manual.

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