Lincoln Townscape Assessment. Lindum Hill Inherited Character Area Statement

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1 Lincoln Townscape Assessment Lindum Hill Inherited Character Area Statement June 2008 Page 2 of 19

2 Table of Contents Page Overview 2 Historical Development 2 Urban form 4 Views 10 Condition of Buildings and Streetscape 11 Use 11 Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas 11 Key Townscape Characteristics 12 Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes 13 Appendix 2: List of RAZs 14 Appendix 3: List of Monuments 16 Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites 17 Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the current character 18 Page 3 of 19

3 Overview Lindum Hill Character Area is situated on the steepest part of the north escarpment on the eastern side of the city centre and contains properties that are used for a mixture of residential, civic and service functions. Lindum Road, a busy inner-city bypass, forms much of the eastern boundary of the area and defines the transition between the city centre to the west and more residential areas to the east.the mixture of uses as well as the road s role as the north/south inner-city bypass lead to high volumes of traffic and pedestrian footfall, giving the area a strong sense of vitality. Alongside many features surviving from Lincoln s Roman and Medieval history, including the routes of Flaxengate, Danesgate, Danes Terrace, Grantham Street and Pottergate, the townscape of the area includes many elements associated with the city s growth during the Early Industrial Period when Lindum Road quickly became a focus for development. Urban blocks are divided into varying sizes of building plots, from the more organised rectangular plots of residential properties off Lindum Road, to the larger and irregularly-shaped plots of large-scale buildings such as the Usher Gallery and the Lincoln College building. Buildings within the Character Area consist of a number of individual large-scale detached buildings such as The Collection and the Usher Gallery, as well a few small groups of properties of lesser scale facing Lindum Road. The majority of properties have active frontages, with doors and windows facing the street, creating a sense of activity and security along streets. Buildings towards the upper parts of the slope are plain and symmetrical in style, with a few loosely classical decorative features. Properties along the lower parts of the slope are comparatively more ornate, and individual in style. Tall walls, many of which are retaining walls built into the slope, are a repetitive feature of the Character Area. The low stone boundary wall along the south-eastern side of Lindum Hill acts a retaining wall for the road, but also permits long-distance views over the rooftops of houses to rural areas along the south escarpment and within the lower Witham valley. The tall boundary walls lead to a sense of inactivity and enclosure in many parts, emphasising the role of the road as a bypass around the city centre to the west. Elsewhere there are complex uphill views of buildings forming a broken building line up Lindum Road, as well as views of the Cathedral towers and the complex of buildings around the Bishop s Palace. A large proportion of the Character Area consists of open space, the majority of which is within the public Temple Gardens. Remaining open space in the area consists of mature garden plots to the rear of houses in the northern half of the area. The public realm along Danesgate, Flaxengate and Grantham Street underwent major works which were concluded in Historical Development Lindum Hill Character Area lies on the eastern side of Lincoln s historic city centre, directly beneath the ecclesiastical core of the upper city. Alongside many features surviving from Lincoln s Roman and Medieval history, the townscape of the area includes many elements associated with the city s growth during the Early Industrial Period. The Character Area straddles the former north/south line of the defensive walls around the lower Roman city, which were laid out and later consolidated in stone during the Roman Colonia Era [ AD]. Earthworks associated with the former defensive ditch alongside a small section of wall survive in the east part of Temple Gardens. The lower part of Lindum Road runs on top of the now infilled defensive ditch. It is possible that the lower section of the road has its origins in the Roman Colonia era, connecting the east gates of the upper and lower cities, although the east gate to the lower city has yet to be found. The line of Monks Road, which forms the southern boundary of the area, may also follow the line of a former Roman road. Lincoln s role as one of only a handful of colonias in England is remembered in the name of Lindum Road, which takes its name from the city s Roman name Lindum. Since the foundation of Lincoln during the Roman Military Era, it is likely that areas of the north escarpment were subject to quarrying for a variety of materials, in particular limestone and clay. Quarrying may have continued through to the Early Industrial Period [ AD], and it is likely that many of the buildings within and surrounding the Character Area are built of stone extracted from the quarries. During the Early Medieval Era [ AD], the city underwent a period of decline, and settlement probably retracted almost entirely within the former Roman defences. Lincoln experienced a more prosperous period during the High Medieval Era [ AD], and much of the city was re-organised and re-built, including the city s walled defences. Growth and re-organisation of the townscape led to the construction of new roads, including the routes of Flaxengate, Danesgate, Danes Terrace, Grantham Street and Pottergate, which connected Clasketgate with an area of potteries to the north east of the city. Lindum Road and the line formed by the western plots of 12 and 23 Lindum Road partly follow the alignment of the medieval road of Pottergate. As part of the re-organisation of the city during the High Medieval Era, a new ecclesiastical core, centred on the Cathedral, developed immediately north of the Character Area. Towards the end of the High Medieval Era, the religious area was enclosed Page 4 of 19

4 by the Close Wall in order to protect the clergy moving between their homes and the Cathedral at night. The line of the wall forms much of the northern boundary of the Character Area running to the Bishop s Palace. The standing remains of a High Medieval building are also located where the vineyard wall intersects with the Close Wall to the east. Pottergate Arch, at the top of Lindum Road, was also constructed within the Close Wall as a new eastern gateway into the city. The medieval gateway is one of two gateways in the Character Area that have provided access to the east of the city since the High Medieval Era. The other gateway at the top of Greestone Stairs continues to provide pedestrian access to the upper city. Western parts of the northern boundary of the Character Area are also defined by a tall stone wall of High Medieval date which pertains to a terraced vineyard belonging to the Bishop s Palace. Figure 1: The medieval Pottergate Arch is one of two gateways in the Character Area that have provided access to the east of the city since the High Medieval Era Two churches appear to have been located within what is the current extent of Temple Gardens. St. Andrew s Church under the hill and St. Trinity Church were located beneath the walls of the Bishop s Palace and adjacent to Greestone Stairs respectively. The churches appear to have survived into the Early Modern era before being demolished. The undeveloped nature of land within Temple Gardens may be a result of the area s formerly consecrated status, as well as its difficult topography for building. During the High Medieval and into the Early Modern Era [ AD] the Clewmarket, or thread market, was located near the southern boundary of the Character Area. During the Early Modern Era, the defensive ditch to the south of the Character Area was filled in, allowing for the construction of Broadgate. It is likely that the road played a significant role in the city s livestock markets, as several were located along its length, including the Beast Market opposite 1 to 4 Lindum Road. The current Lindum Road was constructed during the Early Industrial period as a turnpike road providing a bypass between northern and southern parts of the city. The road was originally known as New Road, and a painted street sign on 22 Lindum Road records the road s original name. Lincoln experienced a period of expansion during the Early Industrial Period, the road quickly became a focus for development, and many buildings along its uphill side survive from the Early Industrial Period (e.g. 11, 12, 14-18, and 24 Lindum Road). Rows of terraced houses were also built on the current sites of The Collection and Crown House. Temple Gardens, including the surviving Classical Greek-style temple in the north of the Character Area, were probably established during the same Era. The gardens were originally a fee-paying pleasure garden for the middle classes, but were sold towards the end of the Post-Railway Expansion Period for use as a private garden. Pottergate Arch continued to serve as the eastern gateway to the upper city until the Post-Railway Expansion Period [ AD], when buildings to the south were removed to allow traffic to pass around the arch. Houses continued to be constructed in Page 5 of 19

5 the area throughout the Post-Railway and Late Victorian/Edwardian [ AD] Periods. The Lincoln College of Art and Design, which was originally Christ s Hospital Girls School, was constructed during the same period. Early on in the Inter-War Period [ AD], the former Temple Gardens were sold to the City of Lincoln, and were made into a public park, at the heart of which was built the Usher Gallery, using a bequest from James Usher, a wealthy city goldsmith. During the Post-War Period [ AD], land in between Flaxengate and Danesgate was cleared of Early Industrial housing for use as a multi-storey car park, and for the building of Crown House. During the Modern Period, the car park became the site of The Collection. Additional buildings constructed during the Modern Period [ AD] include the large Lincoln Minster School building at the top of Lindum Hill, and the groups of three apartment blocks on the former site of a large detached house below Greestone Terrace. Urban form Lindum Hill Character Area is situated on the steepest part of the north escarpment on the eastern side of the city centre. Lindum Road, an inner-city bypass carrying heavy volumes of traffic up and down the north escarpment, forms much of the eastern boundary of the area and defines the transition between the city centre to the west and more residential areas to the east. To the north, the area borders the ecclesiastical core of the city including the Bishop s Palace. Buildings within the area fulfil a variety of functions including a mixture of residential, civic and service properties ranging from civic buildings to a mixture of commercial and residential properties. The mixture of uses as well as the road s role as the north/south inner-city bypass lead to high volumes of traffic and pedestrian footfall, giving the area a strong sense of vitality throughout much of the daytime and evening. Lindum Road is a reverse S shape in plan, transecting the steep slope of the north escarpment. There are infrequent vehicular access points off the road, except for a handful of entrances to large-scale properties, and two roads in the north east of the Character Area near the shallower gradients of the crest of the escarpment (Lindum Terrace and Pottergate). Despite the lack of connecting roads, the area is divided into small urban blocks due to the regular presence of footpaths, the majority of which connect the area with the city centre to the west. Connectivity to the north, south and east is comparatively poorer, due to the more impermeable boundaries of the walled ecclesiastical building plots and the tall retaining wall of Lindum Road. The lack of connectivity is exacerbated by Lindum Road which acts as a dual carriageway for much of its length, inhibiting turning to the east or west when ascending or descending the slope respectively. Connectivity and access improve in the south west of the Character Area where two parallel north/south roads connect with the city centre, and serve the rear of properties along the lower parts of Lindum Road. Urban blocks are divided into varying sizes of building plots, which range from the more organised rectangular plots of residential properties off Lindum Road, to the larger and irregularly-shaped plots of large-scale buildings such as the Usher Gallery and the Lincoln College building. Sizeable areas of open space surround many of the larger individual properties, although those in the south west of the area, including The Collection and Crown House, occupy almost the entirety of their plots, creating a transition to the more urban areas further to the west. Similarly, residential building plots often occupy most, if not the entire width, of their plots, but have open space to the front and rear in the form of small forecourts and larger gardens respectively. However, houses in the south west of the area have an accumulation of extensions and outbuildings that take up the majority of rear plots. Consequently, there is a varying density of buildings in the area; highest in the south west and lowest around the Usher Gallery and Lincoln College. Plot boundaries are defined in a wide variety of ways, and tall walls, many of which are retaining walls built into the slope, are a repetitive feature of the Character Area. Public/private boundaries to the front of residential properties mostly consist of low brick or stone walls, many of which have mature vegetation above. A small number of houses have cast-iron railings. The low stone boundary wall along the south-eastern side of Lindum Hill acts a retaining wall for the road. The low height of the wall permits long-distance views over the rooftops of Late Victorian/Edwardian houses to rural areas along the south escarpment and within the lower Witham valley. Elsewhere in the area, tall boundary walls are conspicuous features, such as the stone walls along the southern boundary of Lincoln Minster School, the western boundary of Temple Gardens, and along the southern boundary of the Bishop s Palace overlooking Temple Gardens, as well as the very tall brick wall along the west side of Lindum Hill in the north of the Character Area. The tall boundary walls lead to a sense of inactivity and heightened enclosure in many parts, emphasising the role of the road as a bypass around the city centre to the west. The role is further emphasised by the stone-built Pottergate Arch immediately west of the area at the top of Lindum Hill. This junction remains a gateway to the inner city, and thus defines Lindum Road as an extra-mural road. Furthermore, the pedestrian gate at the top of Greestone Stairs provides the same experience for pedestrians passing between Greestone Place and the rear of the College building. Page 6 of 19

6 Figure 2: There is a rising building line towards the upper parts of Lindum Road with a repeated pattern of vertical windows and chimneys within Buildings within the Character Area consist of a number of individual large-scale detached buildings as well as a few small groups of properties of lesser scale facing Lindum Road. Despite considerable variation in scale and style, the majority of properties have some shared attributes, which cumulatively give the area an identifiable rhythm and sense of place. Buildings are consistently two to three storeys in height (the only exceptions being the modern four-storey apartment blocks at Greestone Mount and part of the Minster School building), resulting in a townscape that mirrors the gradient of the escarpment as it rises or falls. Properties are built of small-scale materials, including brick and to a lesser extent stone. The majority of properties have active frontages, with door and windows facing the street, creating a sense of activity and security along streets. Properties facing directly on to Lindum Hill include a number of three-bay width detached houses and single-bay semi-detached houses towards the uppermost and lowermost sections of the slope, and a short row of attached two-bay width terraced houses near the top of the slope. The row of attached buildings and the closely-spaced detached houses create a strong building line facing on to the road. The row of houses is made up of a small number of build units, each of which includes between one and no more than five/six houses. Properties are constructed of small-scale materials, being mostly built of red or a buff-coloured brick, although a handful of detached properties (e.g. numbers 24 and 25) are built of stone. Buildings facing on to Lindum Hill are set back between 1m and 7m from the footway, with small forecourts to the front. However, a number of buildings in the south of the area have projections which extend to the front of their plot boundaries. There are very few driveways due to the difficulty of providing access off Lindum Road, as well as the shallow nature of forecourts. Houses have medium-to-high solid-to-void ratios with regular vertical windows, the majority of which retain their original sliding sash windows with single or multiple panes. Doors, which are mostly of wood with occasional glazed panels, are located in various positions on the front façade. Many doors have decorative fanlights, such as at 15 and 16 Lindum Road. Buildings towards the upper parts of the slope are plain and symmetrical in style, with a few loosely classical decorative features such as one- to three-storey canted bay windows, shallow wooden porch surrounds, and in one instance stone pediments above first-floor windows. Several of the buildings, including the detached stone buildings, have rendered or painted façades. Properties along the lower parts of the slope are comparatively more ornate, and consequently are individual in character. Properties frequently incorporate carved stone dressings, such as within the window and door surrounds, balustrades and bay windows. Many properties in the lower parts of the area have quoins accentuated in stone or stucco. Some decorative elements are entirely individual in style, such as the wrought-iron balconies on 1 Lindum Hill, and the first- and second-floor balustrade verandas on number 6. Page 7 of 19

7 Figure 3: Some decorative elements are entirely individual in style, such as the wrought-iron balconies on 1 Lindum Hill Roofs are of Welsh slate, and are of a shallow hipped construction on detached properties or are steeper and gabled on terraced houses. Ridgelines on houses run parallel to the street, although a number of properties in the south of the area have gable ends above projecting wings facing the street, such as the pair of Dutch-style gables on 2 and 3 Lindum Road. Chimneystacks are plain and are built both passing through and avoiding the ridgeline. Many chimney pots are extremely tall and narrow. Rainwater goods are mostly plastic, although several cast-iron pipes survive. Several outbuildings and extensions in the rear plots of houses backing on to Danesgate have been converted for commercial use. The buildings are set at the back of the footway, are plain in decoration, and are smaller in scale than buildings fronting Lindum Road, demonstrating their less prominent status. Properties are built of brick, and have gabled slate roofs with ridgelines running parallel to the street. Many of the buildings retain coach-style entranceways, which gave access (and often continue to) to the rear of houses facing Lindum Road. The buildings have high solid-to-void ratios, with small windows and infrequent doors, apart from solid wooden garage doors and coach-style entrances. As a result, there is a lower sense of activity along Danesgate, which is exacerbated by other inactive features such as the side façades of The Collection, the rear of the Usher Gallery, and the elevated car park to Crown House. Page 8 of 19

8 Figure 4: Several outbuildings and extensions in the rear plots of houses backing on to Danesgate have been converted for commercial use. They are set at the back of the footway, are plain in decoration and smaller in scale, demonstrating their less prominent status There are a number of very large-scale buildings within the Character Area, each of which is highly individual in style. Buildings include The Collection, The Usher Gallery, Lincoln College of Art and Design, Crown House, and the newly-built Lincoln Minster School building. Many of the properties are landmark buildings, and the Lincoln Minster School near the top of Lindum Road is also a terminating feature when ascending the hill. Buildings have very few common characteristics, other than their height, which is either two tall storeys or three storeys. Lincoln College of Art and Design and the Usher Gallery are both set back within the large grounds of Temple Gardens. Both properties face to the south, taking advantage of southerly views from the escarpment, as opposed to facing Lindum Road. The depth of setback and the resulting open space between Lindum Road and the buildings lead to a more open sense of enclosure along parts of Lindum Road, and allow for deeper views up the escarpment slope towards the Cathedral. Lincoln College of Art and Design is irregular in plan, and includes a symmetrical main block with flanking wings, which are linked by a three-storey range to a western block. The college is built in the Renaissance Revival style, and is highly decorative in form with a plethora of terracotta dressings in the form of moulded bands, friezes, gable and eaves decoration. The building has large vertical casement windows with square leaded panes. Openings consist of two-, three- or four-light mullioned windows with varying styles of surround (e.g. ogee headed or elliptical headed). Many of the windows, particularly (although not exclusively) at ground floor level, have external or internal chipboard/plywood screening for security or interior lighting purposes respectively. The boarding results in a high sense of inactivity and gives a feeling of insecurity to the vicinity. The building has undergone a series of extensions during its history, the most recent of which is underway in the west of the area. To the front, the building is accessed via a main stone stairway; however, to the west there is a series of concrete ramps and stairs with modern steel tubular handrails. Page 9 of 19

9 Figure 5: Lincoln College of Art and Design is built in the Renaissance Revival style, and is highly decorative in form with a plethora of terracotta dressings in the form of moulded bands, friezes, gable and eaves decoration The Usher Gallery is built of ashlar and brick. Stonework includes rusticated quoins, parapet and balustrade, moulded doorcase, as well as many neoclassical elements such as oversized pilasters, entablature and a pseudo frieze with bucrania. The building has a high solid-to-void ratio with vertical multiple-paned sash windows at ground floor level, which are screened to the interior, and a blind upper storey. The building has a small single-storey wing to the west, which backs on to Danesgate. The wing has an extremely high solid-to-void ratio, with a handful of small square windows, leading to a sense of inactivity along upper parts of Danesgate. Crown House and The Collection occupy almost the entire urban block in the south west of the Character Area. The buildings are set at the back of the footway and, including an elevated parking area, occupy almost the entirety of the plots. Both buildings are very plain in style, with few if any decorative features. Crown House is a concrete-framed building with large vertical windows above concrete panels on each floor, creating a low overall solid-to-void ratio. Contrastingly, The Collection has a very high solid-to-void ratio with horizontal slit style windows as well as an occasional large projecting window. The building is built of finely coursed stone, and is composed of a series of loosely rectangular building blocks running east/west, each of which occupy the entire width of the urban block. Small changes in the shape and scale of each building block give the overall development a sense of movement, particularly along Danesgate and Flaxengate. Page 10 of 19

10 Figure 6: The Collection has a very high solid-to-void ratio with horizontal slit style windows. The building is built of finely coursed stone in a series of loosely rectangular building blocks running east/west, that occupy the entire width of the urban block The modern Lincoln Minster School building is a terminating feature at the upper end of Lindum Hill. The building is composed of a series of attached blocks built in red or buff-coloured brick. The most prominent block, looking down Lindum Road, is built of buff brick with a ground floor of coarse stone and a central glazed bay with gabled upper. The boundary wall to the property, which is set back 1 to 8 metres from the footway, is built of coarse limestone rubble, and is a conspicuous feature of the plot when ascending or descending Lindum Road. Carriageways in the Character Area consist of the two-to-four-lanes wide Lindum Road, as well as Danesgate and Flaxengate, which are two lanes in width. Lindum Road is surfaced in tarmac, and has a central reservation along its lower stretches as it widens towards the major junction with Monks Road, Clasketgate, Silver Street and Broadgate. The junction is a key transport node in the city, carrying heavy volumes of traffic. The access to Temple Gardens, which extends for a short stretch off Lindum Road, is marked by a large crossover with white limestone setts and block paving bordering Lindum Road. The short carriageway itself, which is subject to heavy parking, is surfaced with a geometric pattern of black and white paving set into squares within the carriageway, the remainder of which is surfaced with concrete paving. Pavements are surfaced in tarmac and have concrete kerbs. In contrast, the public realm along Danesgate, Flaxengate and Grantham Street underwent major works which were completed in The streets are surfaced with York Stone setts with York stone channel slabs with red granite margins. Pavements have York stone slabs with York Stone kerbs. Many limestone crossovers marking access points off the east side of Danesgate have been restored or renovated. The public realm works give the area a highly coherent character, uniting the area with Steep Hill and The Strait via Danes Terrace. There is very little street furniture within the area, and very few street markings, resulting in a very clean and minimalist streetscape Page 11 of 19

11 Figure 7: Danesgate, Flaxengate and Grantham Street are surfaced with York Stone setts with York stone channel slabs with red granite margins. Pavements have York stone slabs with York Stone kerbs. Public realm works have given the area a highly coherent character Street furniture varies throughout the Character Area, and includes many original/traditional features, such as a number of Foster s lanterns with City of Lincoln cross-pieces, cast-iron drain covers, cross-over drains and gutters, particularly around the public realm works at Flaxengate and Danesgate. Elsewhere much of the street furniture is modern, including tall steel street lighting and large modern steel and plastic road signage. There is a considerable amount of infrastructure associated with Lindum Road, such as traffic lights, large directional signage, pedestrian crossing points, and cast-iron pedestrian safety barriers, leading to a cluttered townscape in places. Many Late Victorian/Edwardian cast-iron street signs remain, and the remnants of a painted street sign New Road is visible on 22 Lindum Road. A large proportion of the Character Area consists of open space, the majority of which is within the publicly accessible Temple Gardens. The gardens consist of a series of grassed terraces, with a dispersed number of mature trees and planted borders. The area is crossed by a series of paths and stairs which connect Danesgate with the Usher Gallery, Lindum Road and the College of Art and Design. Remaining open space in the area consists of mature garden plots to the rear of houses in the northern half of the area. Views There are long-ranging views over rooftops to the south escarpment and rural areas within the lower Witham valley. There are also complex uphill views of buildings forming a broken building line up Lindum Road, as well as views of the Cathedral towers and the complex of buildings around the Bishop s Palace. Page 12 of 19

12 Figure 8: From the top of Temple Gardens there are extensive views over the gardens themselves and beyond to the south escarpment and rural areas within the lower Witham valley Condition of Buildings and Streetscape Buildings appear to be in good condition, with limited replacement of original features with modern substitutes. Many boundary walls, including the remains of the Roman wall in the north of the area, are in poor structural condition, and are overgrown with vegetation. Buildings within Temple Gardens have high solid-to-void ratios, often because of internal or external screening, resulting in a feeling of inactivity and insecurity. The streetscape around Flaxengate and Danesgate underwent a programme of public realm works which was completed in Use Buildings in the area are used for a wide variety of purposes including commercial, residential, and public services. Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas The Character Area is dominated by Lindum Road which is a major inner-city bypass that skirts the historic city core, carrying heavy volumes of traffic between the north and south of the city. Buildings face the road, turning their back on surrounding areas. The area is also located immediately east of the city centre core, and many areas to the west are poorly connected with Lindum Hill Character Area. Nonetheless, buildings in the south of the Character Area create a transition between the urban areas to the west and residential areas to the east. Mature trees within the area form part of the tree cover that characterises much of the north escarpment, especially when viewed from the south. Page 13 of 19

13 Key Townscape Characteristics Lindum Hill Character Area is situated on the steepest part of the north escarpment on the eastern side of the city centre and contains properties that are used for a mixture of residential, civic and service functions Lindum Road, a busy inner-city bypass, forms much of the eastern boundary of the area and defines the transition between the city centre to the west and more residential areas to the east There are several landmark individual buildings in the area such as The Collection, The Usher Gallery and Lincoln College Earlier developments that influence the current landscape include: o Earthworks associated with the former defensive ditch and a small section of wall from the Roman Colonia Era survive in the east of Temple Gardens. o Medieval pattern of streets including Flaxengate and Danesgate o Development along Lindum Road dates from a time of rapid expansion for the city during the Early Industrial Period Urban blocks are divided into varying sizes of building plots, from the more organised rectangular plots of residential properties off Lindum Road, to the larger and irregularly-shaped plots of large-scale buildings such as the Usher Gallery and the Lincoln College building. These large-scale buildings are all highly individual. Similarities in residential properties: o Consistently two to three storeys in height o Built of small-scale materials, including brick and to a lesser extent stone o Majority of properties have active frontages, with doors and windows facing the street, creating a sense of activity and security along streets o Roofs are of Welsh slate, and are of a shallow hipped construction on detached properties or are steeper and gabled on terraced houses o Chimneystacks are plain and are built both passing through and avoiding the ridgeline. Many chimney pots are extremely tall and narrow o Buildings towards upper parts of the slope are plain and symmetrical in style, with a few loosely classical decorative features. Properties along the lower parts of the slope are comparatively more ornate, and thereby individual Tall walls, many of which are retaining walls built into the slope, are a repetitive feature of the Character Area. The tall boundary walls lead to a sense of inactivity and enclosure in many parts, emphasising the role of the road as bypass around the city centre to the west The low stone boundary wall along the south-eastern side of Lindum Hill acts a retaining wall for the road but also permits long-distance views to rural areas along the south escarpment and the lower Witham valley. Elsewhere there are complex uphill views of buildings forming a broken building line up Lindum Road, plus views of the Cathedral towers and buildings around the Bishop s Palace A large proportion of the Character Area consists of open space, the majority of which is in the public Temple Gardens. Remaining open space in the area consists of mature garden plots to the rear of houses in the northern half of the area The mixture of uses as well as the road s role as the north/south inner-city bypass lead to high volumes of traffic and pedestrian footfall, giving the area a strong sense of vitality Page 14 of 19

14 Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes Character Area Type: Residential Predominant Period: Early Industrial (1750 to 1845 AD) Secondary Period: Late Victorian/Edwardian (1869 to 1919 AD) Average Building Density: Medium Location Type: Inner city Average Building Type: Mixed Page 15 of 19

15 Appendix 2: List of RAZs Local roads The swine, beast and sheep markets in Broadgate, St Rumbold's Churchyard and Sheep Square The Clewmarket Housing in the lower city Housing in Eastgate Suburb (and the Close within St Margaret Pottergate parish) Housing in Butwerk suburb Quarries in the cliff face east of the city Lower City defences The Close Wall Dominican Friary St Andrew-under-Palace St George Holy Trinity Greestone Stairs The city's arable fields Enclosed pasture and meadow east and west of the city Working class housing of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Newport, the Bail, the lower city and Wigford. Housing in the Close and Eastgate Newly-built Victorian housing for the middle and upper classes c Stone and clay quarries in the cliff face east of the city Girls' High School Long distance road routes Intermediate road routes The Usher Gallery Public Parks and Gardens Local road routes The Jurassic Way Hill side springs, streams and pools Limestone uplands Northern hill slope area with springs and possible secular occupation Training and recreational complex outside fortress east gate Cemetery east of fortress Northern and southern hill slopes Suburban development east of the walled city Houses within the walled lower city The defences Springs and pools on the hillside Cemeteries Central elements of former Roman city and Roman network Reserved enclosure(s) defined by the Roman city walls Local roads The High Market of the lower city and other lower city markets The Clewmarket Houses in the lower city Housing in Eastgate suburb (and the Close within St Margaret Pottergate Parish) Housing in Butwerk suburb Pottery production sites in the lower walled city Pottery production area north of Monks Road Quarries in the cliff face east of the city Lower city defences Close Wall Dominican Friary St Andrew-under-Palace St George Holy Trinity Greestone Stairs Common pasture east of Butwerk Page 16 of 19

16 Appendix 3: List of Monuments Wragby Road (53.237, -0.53) 23 Pottergate (53.233, -0.53) House, rear of 16 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 19 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 11 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Post-medieval/Early Modern wall, Pottergate Lodge (53.233, -0.53) 4 Temple Gardens, Greestone Lodge (53.232, -0.53) Shaft, Adam and Eve PH (53.233, -0.53) 2 and 3 Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.54) Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.54) Alley, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Roman grave slab, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Pit, Lindum Road (53.232, -0.53) Greestone Mount Cottage, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Brooks/Brookes/Padleys/Moores Cottages, 2-12 Wragby Road (53.234, -0.53) Lindum Holme, Lindum Terrace/Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) The Greestones, Greestone Stairs (53.233, -0.53) Late Saxon?pottery kiln. Lindum Road (53.232, -0.53) Inhumation, Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.53) Stairs House, 10 Lindum Road (53.232, -0.53) Lindum Holme Lodge, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Greestone Centre, University of Lincoln, Lindum Road/Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.53) 24 Lindum Road, Pottergate Lodge (53.233, -0.53) 22 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 21 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 20 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 19A Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 18 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 17 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 16 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 15 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 14 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 13 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) 12 Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Trinity Well Street (53.232, -0.53) Trinity Well (53.232, -0.53) Holegate/Holgate (53.231, -0.53) Greestone Stairs (53.232, -0.53) Quarry pit, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Quarry pit, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Quarry pit, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.53) Well, Lincoln Minster School (53.233, -0.53) Well, Lincoln Minster School (53.233, -0.53) Roman pit, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Quarry, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Wall, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Wall, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Wall, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Arched doorway, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Medieval wall, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Medieval wall, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) Hearth/oven, Lindum Terrace (53.233, -0.53) 25 Lindum Road/Wragby Road. Adam and Eve public house (53.233, -0.53) Holy Trinity / St Trinity Church, Greestone Stairs (53.232, -0.53) Pottergate (53.234, -0.53) Lindum Road (53.232, -0.53) Monks Road (53.231, -0.53) Stone building, Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Heated Wall/Orangery, Temple Gardens (53.233, -0.54) Page 17 of 19

17 Wall, Greestone Centre, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.54) Medieval building, Temple Gardens (53.233, -0.54) Garden Temple, Temple Gardens (53.233, -0.54) Roman cremation burial, Lindum Road (53.233, -0.54) St Andrews Church under Palace (53.233, -0.54) Roman kiln, Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.54) Crown House, Grantham Street (53.231, -0.54) Pumping Station, Flaxengate (53.231, -0.54) 3-9 Danesgate (53.231, -0.54) Flaxengate (53.231, -0.54) 69 Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) 2 Grantham Street, Hatfield Stables (53.231, -0.54) 5.5 Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) 1 Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.54) Coin Room, Usher Gallery (53.232, -0.54) Bungalow, Usher Gallery (53.232, -0.54) Curtois extension, Usher Gallery (53.232, -0.54) Roman grave slab, Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) Inscribed stone, Lindum Road (53.232, -0.54) Usher Art Gallery boundary wall and gate piers (53.232, -0.54) Usher Art Gallery garden pavilion and terrace wall (53.232, -0.54) St Georges Church and cemetery (53.231, -0.54) St Gregorys Church? (53.231, -0.54) Roman road Pottergate/Lindum Hill (53.232, -0.54) Mid Roman defences. Lower City east. (53.231, -0.54) Roman building, Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Danes Terrace (53.232, -0.54) Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) The Collection, Flaxengate/Danes Terrace/Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) 27 and 29 Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Early medieval wall, Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Early medieval pit or well, Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Early medieval pits, Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Flaxengate Car Park (53.232, -0.54) Late Roman defences. Ditch, Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.54) 31 Danesgate. The Manvers Arms (53.232, -0.54) Late Roman defences. Gates. Lower east gate (53.231, -0.54) Early Roman building, Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) Mid Roman building, Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) Late Roman building, Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) Medieval building, Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) Medieval well, Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) Medieval building, Flaxengate (53.232, -0.54) 7 Lindum Road (53.232, -0.54) 1 Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) 2 Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) 3 Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) 4 Lindum Road; Hatfield House (53.231, -0.54) 5 Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) 6 Lindum Road (53.232, -0.54) Usher Art Gallery, Lindum Road (53.232, -0.54) 15 Danesgate Generous Briton Beerhouse (53.232, -0.54) 17 Danesgate Crown Beerhouse (53.232, -0.54) 23 Danesgate Sir Robert Peel Beerhouse (53.231, -0.54) Late Roman defences. Walls. Colonia wall at 3/4 Lindum Road (53.231, -0.54) Wards Passage, Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Coopers Court, Danesgate (53.232, -0.54) Wesley Court, Grantham Street (53.231, -0.54) Fountain, Temple Gardens (53.232, -0.54) Clasketgate (53.231, -0.54) Page 18 of 19

18 Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites Temple Gardens Bishop's Old Palace Page 19 of 19

19 Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the current character Close Wall / High Medieval Defences / Roman Military Defences Gate / High Medieval Park / Post-railway expansion Park / Late Victorian/Edwardian Quarry / Early Industrial Quarry / High Medieval Road / Roman Colonia Road / Early Modern School / Modern Page 20 of 19

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