MECHANICAL SERVICES 101. Ian White

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1 MECHANICAL SERVICES 101 Ian White

2 Contents 1. Ventilation 2. Heat Gains & Losses 3. Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

3 What are Building Services Building Services incorporate all aspects to make a building comfortable. Mechanical Services include: Ventilation Heating & Cooling Costs associated: 10-15% construction cost 25% operational cost Smoke Control Controls and Building Automation

4 BUILDING SERVICES ENERGY CONSUMPTION Base Building Tenancy

5 WHAT IS COMFORT CLOTHING INSULATION METABOLIC RATE RADIANT TEMPERATURE

6 COOLING LOADS

7 HEATING LOADS

8 Heating and Cooling Gains Time of Day Time of Year Climatic Conditions Building Orientation Occupancy Activity Equipment Use

9 AIR CONDITIONING Creating a controlled climate in indoor living or working areas for the comfort or for the proper performance of some industrial or scientific process.

10 AIR CONDITIONING Removing & Transporting Heat - Absorb heat from space - Transport heat away from space - Reject heat from system

11 SYSTEM COMPONENTS: COOLING Heat transfer process from space to atmosphere

12 SYSTEM COMPONENTS: HEATING Heat transfer process to space

13 PLANT LOCATIONS CENTRAL PLANT: 1.Hot Water 2.Cold Water 3.Heat Rejection

14 PLANT LOCATIONS LOCAL PLANT: 1.Hot Water 2.Cold Water 3.Heat Rejection

15 SYSTEM DESIGN: ZONING

16 Medium for Transfer of Heat 1.REFRIGERANT = Small Pipes 2.WATER = Medium Pipes 3.AIR = Big Ducts

17 Refrigerant THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

18 Refrigerant Direct Expansion (Split DX) Wall Mounted Split Package

19 Variable Refrigerant Volume VRF/VRV

20 Water Ducted PAC Units + Cooling Tower

21 Water Chilled Beams Chilled Ceilings

22 Water Chilled Beams

23 Water Fan Coil Units

24 Air Handling Units

25 Air Handling Units

26 CARBON FILTER MANOMETERS BAG FILTER PANEL FILTER GREASE FILTER

27 CHILLERS FUNCTIONS -Chilled water systems -Cool water transported by pumps & pipes -Water circulated through coils to cool air in an A/C system or through manufacturing or industrial process TYPES -Vapour-compression refrigeration cycle Driving source: compressor (electricity) Different type of compressors -Absorption refrigeration cycle Driving source: heat Condenser types: air or water cooled

28 CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER SCREW CHILLER RECIPROCATING CHILLER ABSORPTION CHILLER

29 Air Cooled Chiller

30 Water Cooled Chiller

31 HEAT REJECTION FUNCTION -Transfer heat from cooling medium & discharge to ambient TYPES -Cooling towers -Dry coolers -Adiabatic coolers -Harbour Cooling -Geothermal

32 HEAT REJECTION

33 COOLING TOWERS BENEFITS -Energy efficiency -Long equipment life CONSIDERATIONS -Water treatment e.g. legionella -Condenser tube washing & tower maintenance -Freeze protection -Makeup water

34 WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP

35 WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP

36 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP

37 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP

38 HEATING HOT WATER HEATERS FUNCTIONS -Hot water systems -Heat water transported by pumps and pipes -Water circulated through coils to heat air in an A/C system or through manufacturing or industrial process Types -Atmospheric or forced draught -Modular -Condensing

39 HEATING EXCHANGERS FUNCTIONS -Heat exchange -Heat recovery Types -Water to Water -Water to Air -Air to Air PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER COIL ENTHALPY WHEEL CROSSFLOW HEX

40 PUMPS FUNCTION -Circulate fluids through systems TYPES -Centrifugal -Back pull-out or in-line SELECTION -Water flow vs. Static pressure

41 FANS FUNCTION -Circulate fluids through systems TYPES -Axial -Centrifugal -Forward or backward curved SELECTION -Air flow vs. Static pressure -Acoustics -Equipment dimensions -Configuration

42 VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE FUNCTION -Control the rotational speed of an electric motor Fans & Pumps -Reduced energy consumption (part load operation) -Noise reduction -Smart controllers Compressors (chillers) -Ability to match the capacity to the actual need -Reduced costs: energy savings, lower installation costs caused by optimisation of the system and the compressor itself

43 Conventional All Air System

44 Displacement System

45 Chilled Beams

46 Chilled Ceiling

47 Chilled / Heated Slab

48 SYSTEM SELECTION & DESIGN Based On: -Comfort criteria -Thermal loads -Space considerations: plants and reticulation -Installation vs. operating costs -Economy of scale -Flexibility & maintenance -Simplicity of control strategy -Operation efficiency -Fine tuning for different users -Single / multiple point of failure

49 SYSTEM SELECTION & DESIGN All Air Central Systems -Constant Air Volume (CAV) -Variable Air Volume (VAV) Air & Water Systems -Induction systems -Fan coil systems -Chilled beams or chilled ceiling systems Limitations -Temperature -Noise -Cost

50 BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FUNCTION -Control of mechanical services -Monitoring & Management -Energy use -Alarms & Fault finding -Interface or integration of hydraulic, security, lighting, metering systems

51 SAVE THE DATE: HYDRAULIC SERVICES 101 ELECTRICAL SERVICES 101 FIRE PROTECTION SERVICES 101 xxxxx

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