Possibilities of the RAC sector transformation a technical perspective

Transcription

1 A Sustainable transformation of the Refrigeration and Air-conditioning sector Possibilities of the RAC sector transformation a technical perspective The Delegation of the European Union in India and GIZ Proklima 7 th November 2014, New Delhi, India Dr Daniel Colbourne

2 Types of refrigerants synthetic Refrigerants natural Fluorinated Non-fluorinated Carbon CFC HCFC PFC HFE HFC Ethers Hydrocarbon Ammonia dioxide saturated HCFC unsaturated HCFC saturated HFC unsaturated HFC saturated HC unsaturated HC R11 R12 R13 R113 R114 R115 R22 R123 R124 R142b R1233zd R1233xf R318 R218 RE245cb R161 R32 R125 R134a R143a R152a blends R1234yf R1234ze R1243zf RE170 R170 R290 R600 R600a R601 R601a R1270 R1150 R744 R717 Medium to low GWP alternatives

3 New medium ( lower ) GWP refrigerant mixtures R744 R152a HCs R1234ze R1243zf 0 GWP ~500 DR-5 L-41a, L-41b L-20 L-40 DR-4 DR-7 HFC-1234yf HFC-1234ze AC-5 AC-6 HFC-1233zd ARM-70a ARM-31 ARM-30a ARM-42 ARM-J8 LGA26 HPR1D LGA40 LTR6A LGA29 GECA-max ARC-1 LGA8 commercial trialling in development R161 R32 R1234yf Saturated HFCs Un-saturated HFCs ( HFOs )

4 GWP (kgco2eq/kg) Overall global warming implications HCFC-22 HFC-32 HFC-134a Important to consider shorter-term warming impact of refrigerants (as well as 100-year GWP) Source: Data from IPCC AR4 HFC-152a HC-290, HC-1270, R744, HC-290 R717, HFC-1234yf, HFC- 1234ze Time horizon (y)

5 Ease of application of alternative refrigerants Refrigeration Domestic Retail Storage and food processing Fridge/ freezers Centralised Condensing units (cabinets) Integrals Centralised Condensing units (coldstores) Integrals Direct distributed Chillers Direct distributed Chillers Air conditioning Residential Commercial Selfcontained Non-ducted single split Ducted split Chillers Non-ducted single splits Central split Multisplit Rooftop

6 Number of Records* Critical to be wise to the IPR implications R-32 R-290 R-410A HFO-1234ze and yf HFO-1234ze or yf with R32 mixtures records patents active patents applications active applications R-32 R-290 HFOs R-410A HFOs-R32 Total Records

7 Domestic refrigeration HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix

8 Viable application in small commercial refrigeration HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix

9 Medium size commercial refrig /condensing units HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix

10 Large commercial refrigeration / supermarkets HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix

11 Cold storage and food processing HC R-744 Energy use [kwh/tonne] Cold storage/spiral freezer R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix 0 R404A R717/R744

12 Self-contained air conditioners HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix

13 COP_alt/COP_b Single split air conditioners 1.3 test data normalised for equal capacity HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix 0.8 Qe_alt/Qe_b R290 and R1270 vs. R22 in ACs

14 Chiller; kw, kg Ducted, central and multisplit systems HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix HC R-744 R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix

15 Chillers for air conditioning and refrigeration HC R-744 COP Coefficient of Performance (-) R290 CARE50 R R-717 u-hfc/ HFC mix Condenser water inlet temperature ( C) R22 Isceon 59 Care 40 Care Ambient temp ( C)

16 Important to understand the barriers Refrigeration Domestic Retail Storage and food processing Fridge/ freezers Centralised Condensing units (cabinets) Integrals Centralised Condensing units (coldstores) Integrals Direct distributed Chillers Direct distributed Chillers Air conditioning Residential Commercial Selfcontained Non-ducted single split Ducted split Chillers Non-ducted single splits Central split Multisplit Rooftop

17 Specific barriers and challenges About 30 specific barriers identified No trained technicians Peer group are against No standards Anticipated barriers Too dangerous Not currently in use f n Country, region, size and type of equipment, type of refrigerant, perception of person making the statement, etc No parts available No market demand Too much trouble vs.

18 Encountering barriers

19 Overcoming barriers and challenges Awareness-raising Training Guidance Demo projects

20 Overcoming barriers and challenges Market development stimulate industry involvement with low-gwp alternatives; encourage local manufacturing, product directories, etc Financial incentives subsidies for using low-gwp, tax incentives for low- GWP / tax disincentives for high-gwp Regulatory infrastructure better control of industry to work safely, modify regulations that inhibit low-gwp alternatives, ensure safety standards are constructive

21 Overcoming barriers and challenges Safety standards for flammables Performa nce of R744 Flammabi lity risk Performance at high ambient

22 Performance of R744

23 Compression ratio [-] Discharge temp [ C] Relative capacity [%] Relative COP [%] Performance at high ambient 100% 80% HC-290 HCFC % 80% HC-290 HCFC-22 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% Ambient temperature [ C] No performance degradation vs R22 0% Ambient 5 temperature [ C] HC HCFC HC-290 HCFC Improved working conditions vs R Ambient temperature [deg C] Ambient temperature [ C]

24 R290 charge [g] Safety rules for flammables Refrigerant charge compared to value in obstructive AC standard 1200 Max charge 1000 Equiv safety 250 W/m2 Add meas W/m2 Higher capacities in larger spaces resolved through additional measures W/m2 100 W/m Room area [m2] Cases in the risk assessment

25 Safety rules for flammables Increase refrigerant charge (greater capacity) Introduce riskreducing measures Sensing Mitigation outdoor unit (e.g., condensing unit) indoor unit (e.g., evaporator) solenoid valve in liquid line

26 Safety rules for flammables Requirements under Atex/EN 1127

27 Flammability risk For flammable gas safety Regulations/ directives For electrical safety For pressure safety Atex LVD PED Harmonised standards EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 378

28 Flammability risk Quantitative risk assessment for split ACs Safety valve limits amount of gas that can leak into room Risk of ignition is >10,000 times lower than background risk Background fire frequency (USA) of ACs: y- 1 Can break windows only; requires an instant 3.0 mm leak hole in IDU!

29 Concluding remarks There are a variety of alternative refrigerants which have low or near-low GWP All sub-sectors can be satisfied with at least one of the alternatives Unlike the past, there will be a mix of options Barriers and challenges do exist Sometimes tangible hurdles; often due to lack of knowledge or misinformation A number of approaches can be implemented to help overcome the barriers

30 Thank you for your attention