1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction in Florida 8th Edition Tabs and Highlights

Transcription

1 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction in Florida 8th Edition Tabs and s These 1 Exam Prep tabs are based on the Energy Efficient Building Construction In Florida, 8th Edition (with references to the 2014 Florida Building Code) published by the University of Florida. There are several variations of the same book circulating with differing page numbers. If the page numbers do not match with the comments below, they will nevertheless be in the same order presented. Each 1 Exam Prep tabs sheet has five rows of tabs. Start with the first tab at the first row at the top of the page; proceed down that row placing the tabs at the locations listed below. Place each tab in your book setting it down one notch until you get to the last tab (usually the index or glossary). Then start with the highlights. 1 Exam Prep Tab Page # Table of Contents Introduction i Energy Efficient Construction 1 Why Build Efficiently? 13 Siting and Passive Design 31 Features The Building as a System 43 Attic Knee Walls 65 Air Leakage Mats and Techs 75 Blower Door 87 Insulation Mats and Techs 95 Shower Tub/ Enclosures 109 Radiant Heat Barriers 125 Windows and Doors 135 Air Infiltration Rates 139 HVAC Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 1

2 1 Exam Prep Tab Page # SEER 171 Duct Design and Sealing 183 Domestic Water Heating 199 Appliances and Lighting 221 Mortgage Rate Tables 261 Fingertip Facts 265 Notes 269 Index 273 This concludes the tabs for this book. Please continue with the highlights below. Section # ii Greater profits can be realized around four key concepts: increased sales, improved energy efficiency, reduced system costs and improved products. 1 Figure 1-1 Building Section - Notice Knee Wall Insulation in Attic R Carefully consider the placement of the building on the property to provide maximum shade (Figure 1-2) 2 2. Air Barrier System -..place a vapor barrier under the footing and over the ground under the floor (Figure 1-3) 3 Eliminate leakage between conditioned and unconditioned space: 1. In corner, use single stud corner...; 2. Provide adequate bracing near corners and at shear panels; 3. At partition wall (Twall) intersection thru end of paragraph; 4. Add 1/2" foam to structural headers; 5. Cover entire wall with 1/2" foam sheathing; 6. Before lifting wall in place, attach sill sealant material 4 3. Continuous Insulation System Install insulation as continuously as possible between conditioned and unconditioned spaces, including exterior walls (Figure 1-5 Ceiling Details) 4 4.Select and install energy efficient windows Design buildings with minimal glass, specially on the southeast and southwest sides - the 3 bullets following the paragraph. 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 2

3 5 Figure Design cooling and heating system for efficiency Design cooling and heating system for efficiency. all five bullets following the paragraph; 1. Size for heating and cooling load using Manual J techniques; 2. Size latent (dehumidification) load for cooling system; 3. Compare cost and projected energy savings of at least 3 HVAC contractor bids and 3 equipment options, the 2 bullets following the paragraph; Consider automatic zoned system instead of multiple separate systems; 6. When selecting a contractor, do not just go by price but consider the following - all 5 bullets Seal ductwork; Size ductwork to meet the heating and cooling load etc.; Place ductwork to supply proper airflow, etc.; Seal all potential duct leaks with mastic or mastic plus fiber mesh; Design using Manual D concepts; Install returns or jumper ducts, etc.; Figure Test ducts for air tightness; Figure Test home for pressure imbalance problems; Figure Seal leaks around removable components with, etc.; Provide for return air duct system where appropriate; Minimize or remove duct system from unconditioned space; All ducts not inside the building Seal all building penetrations; Plumbing penetrations (Figure 1-11); 1. Locate plumbing on interior walls; 2. Use firestop rated caulk to seal holes into attic; 3. Seal under tubs and showers; 4. Caulk between drywall and piping penetrations; electrical penetrations (Figure 1-12); 1. Seal holes through bottom plate; 2. Use firestop rated caulk to seal holes into attic; 3. Caulk between drywall and all electrical boxes, etc.; Minimize hot water costs Choose energy efficient appliances and lighting 13 Investments in energy provide short and long term benefits for all 13 Homeowners - all 5 bullets Builders allowing increased profit to builders- all 5 bullets 14 Real Estate Professionals - all 3 bullets Federal Tax Incentives Residential a 30% credit is available on Federal taxes. There is no upper limit on the credit - all 10 bullets 16 Federal Tax Incentives Commercial Fuel Cells and Microturbines Businesses are eligible for a tax credit on systems placed in service, etc. Fuel Cells and Microturbines 17 Florida Support for Energy Efficiency Statute , Energy Efficient and Sustainable Buildings Statute requires national model green building code. 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 3

4 18 Achieving Efficiency - Building an energy efficient structure through the end of paragraph - all 4 bullets 19 The Florida Energy Code... was first enacted in 1980 and has been revised and updated several times since. It is now the Florida Bldg Code 2010 Energy Conservation Volume 20 Figure 2-1 Code compliance flow chart residential 21 Figure 2-2 Code compliance flow chart commercial 22 Florida Building Energy-Efficiency Rating System - The energy rating for new and existing residential buildings shall be determined using a Florida Bldg Code approved energy simulation tool (software) 22 Financing Energy Efficiency - Energy Efficient Mortgages These loan products allow the total amount to increase in relation to the projected monthly utility bill savings from applicable energy improvements - all 3 bullets 23 The SAVE Act strives to further refine the methods used to internalize energy efficiency into the lending process 24 Evaluating Energy Efficient Products 25 Table 2-2 Rate of Return for Energy Investments (%) 31 Solar Radiation Figure The impact of solar radiation is a critical issue because heating and cooling account for a large part of the energy use in both residential and commercial buildings in Florida. 32 With this in mind, the long axis of a building should be oriented within 15 of the eastwest axis of the sun's path across the sky (Figure 3-2). Compact designs gain less heat in the summer (and lose less heat in the winter) through their skin... See Figure 3-3 Two stories are generally better than one to achieve the same number of square feet. A building should be at least one and one half times as long as it is wide. In homes, kitchens and dining rooms should be on the north or east side or in the center of the building...radiation on the west side. Primary living spaces, should be on the south side of homes... passive solar heating. Rooms that can tolerate temperature swings can act as insulating buffers to the living spaces. 33 The actual percentage of glass area shall not exceed the maximum acceptable percentage specified for the compliance package chosen. Clear glass has a shading coefficient of 1. A solar screen or film with a shading coefficient of 0.2 would reduce direct solar radiation by 80%. 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 4

5 34 Providing outdoor shade for windows during hot summer month... through -elements and landscaping. Ventilation - Natural ventilation brings in outdoor air, which passes directly over people to increase cooling from evaporation on the skin. Natural ventilation is most appropriate... exceeds 60 F. Protecting against prevailing north winds during the winter is important in cooler parts of the state. 35 Cross ventilation allows air to flow from a strong positive pressure area to a negative pressure area in the opposite wall (Figure 3-4). 36 Fin walls can greatly increase the air that enters a building from windows on the same wall. Figure 3-5 Incorrect and correct placement of fin walls. 37 The Use of Vegetation in Effective Home Design. Figure 3-6 When desired, vegetation can help Key Factors in Florida Home Design: A Checklist: Orientation, Configuration, Floor Plan, Windows 43.. most buildings have problems some simply minor nuisances, others life threatening - all 9 bullets 44 Health and Comfort Factors If kept at desirable levels, the building will provide comfort and healthy air quality: Moisture Levels, Temperature, Air Quality, Air Movement, Structural Integrity, Concepts 45 How Heat Moves: Figure Conduction bullets; Figure 4-2 -Convection bullets; Figure 4-3 Radiation bullets 46 Air Leaks and Indoor Air Quality. Air leaks often bring in air quality problems from attics, the outside, and crawl spaces (Figure 4-5) such as: all 5 bullets Figure 4-5 Air quality problems from "fresh" air 47 Relative Humidity and Water Condensation Air is made up of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen... RH = the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature divided by the max amount of water vapor that air can hold at that temperature Figure 4-6 Conditions for Condensation Effect of Relative Humidity - all bullets 44 Moisture and Relative Humidity 48 Figure 4-8 Winter dewpoint temperature inside walls 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 5

6 49 Figure 4-9 Summer dewpoint temperature inside walls: Figure 4-10 Summer dewpoint temperature after rain Summer Condensation I Wall - Hot, Rainy Days: This results in a temperature at the outer wall surface of 100 F or more and 100% RH (point 1). Water vapor at this location will condense all the way through the wall cavity. 50 Systems in a Building Every building has systems Structural System, Moisture Control System, Air Barrier System, Thermal Insulation System, HVAC System Structural System Key problems that can affect the structural integrity of a building include: all bullets Structural Recommendations the designer and builder: Ensure the roof is watertight to prevent rainwater intrusion: Divert ground water away from the building: Ensure soffits have been properly installed: Seal penetrations that allow moisture to enter the building envelope via air leakage; Prevent air from washing over attic insulation: Install a series of capillary thru end of paragraph 51 Moisture Control System Bldgs should be designed and built to provide comfortable and healthy levels of relative humidity. There are four primary modes of moisture migration. Figure 4-11 Bulk Moisture Transport 52 Figure Capillary Action Air Transport 53 Vapor Diffusion Moisture Problem Example 56 Focus on: Vapor Diffusion Retarders (Barriers) and Air Barriers A vapor barrier or vapor diffusion retarder (VDR)... stop all of the moisture transfer. The Thermal Moisture Dynamic Water vapor moves in and out of a building basically... and by heat transfer 57 Types of Vapor Diffusion Retarders (DVRs) are typically available as membranes or coatings. Membranes are generally thin; Materials such as rigid insulation. 58 Perm Ratings The ability of a material to retard the diffusion of water vapor is measured by units known as "perms" Table 4-1 Perm Rating of Different Materials 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 6

7 The Florida Bldg Code defines vapor retarder class as a measure of the ability of a material or assembly to limit the amount of moisture that passes thru that material or assembly. ASTM E96 as follows: Class I 0.1 perm or less; Class II 0.1 < perm < =1.0 perm; Class III 1.0 perm < = 10 perm 61 Installing Vapor Diffusion Retarders A continuous VDG with reliable... also have a high water table Air Barriers Air barriers are intended to block random (unintended) air movement thru building cavities. The most common air barrier material in use today is "house wrap." 62 Air Vapor Retarders An air vapor retarder attempts to combine water vapor and the air movement control with one material. This method is most appropriate for wet Southern climates like Florida 63 Air Barrier System Sealing against air leakage is now mandatory, as stated in the FBC-Energy Conservation Code, Section Air Leakage (Mandatory)... It can also cause a substantial number of other problems, including: all the bullets. 64 The basic approach is: Seal all air leakage sites between conditioned and unconditioned spaces: all three bullets; Seal bypasses; Install a continuous air barrier material..thru end of paragraph. Thermal Insulation System Thermal insulation and energy to reduce heat loss and gain due to conduction. efficient windows are intended Key considerations for effective insulation include: Install R values equal to thru end of paragraph; Do not compress insulation; Provide full insulation coverage of the specified R value; Air seal and insulate knee walls and other attic wall areas with a minimum of R-19 Insulation; Support insulation so that it remains in place. 65 HVAC System Carbon Monoxide Disaster 75 Air leakage is a major problem for both new and existing buildings and can: all 4 bullets. Figure 5-1 Creating a continuous air barrier system. To reduce air leakage effective requires a continuous air barrier system to create a tight building envelope. Most standard insulation products are not effective at sealing air leakage. The R value for these products may drop if air leaks through the material. Controlling air leakage is mandatory in the Florida Energy Conservation Code, etc. 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 7

8 76 Infiltration Control Section describes the prescriptive requirements for air infiltration in: all the bullets following the paragraph. Contrary to northern construction practices, a vapor retarder, including vinyl wall coverings, installed next to the conditioned space is not recommended...vapor retarders are not recommended on the conditioned side of walls in Florida Buildings 77 Air Barriers Housewraps serve as exterior air barriers... Figure 5-2 Housewrap installation details 79 Materials - Caulk, Spray Foam Not recommended near Flammable application (flue vents, etc). Also not permitted thru end of paragraph; Gaskets; Housewrap; Sheet goods (plywood, drywall, rigid foam insulation); Sheet Metal; Polyethylene Plastic This material is recommended for use under slabs; Weather-stripping 80 Seal Penetrations and Bypasses Many of the key sources of leakage called bypasses (Figure 5-5) are hidden from view behind soffits for cabinets, bath fixtures, dropped ceilings, chases for flues and ductwork, recessed lighting fixtures or insulation Table 5-1 Leaks and Sealants Slab Floors; 2. Floor Joist; 3. Bottom Plate; 4. Electrical Wiring; 5. Electrical Boxes; 6. Electrical Box Gaskets; 7. Recessed Light Fixtures; 8. Exhaust Fans; 9. Plumbing;10. Attic Access in Conditioned Spaces; 11. Whole House Fans; 12. Flue Stacks; 13. Combustion Appliances; 14. Return and Supply Registers; 15. Ductwork; 16. Air Handling Unit; 17. Dropped Ceiling Soffit; 18. Chases; 19. Windows and Sliding Glass Doors 84 Air Leakage Driving Forces 86 Measuring Air tightness with a Blower Door While there are many well known sources through the end of paragraph. 87 A Pascal is a small unit of pressure...surfaces of the bldg 88 Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA). In a typical drywall installation, thru end of paragraph. all 4 bullets. The airtight drywall approach uses either thru end of paragraph. 89 Advantages: Effective; Simple; Does not cover framing; Scheduling; Adaptable; Cost. Disadvantages: Unfamiliar; Requires thought; Requires care Installation Techniques: Slab floors; Exterior framed walls; Partition walls; Windows and doors; Ceiling; Wood framed floors. 95 The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation effectiveness. The key to an effective insulation system is proper installation of quality insulation products (Figure 6-1). 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 8

9 96 Insulation Materials Whatever product is chosen, make sure to install it per the manufacturer's specifications. Table 6-1 Comparison of Insulating Materials Insulation products available today: Fiber glass insulation; Mineral wool; Cellulose insulation; Molded expanded polystyrene or MEPS; Extruded polystyrene (XPS); Polyisocyanurate; Closedcell low density spray polyurethane; Open-cell low density polyurethane foam; Aerated concrete; Reflective insulation. 98 Insulation and the Environment Fiber glass and mineral wool thru the end of paragraph; Cellulose; Foam products and chlorofluorocarbons Table 6-2 Comparison of Insulation Materials (Environmental characteristics and other information) Fiber Insulation 102 Insulation Strategies: Critical Guidelines; all 5 bullets; Foam Insulation Strategies - all 4 bullets Foundations: Slab on Grade 103 Walls; Concrete Wall Insulation; Insulating Concrete Block Cores; Vermiculite (<1% asbestos) R-2.1 per inch; Polystyrene inserts or beads R-4.0 to 5.0 per inch; Polyurethane foam R-5.8 to 6.8 per inch. 104 Exterior Rigid Fiber Glass or Foam Insulation Interior Foam Insulation 105 Interior Framed Walls Insulated Concrete Form Systems 106 Figure 6-7 and 6-8 (Familiarize yourself with contents of these figures.) 107 Lightweight Concrete Products X 4 Wall Insulation From the Florida Residential Code: R Bathtub and shower spaces. Bathtub and shower floors thru end of paragraph. Table X 4 Framed Wall Problems and Solutions 110 Blown Loose Fill Insulation 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 9

10 111 Figure 6-13 Blown Foam Insulation Structural Insulated Panels 112 Structural Insulated Panels Construction 113 Variables affecting performance of structural insulated panels There are a few important variables to take into consideration when building with SIP systems: 1 thru Steel Framing Table 6-4 Effective Steel-Framed Wall R-Values X 6 Wall Construction: Advantages - all 4 bullets: Disadvantages - all 3 bullets. The economics of 2 x 6 wall insulation are affected by the number of windows in the wall, since each window opening adds extra studs and may require the purchase of a jamb extender. 116 Ceilings and Roofs Attic Ventilation: Vent Selection 117 Powered Attic Ventilator Problems Electrically powered roof ventilators can consume more electricity to operate than they save on air conditioning costs and are not recommended for most designs. Figure 6-17 Pressure problems due to powered attic ventilators 118 Attic Floor Insulation Techniques: Steps for Installing loose-fill attic insulation - steps 1 thru 7. Table 6-5 Blown cellulose in Attics 119 Table 6-6 Recommended Specs by Insulation Type Steps for stalling Batt Insulation - steps 1 thru Figure 6-19 Insulating under attic floors Increasing the Roof Height at the Eave One problem area in many standard roof designs is at the eave, where there is not enough roof for full R-30 insulation... Figures 6-20 and 21 show solutions. 122 Cathedral Ceiling Insulation Techniques Building R-30 cathedral ceilings 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 10

11 Table 6-7 Cathedral Ceiling Insulation Options 123 Scissor Trusses Difficulties with exposed rafters 124 Figure 6-24 Attic Blocking Requirements 125 Radiant heat barriers are reflective materials that can reduce summer heat gain by the insulation and building materials in attics and walls, RFBs work two ways: How Radiant Barrier Systems Work 126 There is no current method for assigning an R-value to radiant barriers 135 Many suppliers do not understand that premium windows designed for northern and central climates are not suitable for Florida; they may increase energy consumption for cooling if the windows are well-built, reduce solar heat gain and have good weather stripping they will serve you well. 136 Windows: Heat transfer through windows and skylights in 4 different ways: Solar radiant energy; Conduction of heat; Convection of air; Air leakage, Radiant energy comes from the sun we cannot see. 138 Conduction of heat thru window... such as wood and vinyl 139 Convection within a room can be... shading of the window. Air leakage around fenestration is influenced by the tightness of the window assembly as well as its installation. Rates no more than 0.3 Window Performance: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC); U Factor: It is the inverse of the R- values generally used with the wall and ceiling insulation. Visible Transmittance (VT); Air Leakage (AL); Condensation Resistance (CR) 141 NFRC Ratings 142 Table 7-1 Florida Fenestration Energy Efficiency Requirements Table 7-2: Typical Properties for Complete Windows 145 Figure 7-8 Components of the NFRC label 146 SC was formerly widely used to measure solar control properties, but has now been phased out and window treatment performance literature (Table 7-4). 147 Table 7-4 Window treatment shading coefficient 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 11

12 150 Options for Reducing Solar Gain 151 Reflective Films and Tints which adhere to glass and are found often in commercial bldgs.., can block up to 85% of sunlight 152 Overhangs shade direct sunlight on windows facing within about 30 degrees of south... on east and west windows are ineffective unless they are as long as the window is high. They must be designed for typical hurricane wind loads. 154 Table 7-6 Shading Coefficients for Window Coverings 155 Doors Energy efficient doors can be fabricated of... with U-factors about Doors without glass are rated by thru end of paragraph. Figures 7-10 and Table 7-7 Default Door Ratings U-factor Figure 8-1 and 8-2 Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 166 Heating and Cooling Load Calculations. Many contractors incorrectly select air thru the end of paragraph. all 3 bullets following the paragraph. 170 Equipment Selection all 4 bullets Source of Energy Electricity and Natural Gas Equipment Efficiency The cooling efficiency of a heat pump or an air conditioner thru end of paragraph. 171 Since every degree the thermostat is lowered increases cooling bills 3 to 7% - thru the end of paragraph. Ductless, Mini Split System Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 172 Cooling Equipment Selection Example 173 Equipment Location: Disadvantages of air handler placement in attic, all 4 bullets. The FBC includes a series of requirements for installing the AHU in the attic. Disadvantage of air handler placement in garage - all 3 bullets. Advantages of air handler placement in conditioned space - all 4 bullets. 174 Proper Installation. Proper installation techniques include detailed work in the following areas - all 4 bullets. Improper refrigerant charging seriously degrades performance - all 3 bullets. 175 Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality. 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 12

13 176 The level of noise for a fan is rated by sones. Choose a fan with a sone rating of 2.0 or less. Top quality models are often below 0.5 sones. 178 Heat Recovery Ventilators Some models, called enthalpy heat exchangers thru the end of paragraph Sample Ventilation Plans (Figures 8-7, 8-8, and 8-9) 183 The Problem of Duct Leakage Duct leakage contributes 10 to 30% of heating and cooling loads in many homes. 184 Duct Leaks and Air Leakage. Pressure imbalances can create dangerous air quality conditions in homes, including - all three bullets. Typical causes and concerns of pressure imbalances include - all four bullets. 185 Sealing Air Distribution Systems The following products are examples of proper materials to be used to seal duct systems. all 4 bullets (Figure 9-1) High Priority Leaks. all bullets and figures on these pages. 189 Moderate Priority Leaks. The joints between sections of the branch ductwork. Low Priority Leaks. Longitudinal seams in round metal ductwork. 190 Testing for Duct Leakage 191 Duct Design: Duct Materials. The three most common types of duct material used in building construction are metal, fiber glass Ductboard, and flex-duct (Figure 9-9). Flex-duct is usually installed... plenum box and air handler. 192 Sizing and Layout. The proper duct size depends on - all three bullets Checking System Air Flow 199 Figure 10-1 Hot water use in typical homes (by place of use) The average amount of hot water used in various household tasks is shown in Table 10-1 Average Hot Water use. Table 10-1 Average Hot Water Use 200 Energy Conservation for Water Heating. Lower the temperature setting to 120 F - all 4 bullets. Figure 10-2 Insulating jackets for electric and gas water heaters 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 13

14 If needed, wrap the outside of the tank with an insulation jacket (Fig 10-2)- all 4 bullets; Install heat traps to control the direction of flow; Insulate the first 6 feet of the cold and hot water pipes connected to the unit; Install low flow showerheads with fixtures that deliver water at about 1.5 to 2.5 gallons per minute and still provide plenty of force; Put in shutoff valves which are designed to dribble when closed, so water in the pipe stays at the selected temperature; Include low flow aerators or laminar flow controls... all 3 bullets; Minimize the piping runs to the bathroom and kitchen; Consider installing a drain water...wash clothes in cold water; Put in ENERGY STAR washing machines; Install ENERGY STAR dishwashers. 202 Temperature Settings. Some water heater manufacturers supply...6%-10% of energy costs Other Possible Ways to Conserve Water. Hot water Demand Systems (HWDS); Additional Water Heaters - Some builders add a small (2 to 6 gallon)... the main unit is activated. 204 Selecting an Efficient Water Heater. Sizing... the capacity of a water heater should be judged by its first hour rating (FHR), not its tank size. Gas water heaters have higher than FHRs than electric water heaters of the same storage capacity. All other things being equal, the smaller the water heater tank the higher the efficiency. 205 Energy Factor. Fuel Type. Natural gas water heaters are generally less expensive to operate, but not always. Table 10-2 Minimum Energy Factors of Water Heaters* - Current 209 Types of Available Water Heaters: Conventional Storage Water Heaters;Conventional Storage Tank: Gas vs. Electric; Special Note on Fuel-Fired Water Heaters. 210 Gas Condensing Water Heaters;... are the most efficient type of hot water heaters with greater than 90% efficiency Tankless Water Heaters/Demand Water Heaters... are compact. The smaller units are typically mounted under a bathroom sink. Units can be gas fired (natural gas or propane) or electric. No storage tank is needed because water is heated only as needed... Once the hot water tap is closed the sensor shuts off the gas; Sizing Tankless Heaters -Tankless water heaters are sized by their flow rate provide 6-10 gpm; Condensing Tankless Water Heaters. 212 Heat Pump Water Heaters 213 Heat Recovery Units 214 Solar Water Heaters. 222 Energy Efficient Appliances 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 14

15 ENERGY STAR. "In 1992 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced ENERGY STAR as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energyefficient products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions." 226 Energy Guide Label. The US government established a mandatory...(water efficiency was added later) 228 Appliance Shopping Checklist Refrigerators and Freezers: The refrigerator should operate between 35 F and 38 F, and the freezer should be 0 F to 5 F. Readjust temperatures that are outside of this range 230 Dishwashers. For most uses, choose a unit that... thru end of paragraph 231 Clothes washers 232 Clothes dryers Cooking 234 Lighting 237 Table 11-3 Comparison of Various Light Sources Incandescent Lamps: Halogen Lamps; Reflector Lamps Fluorescent Lamps; Ballasts High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps 4 - Solid State Lighting 247 Some Other Forms of Lighting. Low Pressure Sodium; Induction; Sulfur (Sulfur Plasma). 249 Lighting Needs Abbreviations, Energy and Fuel Data, Fuel Units, HVAC Equipment Efficiencies 267 Insulating Values the table; Pay special attention to Dead Air Spaces and the R- value of air space in the table. 269 Fuel Cost Conversions 271 Requirements for AHU's Located in Attic Spaces - all 4 bullets NOTICE TO HOMEOWNER the two paragraphs message under this title 1 Exam Prep Energy Efficient Building Construction, 8 th Ed. 15