Fundamentals of Refrigeration p. 25 History and Fundamentals of Refrigeration Module p. 25 Development of Refrigeration p. 25 How a Mechanical

Transcription

1 Fundamentals of Refrigeration p. 25 History and Fundamentals of Refrigeration Module p. 25 Development of Refrigeration p. 25 How a Mechanical Refrigerator Operates p. 26 Color Coding System in This Text p. 26 Heat p. 27 Cold p. 28 Temperature, Pressure, and Measurements Module p. 28 Temperature and Temperature Measurement p. 28 Basic Arithmetic p. 30 Temperature Conversion p. 32 Temperature Difference Calculations p. 33 Dimensions p. 33 Pressure p. 37 The Three Physical States p. 39 Density p. 41 Force p. 41 Work p. 42 Energy p. 42 Power p. 42 Unit of Heat p. 43 Effect of Pressure on Evaporating Temperatures p. 46 Effect of Pressure on Freezing Temperature of Water p. 47 Refrigerating Effect of Ice p. 47 Ambient Temperature p. 49 Heat of Compression p. 49 Energy Units p. 50 Refrigeration Systems and Terms Module p. 50 Refrigerant p. 50 Heat Transfer p. 50 Brine and Sweet Water p. 51 Dry Ice p. 51 Critical Temperature p. 52 Critical Pressure p. 52 Enthalpy p. 52 Cryogenics p. 52 Perfect Gas Equation p. 53 Dalton's Law p. 54 Evaporator p. 54 Vapor--Gas p. 54 Humidity--Relative Humidity p. 54

2 Elementary Refrigerator p. 54 Mechanical Refrigerating System p. 56 Review of Abbreviations and Symbols p. 57 Review of Safety p. 57 Test Your Knowledge p. 58 Refrigeration Tools and Materials p. 61 Tubing and Fittings Module p. 61 Tubing p. 61 Cutting and Bending Tools p. 64 Connecting Tubing p. 66 Soldered or Brazed Tubing Fittings p. 69 Tube Couplings p. 75 Swaging Copper Tubing p. 75 Tube Constrictor p. 76 Pipe Fittings and Sizes p. 76 Refrigeration Tools Module p. 77 Hand Tools p. 77 Instruments and Gauges Module p. 88 Instruments and Gauges p. 88 Measuring Tools p. 92 Supplies and Use Module p. 94 Fastening Devices p. 94 Refrigeration Supplies p. 96 Service Valves p. 98 Purging p. 99 Evacuating p. 99 Review of Safety p. 99 Test Your Knowledge p. 100 Basic Refrigeration Systems p. 103 Ice Refrigeration p. 103 Evaporative Refrigeration (Desert Bag) p. 104 Evaporative Refrigeration (Snow Making) p. 104 Compression System Using Low-Side Float Refrigerant Control p. 105 External-Drive (Open) Refrigerating System p. 106 Compression System Using High-Side Float Refrigerant Control p. 107 Compression System Using Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) Refrigerant Control p. 108 Compression System Using Thermostatically Controlled Expansion Valve (TEV) p. 108 Compression System Using Capillary Tube Refrigerant Control p. 109 Multiple Evaporator System p. 110 Compound Refrigerating Systems p. 111 Cascade Refrigerating Systems p. 113

3 Modulating Refrigeration Cycle p. 114 Ice Maker p. 115 Drinking Water Cooler p. 116 Expendable Refrigerant Refrigeration System p. 117 Thermoelectric Refrigeration p. 118 Dry Ice Refrigeration p. 118 Intermittent Absorption System p. 120 Continuous-Cycle Absorption System p. 122 Solid Absorbent Refrigeration p. 124 Sophisticated Commercial Systems p. 125 Hot-Gas Defrost p. 125 Electric Defrost p. 128 Test Your Knowledge p. 129 Compression Systems and Compressors p. 131 Compression Systems Module p. 131 Laws of Refrigeration p. 131 Compression Cycle p. 131 Evaporator p. 134 Accumulator p. 134 Suction Line p. 134 Compressor p. 135 Oil Separator p. 136 Condenser p. 137 Liquid Receiver p. 139 Liquid Line p. 139 Types of Refrigerant Flow Control p. 140 Motor Control p. 145 Compressors Module p. 146 External-Drive Compressors p. 146 Hermetic Compressors p. 147 Types of Compressors p. 147 Motors p. 168 Service Valves p. 168 Mufflers p. 169 Compressor Cooling p. 169 Lubrication p. 170 Compressor Volumetric Efficiency p. 170 Compression Ratio p. 172 Check Valves p. 172 Unloader p. 172 Gaskets p. 172

4 O-Rings p. 172 Crankcase Heater p. 173 Review of Safety p. 173 Test Your Knowledge p. 174 Refrigerant Controls p. 177 Compression System Refrigerant Controls p. 177 Comparing Refrigerant Controls p. 202 Check Valve p. 202 Suction Pressure Valves p. 202 Review of Safety p. 203 Test Your Knowledge p. 204 Electrical-Magnetic Fundamentals p. 207 Electrical Fundamentals Module p. 207 Generating Electricity p. 207 Types of Electricity p. 208 Circuit Fundamentals p. 210 Electrical Materials p. 222 Magnetism p. 224 Applied Electronics and Electricity Module p. 234 Electronics p. 234 Electrical Power p. 242 Electrical Codes p. 250 Circuit Protection p. 250 Review of Safety p. 253 Test Your Knowledge p. 254 Electric Motors p. 257 Electric Motors Module p. 257 Electric Motor Applications p. 257 The Motor Structure p. 257 Types of Electric Motors p. 258 Motor Speeds p. 261 Starting and Running Windings p. 262 Starting Current p. 263 Motor Connections p. 264 Hermetic System Motors p. 265 Direct Current and Universal Motors p. 272 Motor Horsepower and Motor Characteristics p. 273 Electric Motor Grounding p. 273 Motor Protection p. 274 Motor Temperature p. 277 Standard Motor Data p. 278

5 Fan Motors p. 278 Shaded-Pole Motors p. 279 Electronic Variable Speed Motors p. 280 Servicing Electric Motors Module p. 282 Servicing Electric Motors p. 282 Pulleys p. 287 Belts p. 288 Motor Testing Stand p. 290 Servicing and Repairing Hermetic Motors p. 290 Review of Safety p. 292 Test Your Knowledge p. 292 Electric Circuits and Controls p. 295 Electric Control Circuits Module p. 295 Electrical Circuits--Complete Wiring Diagram p. 295 Electrical Circuits--Ladder Diagram p. 297 Control Systems--Fundamentals p. 297 Electric Controls Module p. 309 Refrigerator and Freezer Controls p. 309 Ice Maker Controls p. 310 Comfort Cooling Air Conditioning Controls p. 314 Central Air Conditioning Controls p. 315 Water Cooler Controls p. 316 Remote Temperature Sensing Elements p. 316 Pressure Motor Controls p. 317 Motor Safety Controls p. 317 Motor Starting Relays p. 319 Automatic Defrost Controls p. 324 Semiautomatic Defrost Controls p. 326 Hot-Gas Defrost Controls p. 327 Ice Bank Controls p. 328 De-Ice Controls p. 329 Humidity Controls p. 330 Defrosting Timers p. 330 Review of Safety p. 331 Test Your Knowledge p. 331 Refrigerants p. 335 Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer p. 335 Requirements for Refrigerants p. 337 Use of Pressure-Temperature Curves p. 337 Grouping and Classification of Refrigerants p. 338 Group A Refrigerants p. 338

6 Group B Refrigerants p. 351 Combustible Refrigerants p. 352 Expendable Refrigerants p. 352 Water as a Refrigerant p. 354 Food Freezants p. 354 Cryogenic Fluids p. 354 Refrigerant Cylinders p. 355 Use of Pressure-Temperature Tables p. 357 Head Pressures (High Side) p. 357 Refrigerator Temperatures p. 357 Refrigerant Applications p. 358 Changing/Identifying Refrigerants p. 358 Amount of Refrigerant Required in a System p. 358 Refrigeration Oil p. 361 Moisture in Refrigerant p. 361 Review of Safety p. 362 Test Your Knowledge p. 363 Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Reclaiming p. 365 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and the Ozone Layer p. 365 Recovery, Recycling, Reclaiming of Refrigerants p. 367 Refrigerant Recovery Equipment p. 367 Refrigerant Recycling Equipment p. 372 Refrigerant Reclaiming Procedure p. 375 Retrofit p. 377 Mobile Air Conditioning p. 378 Review of Safety p. 379 Test Your Knowledge p. 379 Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers p. 381 Preserving Foods by Refrigeration and Freezing p. 381 Refrigerator and Freezer Insulation p. 382 Refrigerator--Single-Door, Manual Defrost p. 382 Refrigerator-Freezer--Manual Defrost p. 384 Refrigerator-Freezer--Automatic Defrost p. 387 Refrigerator-Freezer--Frost-Free p. 394 Refrigerator-Freezer--Frost-Free, Side-by-Side p. 395 Solid-State Ice Maker p. 401 Chest-Type Freezers p. 401 Upright Freezers p. 407 Care of Refrigerator or Freezer p. 409 Ice Accumulation in Cabinet Insulation p. 410 Butter Conditioner p. 410

7 Cabinet Hardware p. 411 Cabinet Gaskets p. 412 Repairing Finishes p. 413 Cabinet Thermometers p. 413 Review of Safety p. 414 Test Your Knowledge p. 414 Servicing and Installing Small Hermetic Systems p. 417 Instruments, Tools, and Supplies p. 417 Installing Refrigerators and Freezers p. 419 Troubleshooting the Hermetic Refrigerator-Freezer p. 421 Hermetic Servicing p. 427 External Servicing Operations p. 427 Internal Service Operations p. 433 Gauge (Service) Manifold Types and Construction p. 434 Hermetic Service Valves and Adaptors p. 438 Locating Refrigerant Leaks p. 444 Repairing Leaks p. 448 Refrigerant Recovery and Evacuation p. 448 Diagnosing Component Problems p. 452 Replacing System Components p. 459 Evacuating a System with a Vacuum Pump p. 463 Overhauling a Hermetic System p. 470 Review of Safety p. 470 Test Your Knowledge p. 471 Commercial Systems p. 473 Commercial Systems Module p. 473 Construction of Refrigeration Components p. 473 Refrigeration Components p. 473 Packaged Commercial System Components p. 475 Commercial Evaporators p. 496 Commercial Systems--Controls Module p. 513 Refrigerant Controls p. 513 Motor Controls p. 513 Ice Maker Controls p. 519 Vending Machine Controls p. 519 Defrost Timers p. 520 Pressure Regulating Valves p. 524 Compressor Protection Devices p. 529 Manual Valves p. 536 Refrigerant Lines p. 539 Engine-Driven Systems p. 543

8 Review of Safety p. 544 Test Your Knowledge p. 544 Commercial Systems--Applications p. 547 Commercial Cabinet Construction p. 547 Supermarkets p. 548 Grocery Cabinet (Reach-In Cabinet) p. 548 Walk-In Cabinet p. 550 Display Cases p. 553 Frozen Food Storage Cabinet p. 556 Fast-Freezing Case p. 558 Ice Cream Cabinet p. 558 Soda Fountain p. 559 Dispensing Freezers p. 559 Modular Refrigeration Systems p. 562 Water Cooler p. 562 Automatic Ice Maker p. 563 Vending Machines p. 564 Milk Cooler p. 565 Bakeries p. 565 Refrigerant-to-Water Heat Recovery System p. 566 Laboratory Refrigerated Incubators p. 566 Industrial Applications p. 567 Review of Safety p. 568 Test Your Knowledge p. 569 Servicing and Installing Commercial Systems p. 571 Installing Commercial Systems Module p. 571 Types of Commercial Installations p. 571 Installing Condensing Units p. 572 Installing Evaporators p. 574 Installing Refrigerant Piping p. 575 Electrical Connections p. 581 Testing Code Installations p. 582 Evacuating System p. 586 Checking System before Starting p. 586 Charging Commercial Systems p. 586 Starting a System p. 588 Servicing Commercial Systems Module p. 590 Servicing Commercial Units p. 590 Service Equipment p. 591 General Service Instructions p. 591 Servicing Condensing Units p. 596

9 Service Notes p. 625 Summary of Refrigerator Mechanism Servicing p. 625 Periodic Inspections p. 625 Locating Troubles p. 625 Refrigeration Service Contracting p. 628 Refrigerant Recovering and Recycling p. 628 Review of Safety p. 629 Test Your Knowledge p. 630 Commercial Systems--Heat Loads and Piping p. 633 Heat Loads Module p. 633 Heat Load p. 634 Thermodynamics of the Refrigeration Cycle p. 645 Evaporator and Condensing Unit Capacities p. 650 Evaporator Installations p. 651 Water-Cooling Loads p. 659 Ice Cream Freezing and Storage Load p. 660 System Capacity p. 661 Compressor Capacities p. 662 Cascade System p. 664 Two-Stage Compressor p. 664 Bypass Cycle p. 664 Motor Sizes p. 666 Condenser Capacities p. 666 Servicing: Refrigeration Troubleshooting p. 669 Lines and Piping Module p. 670 Refrigerant Lines and Piping p. 670 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) p. 681 Review of Safety p. 683 Test Your Knowledge p. 683 Absorption Systems--Principles and Applications p. 685 Absorption System Principles Module p. 685 The Absorption System p. 685 Types of Absorption Systems p. 685 Principle of the Solid Adsorption System p. 686 Efficiency of Absorption Systems p. 686 Principle of the Intermittent Absorption System p. 686 Principle of the Continuous Absorption System p. 687 Installing an Absorption Refrigerator p. 692 Portable Absorption Refrigerators p. 695 Abosorption Refrigerators for Mobile Homes p. 696 Residential and Commercial Absorption Systems Module p. 696

10 Residential Absorption Air Conditioners p. 696 Commercial Absorption System p. 702 Absorption Unit for Air Conditioning and Heating p. 702 Servicing Absorption Refrigerators p. 704 Review of Safety p. 706 Test Your Knowledge p. 706 Special Refrigeration Systems and Applications p. 709 Transportation Refrigeration p. 709 Portable Air Conditioning/Spot Cooling p. 715 Thermoelectric Refrigeration p. 715 Vortex Tube p. 717 Jet Cooling Systems p. 718 Multistage Systems--Cascade and Compound p. 719 Snow Making p. 721 Heat Pipe p. 721 Immersion (Fast Freeze) p. 722 Cryogenic Refrigeration p. 723 Ozonized Ice and Water p. 724 Sterling Cycle p. 724 Review of Safety p. 725 Test Your Knowledge p. 725 Fundamentals of Air Conditioning p. 727 Air Movement and Measurement Module p. 727 Definition of Air Conditioning p. 727 Air--Atmosphere p. 728 Physical Properties of Air p. 728 Vapor Barriers p. 736 Air Movement p. 736 Climate p. 740 Heat Insulation p. 742 Air Quality Module p. 744 Air Quality p. 744 Commercial and Residential Air Quality Systems p. 750 Comfort Conditions p. 753 Noise p. 754 Review of Safety p. 758 Test Your Knowledge p. 759 Basic Heating and Air Conditioning Systems p. 761 Gas-Fired Gravity Heating System p. 761 Gas-Fired Forced-Air Heating p. 762 Gas-Fired Hydronic Heating p. 763

11 Oil-Fired Forced-Air Heating p. 765 Oil-Fired Hydronic Heating p. 766 Electrical Resistance Heating p. 767 Radiant Heating p. 768 Air-to-Air Heat Pumps p. 768 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems p. 771 Room Humidifiers p. 773 Room Dehumidifiers p. 773 Room Air Conditioners p. 773 Central Air Conditioners p. 775 Absorption Cycle Systems p. 776 Evaporative Condensers p. 779 Cooling Towers p. 780 Steam Jet Cooling p. 781 Vortex Tube Cooling p. 782 Evaporative Cooling p. 784 Automobile Air Conditioning p. 785 Review of Safety p. 786 Test Your Knowledge p. 787 Heating and Humidification Systems p. 789 Gas Heating Systems Module p. 789 Types of Systems p. 789 Combustion p. 789 Fuel Gases p. 791 Basic Forced Air Components p. 792 Gas Burners p. 794 Furnace Types and Construction p. 795 Gas Furnace Efficiency p. 796 Two-Stage Furnace p. 799 Unit Heaters p. 799 Venting of Furnaces and Chimney or Exhaust Gases p. 799 Ignition Systems p. 804 Piping and Gas Pressure p. 805 Start-Up Check Sheet p. 806 Maintenance p. 807 Service and Instrument Check List p. 807 Hydronic Radiant Heating Module p. 811 Hydronic Heating System p. 811 Installing Hydronic Systems p. 817 Troubleshooting Hydronic Systems p. 818 Steam Heating Systems p. 819

12 Steam Heating Installation p. 820 Servicing a Steam Heating System p. 820 Oil Furnaces Module p. 820 Fuel Oils p. 820 Oil Furnaces p. 821 Gun-Type Oil Burners p. 822 Gun-Type Oil Burner Pumps p. 825 Electrical (Transformer-Electrode) Ignition p. 826 Primary Control p. 829 Oil Tank Installation p. 829 Oil Burner Installation p. 831 Servicing a Fuel Oil Burner p. 833 Electric Heating Module p. 834 Electric Heat p. 834 Principles of Electric Heating p. 834 Applications of Electric Heating p. 834 Principles of Electric Resistance Heating p. 836 Electric Radiant Heat p. 839 Installing Heating Coils p. 840 Servicing Heating Coils p. 840 Alternative Heating Methods Module p. 841 Heat Pumps p. 841 Coal and Wood Heating p. 841 Solar Heating p. 842 Cogeneration p. 842 Humidification Module p. 842 Humidifiers p. 842 Types of Humidifiers p. 844 Servicing and Installing Humidifiers p. 846 Review of Safety p. 847 Test Your Knowledge p. 848 Cooling and Dehumidifying Systems p. 853 Principles of Atmosphere Cooling p. 853 Comfort Cooling Systems p. 855 Self-Contained Comfort Coolers p. 855 Remote Comfort Systems p. 869 Dehumidifying Equipment p. 869 Review of Safety p. 870 Test Your Knowledge p. 871 Air Distribution, Measurement, and Cleaning p. 873 Air Distribution Module p. 873

13 Air Properties and Behavior p. 873 Air Circulation p. 875 Basic Ventilation Requirements p. 875 Air Ducts p. 877 Special Duct Problems and Duct Maintenance p. 892 Duct Sizing p. 893 Air Measurement and Cleaning Module p. 900 Air Measurement p. 900 Air Cleaning p. 903 Review of Safety p. 911 Test Your Knowledge p. 912 Central Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps p. 915 Heat Pumps Module p. 915 Heat Pump Theory p. 915 Types of Heat Pumps p. 915 Heat Pump Operation p. 916 Heat Pump Systems p. 920 Heat Pumps and Solar Heating Systems p. 929 Heat Pump Water Heaters p. 932 Heat Pump Installation p. 933 Troubleshooting Heat Pumps p. 934 Servicing Heat Pumps p. 934 Central Air Conditioning Systems Module p. 936 Types of Central Air Conditioning Systems p. 936 Installing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems p. 942 Inspecting Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems p. 945 Servicing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems p. 946 Air Circulation Systems and Relative Humidity Control p. 947 Large Systems Module p. 949 Chilled Water Systems p. 949 Types of Chillers p. 949 Chiller Compressors p. 952 Comfort Cooling Systems p. 955 Rooftop Units p. 956 Complete Air Conditioning Systems p. 962 Ice-Based Systems p. 962 Total Energy Systems p. 963 District Heating and Cooling Systems p. 965 Review of Safety p. 966 Test Your Knowledge p. 966 Solar Energy p. 969

14 The Nature of Solar Energy p. 969 Solar Energy Systems p. 971 Solar Energy Storage Systems p. 973 Supplementary Heat p. 976 Solar Energy Cooling Systems p. 978 Converting Solar Energy to Electricity p. 979 Review of Safety p. 981 Test Your Knowledge p. 981 Air Conditioning and Heating Control Systems p. 983 Control Mechanisms Module p. 983 Controls p. 983 Thermostats p. 984 Thermostat Operation p. 985 Heating Thermostats p. 989 Cooling Thermostats p. 994 Combination Thermostats p. 994 Electronic Thermostats p. 995 Timer-Thermostats p. 998 Multistage Thermostats p. 998 Hydronic Thermostats p. 999 Portable Thermostats p. 999 Thermostat Location and Servicing p. 999 Control System Components Module p Controllers p Primary Controls p Sequential Operating Controls p Limit Controls p Fan Controls p Control Circuits p Airflow Controls p Distribution Controls p Energy Management Module p Total Energy Management Systems p Energy Management System Types and Functions p Control System Diagnostics and Repair p Review of Safety p Test Your Knowledge p Air Conditioning Systems--Heating and Cooling Loads p Heat Loads p Design Temperatures p Insulation and Vapor Barriers p. 1050

15 Energy Conservation p Construction Types and Designs p Review of Safety p Test Your Knowledge p Automotive Air Conditioning p Automotive Air Conditioning and Heating Systems p Air Conditioner Operation p Operating Conditions p Electrical Systems p Air Distribution p Insulation p Types of Control Systems p Truck and Bus Air Conditioning p Servicing Automobile Air Conditioners p Review of Safety p Test Your Knowledge p Servicing and Troubleshooting Simplified p Servicing and Troubleshooting p Troubleshooting Procedure p Troubleshooting Charts p Customer Relations p Review of Safety p Test Your Knowledge p Passing Technician Certification Exams p Preparing for Epa Exams Module p Technician Certification and Associations p Certification Types p Recovery Procedures p Leak Repairs p Exam Preparation p Test Format p Taking the Test p Areas for Research p North American Technician Excellence Air Conditioning Excellence HVAC Exam p Service Organizations and Industry Associations p Typical Questions Module p Types of Questions p Technical Characteristics p Kata Thermometer p Infrared Thermometer p Weights and Specific Heats of Substances p. 1114

16 Energy p Energy Equivalents (U.S. Conventional) p Energy Equivalents (SI Metric) p Linear Measurement Equivalents (U.S. Conventional--SI Metric) p Fractional Inch Equivalents (Decimals and Millimeters) p Area Equivalents p Volume Equivalents p Pressure Equivalents p Velocity Equivalents p Liquid Measure Equivalents p Weight Equivalents p Flow Equivalents p Heat Equivalents p Pumping Ratio p Compression Ratio p Temperature Conversion Table p Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) p Standard Temperature p Standard Pressure p Standard Temperature and Pressure Sample p Standard Air p Heating Value of Fuels p Single-Source Energy p Thermodynamic Laws p Heat Conductivity p Entropy p Theory of Matter p Electron Theory p The Atom p The Electron p Electrical Units and Symbols p Motor Size Calculation p Lowering Voltage Saves Power p Resistances of Conductors, Semiconductors, and Nonconductors p Color Code for Resistors p Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits p Electrical Codes p Root Mean Square (rms) Values p Galvanic Action Sequence p Electrolysis p Moisture-Holding Properties of Air p. 1127

17 Evaporation Sources p Desiccants p Psychrometric Chart Formula p Boyle's Law p Charles's Law p Gas Law p Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction of a Gas p Isothermal Expansion and Contraction of a Gas p Gas and Vapor p Refrigerant Properties p Characteristics of Little-Used Refrigerants p Metric Pressure-Heat Diagrams p Moisture in Liquid Refrigerants p Dryness of Refrigerants p Refrigerant Oils p Eutectic (Phase-Change) Materials p Cryogenic Temperatures p Brine Freezing Temperatures p Twist Drill Sizes p Piping Color Codes p Solders and Brazing Metals p Flare Nut Wrench Sizes p Solvents and Cleaning p Clean Rooms p Review of Safety p Dictionary of Technical Terms p Acknowledgments p Index p Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.