So, How do Fire Starts & Spreads? A question we need to understand and appreciate the dynamics of fire life cycle.
|
|
- Marian Paul
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 So, How do Fire Starts & Spreads? A question we need to understand and appreciate the dynamics of fire life cycle.
2 The figure on the right depicts a typical life cycle of a fire: its 4 stages of fire induction, growth, fully developed, and finally its decay stage. At the induction stage (also known as the initiation stage), the essential components of the fire triangle interact. The fuel in the correct proportion and physically mixed in the presence of oxygen and heat initiated the combustion chemical reaction: The fire is started The fire combustion reaction then begins to produce combustion products such as heat and smoke. It is uncertain at this point to know if the fire or combustion reaction can be sustained; this is very much dependent if the fuel is continuously feed into the chemical reaction.
3 At the growth stage (also known as the propagation stage), the chemical combustion process is sustained or self-sustained. Fuel can be feeding into the combustion process in 2 ways: (1) We call a Sustained Combustion, where we purposely feed the combustion process with a continuous supply of fuel, such as the provision of LP-Gas at the cooking stove, use of Bunsen burner at the laboratory workbench. Such Sustained-Fires are usually by design and well controlled, especially in the rate of reaction. We are quite familiar with all these sustained fires in our daily life, don t we? (2) A Self-sustaining Combustion, where the heat produced by the initial ignition process is sufficiently high enough to cause the surrounding fuels to also start to burn; thereby creating a chain reaction, which begins to grow in a selfsustaining way. Such Self-sustained-Fires are usually not by design; hence we are not in control of therate of reaction. In both cases, the fire is growing
4 Note that in the growth stage, a designed sustained combustion is usually well controlled in its rate of reaction and they proceed quickly into a fully developed fire bythe design fuel supply. However, due to the uncertain rate of reaction in the Self-sustaining Combustion process, Zone (a) is what we called a Flashover Zone in the growth stage. As the self-sustaining fire grows, more heat, smokes, and combustible fire gases are produced and trapped within the burning compartment. As thetemperature continue to rise and combustible fire gases continue to fill the compartment, there will come a point when the temperature is hot enough to cause an instantaneous ignition of all items within thecompartment A Flashover has occurred. A flashover is therefore a temperature-dependent fire phenomenon that will accelerate the rate of reaction rapidly and elevate the temperature of the fire within a short span of time, involving the burning of all items within the compartment at the same time; moving the combustion process into the next stage.
5 When the self-sustaining fire reaction reaches its near-steady state, we say that the fire has reached its Fully Developed Stage. At this stage, the fire continues to burn violently, consuming the available fuels and is characterized by the massive flames and high temperature in excess of 500 o C: The fire is spreading
6 At the decay stage, the combustion reaction begins to lose its steam. As the amount of fuel decreases, the rate of reaction also slowed down and eventually extinguished itself when thefuels are depleted. The fire is dying
7 Let s review the fire life cycle with the visual of a compartment fire and appreciate how fire starts and spread. From the visual, you would have noticed the interaction of the fire triangle at the seat of the sofa. As the fire reaction picks up momentum, air is draw in to support the combustion process, producing heat and smokes as products of combustion A fire plume is developing. As the heat and smoke layer rises to the ceiling, they are diverted horizontally left and right towards the edge of the compartment.
8 As the heat accumulates at the ceiling, it began to radiate downward towards the other contents of the room. As a result, gaseous pyrolysis products such as phosgene, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, chlorine, etc. are emitted by the furniture and other contents within the compartment forming the deckhead combustible gas layer near the ceiling of the compartment.
9 As the combustible deckhead gases become superheated, they get ignited with the increasing ceiling temperature, a fire phenomenon called rollover will be observed to be burning across the deckhead within the smoke layer across the ceiling. Rollover is an indicator of eminent flashover occurring. When the compartment temperature reaches about 500 o C, all combustible gases will ignite and all combustible materials within the compartment will flash into flame A flashover has occurred, consuming all materials within the compartment instantaneously
10 After flashover, the compartment fire will developed into a fully developed fire involving the whole room or compartment; and eventually decay and extinguished itself when thecontents of thecompartment are depleted, as shown. So, you can see that the life cycle of a compartment fire can be described in the similar 4 stages of fire induction, growth, fully developed, and decay.
11 But how do heat moves from one place to another? We now look at the principles behind fire spread As in water that flow from high to low level; heat moves from high to low intensity and is transferred from a hot to cool surface. This is done by 3 key methods called conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is a method of heat transferred that involved direct contact of the surface material. In fire within buildings, fire spread by this method mostly involved solid building materials and elements of structures that are in contact with one another. It is not the most prevalent method of fire spread because most building materials are limited by their thermal conductivity before they are approved for use.
12 Convection is a method of heat transferred that involved indirect contact of the surface material. In fire within buildings, fire spread by this method mostly involved movement of gas-layer or liquid-layer from the hot area to a cooler area, thereby transferring the heat to the exposed cooler surface that came in contact with the convection medium such as the hot smoke-layer in a burning building. It is the most common method of fire spread within building and structure, limited by the cooling effect of as thesmoke-layer moves and theexposed combustible surfaces.
13 Radiation is a method of heat transferred that involved no contact of material at all. In fire within buildings, fire spread by this method mostly involved solid or liquid materials being exposed to the thermal Infrared (IR) electromagnetic radiation. Absorbed infrared radiation raises the temperature of the solid and liquid exposed, thereby transferring the heat from the distant source to the exposed materials. Radiation is the most common and prevalent method of fire spread within the building and even across structure at distant away; a very good example is the daily sunshine and warmth that we get from the sun. As long there is a line of sight and the electromagnetic wave is strong enough to reach, thermal radiation you will absorb.
14 Alright, what we had just discussed are the 3 basic scientific methods of heat transfer. But in the event the exposed material is directly below or near the fire, it may be subjected to combination of the 3 methods, we called Direct Burning (or also known asflame Impingement). We also need to appreciate that how fire spreads within a building and across structure is also influenced by other factors such as the initial design and intended use of the premise. These factors contribute to the eventual fuel load and occupant load of the building; and they make a big different if the intended use of the building is to be a warehouse or commercial building. The required protection for the elements of structures and ventilation needs can also vary vastly. All these factors do influence the resultant fire spread
15 Let's stop again for a quick look at the big picture. Insofar, we had begun to understand how fires start, spread, and how heat transfer methods played a part in thewhole fire life cycle. We had discussed the compartment fire dynamics, know the associated fire phenomena such as the rollover indicator, flashover point that led to a full-blown developed fire but there is one more that we did not discuss - a backdraft, or sometime called a smoke explosion that can occur at the decay stage. We also need to understand that in the industry, due to the nature and quantity of fuel and the cocktails of flammable materials that refinery, chemical plants, warehouses and factories are handling, the fire phenomena you may face may include pressurised jet fire, spill pool fire, a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion, and a possible fireball. Again, it is not the intent of this topic to go into details and in-depth knowledge. But what is important for you as prospective fire safety manager to appreciate the various
16 fire phenomena and associated hazards when you operate in different workplace setting. With this understanding, you would see the important to provide effective training to your workplace Evacuation Warden Team, and the Company Emergency Response Team called CERT in short.
OXYGEN. 21% in air. Does not burn - Supports combustion. Increased oxygen will intensify burning
FIRE Rapid self-sustaining oxidation of a fuel and oxygen in the presence of heat usually with the production of heat, light, and combustion byproducts OXYGEN 21% in air Does not burn - Supports combustion
More informationMax Fire Box Users Guide
Max Fire Box Users Guide 1 Mission Statement Providing a cost effective fire and smoke behavior training aid that allows current and future firefighters the ability to recognize rapid fire events in a
More informationAt the end of this study topic, you will be able to discuss the chemistry of fire; discuss the fire dynamics in a compartment fire; and explain the
Hello everyone, Welcome to FEM111 Fire Safety Management. My name is Ivan and I will be your facilitator for the course. This is the first topic of the study unit and we are going to begin by understanding
More information2. Gas B. The column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above a fire; also called convection column, thermal updraft, or thermal column
Fire Behavior Workbook Activities The following activities have been designed to help you. Your instructor may require you to complete some or all of these activities as a regular part of your fire fighter
More informationEvolution in the knowledge about interior firefighting
Evolution in the knowledge about interior firefighting Most of us followed the basic firefighter course years ago. For some this may even be decades ago. Since that time, say the 80 s, society has gone
More informationEssentials of Fire Fighting 6 th Edition Firefighter I
1 Essentials of Fire Fighting 6 th Edition Firefighter I Chapter 5 Fire Behavior Replace with manual graphic on slide master Learning Objective 1 2 Explain the science of fire as it relates to energy,
More informationLESSON ONE FIREFIGHTER I Fire Behavior
LESSON ONE FIREFIGHTER I Fire Behavior OBJECTIVE PAGE DOMAIN: COGNITIVE LEVEL OF LEARNING: KNOWLEDGE MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 4th edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multi media projector;
More informationAnatomy of a Fire. Christopher Crivello, MSFPE, PE. Douglas Nadeau, MSFPE, PE, CFPS, LEED AP
Anatomy of a Fire Douglas Nadeau, MSFPE, PE, CFPS, LEED AP President of RAN Fire Protection Engineering, PC Vice President of truvue Inspection Technology Christopher Crivello, MSFPE, PE Fire Protection
More informationFire is No Accident Fire is No Accident It can be prevented.
1 Fire is No Accident It can be prevented. 2 3 States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas 3 What is Fire? Answer: Fire is a phenomena that occurs when a substance combines with fuel and has adequate oxygen. Typically
More informationFire Behavior CHAPTER OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES AND RESOURCES C H A P T E R 6
C H A P T E R 6 Fire Behavior CHAPTER OVERVIEW A fire spreading through a structure is not a random event. Smoke and flame spread follow predictable patterns that are a function of the quantity, shape,
More informationTo understand FIRE and how to EXTINGUISH it, we first need to know: What is FIRE?
To understand FIRE and how to EXTINGUISH it, we first need to know: What is FIRE? It is the rapid oxidation of a material, in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction
More informationReview for Unit Test #3: Fire Emergencies
Review for Unit Test #3: Fire Emergencies 1. What are the four components of the fire tetrahedron? oxygen fuel heat and a self-sustaining chemical reaction 2. What are the four main factors that affect
More informationINSTRUCTOR GUIDE COURSE: FIREFIGHTER PRE-BASIC SESSION REFERENCE: 1 TOPIC: ORIENTATION AND FIRE BEHAVIOR LEVEL OF INSTRUCTION:
COURSE: FIREFIGHTER PRE-BASIC SESSION REFERENCE: 1 INSTRUCTOR GUIDE TOPIC: ORIENTATION AND FIRE BEHAVIOR LEVEL OF INSTRUCTION: TIME REQUIRED: THREE HOURS MATERIALS: APPROPRIATE AUDIO VISUAL AIDS REFERENCES:
More informationINTERNATIONAL FIRE TRAINING CENTRE
INTERNATIONAL FIRE TRAINING CENTRE FIREFIGHTER INITIAL PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY FOR FIREFIGHTERS Throughout this note he means he/she and his means his/hers. INTRODUCTION In order to understand how fires
More informationVentilation Effects on Fire Patterns during Post Flashover Burning
Ventilation Effects on Fire Patterns during Post Flashover Burning By Matthew Obach, M.A.Sc., EIT, CFEI In order to determine the origin of a fire, fire investigators analyze fire patterns that remain
More informationDCN: ENGINE COMPANY OPERATIONS CHAPTER 4 March 15, 1997 FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS
DCN: 4.05.01 ENGINE COMPANY OPERATIONS CHAPTER 4 March 15, 1997 FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS 4. FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS 4.1 FIREFIGHTING OBJECTIVES 4.1.1 The objectives of firefighting are to protect life and property
More informationUpon completion of this unit of study, the student should be able to: 1. Identify the components of the fire triangle and the fire tetrahedron.
0 - Fire Behavior UNIT OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this unit of study, the student should be able to: 1. Identify the components of the fire triangle and the fire tetrahedron. 2. Know the three physical
More informationWATER MIST CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION
INTERNATIONAL WATER MIST ASSOCIATION IWMA SEMINARS S ON WATER MIST TECHNOLOGY DUBAI INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION CENTRE Water mist fire protection: The most innovative fire fighting technology
More informationTIMOTHY R. SZYMANSKI Instructor
Fire & Life Safety TIMOTHY R. SZYMANSKI Instructor 44 years experience as a firefighter serving in every position from firefighter/paramedic to fire chief. Nationally and State Certified Fire & Life Safety
More informationModeling a real backdraft incident fire
Advanced Computational Methods in Heat Transfer IX 279 Modeling a real backdraft incident fire A. Tinaburri 1 & M. Mazzaro 2 1 Central Direction for Prevention and Technical Safety, Firefighters, Public
More information(Material correct Autumn 2013)
NEBOSH International Certificate in Fire Safety and Risk Management Unit IFC1 INTERNATIONAL FIRE SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT element 2: PRINCIPLES OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION Sample material (Material correct
More informationWhat are the four things that must be present at the same time to produce fire?
What are the four things that must be present at the same time to produce fire? Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, Some sort of fuel or
More information1893 Chicago World s Fair
FIRE INVESTIGATION & FORENSICS UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2015 2 1893 Chicago World s Fair The Chemistry of Fire The FIRE TRIANGLE represents the three elements needed for fire to occur:
More informationSalt Lake Community College FIRE EXTINGUISHER TRAINING
Salt Lake Community College Legal Basis for Training Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health Standards 29 CFR Part 1910 Subpart L Fire Protection Standard 1910.157
More informationTAMUCC Fire Safety Training
TAMUCC Fire Safety Training TAMUCC Fire Safety Meeting Fire Chemistry, Classification, Types Fire Fighting Fire Prevention Fire Detections Fire Safety Activities TAMUCC Fire Safety Meeting Fire: A rapid
More informationEmployers Responsibilities
Why? Fire Kills! Each year 700 people die as a result of fires in their own homes A further 14000 are injured The best way to avoid danger is to prevent fire starting in the first place Legislation Fire
More informationPOSITION PAPER ON WATER MIST FOR FIRE FIGHTING APPLICATIONS
FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS SECTION POSITION PAPER ON WATER MIST FOR FIRE FIGHTING APPLICATIONS Version 1 29-09-04 0 Eurofeu position paper on water mist for fire fighting applications 1 Scope The
More informationCATALYTIC EMITTER - An old idea in new clothes
Page: 1 CATALYTIC EMITTER - An old idea in new clothes 1. Physical Basis There are three kinds to transfer heat: conduction, convection and radiation. In case of conduction the heat is transferred from
More informationRisk Management Department. Fire Extinguishers
Risk Management Department Fire 1 Introduction to Fire Every school facility is equipped with fire extinguishers for staff to use to suppress fires. Used properly, a fire extinguisher can be an effective
More informationST. GABRIEL S SECONDARY SCHOOL Lower Secondary Science Chapter 7 Transfer of Thermal Energy
ST. GRIEL S SEONRY SHOOL Lower Secondary Science hapter 7 Transfer of Thermal Energy Worksheet 7.1 Name : _Suggested nswers ( ) lass : ate : Section : Multiple hoice Questions 1 Two similarly-sized blocks,
More informationUnit THE NATURE OF HEAT
Unit 5.0 - THE NATURE OF HEAT Heat is a form of energy, in the form of infrared radiation. Heat from the sun travels through space at the speed of 300,000,000 m/s. Upon arriving on earth, much of the radiant
More informationFire Extinguisher Training
Fire Extinguisher Training The Fire Triangle Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate. The Fire Triangle Three things must be present
More informationCourse Learning Outcomes for Unit III. Reading Assignment. Unit Lesson. UNIT III STUDY GUIDE Physical Properties of the Three States of Matter: Part 2
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE Physical Properties of the Three States of Matter: Part 2 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Explain the physical and
More informationFirst Revision No. 1-NFPA [ Section No ] Submitter Information Verification. Committee Statement 4/15/ :08 AM
First Revision No. 1-NFPA 1403-2015 [ Section No. 1.2.1 ] 1.2.1 The purpose of this standard shall be to provide a process for conducting live fire training evolutions to ensure that they are conducted
More informationFire Safety Awareness Workbook
Fire Safety Awareness Workbook For All Staff Please ensure you read the workbook thoroughly and complete the assessment at the end Version 2. Introduction Fire safety training is a mandatory element of
More informationPassive fire protection. 6 Passive fire protection. 6.1 Fire compartmentation. Passive fire protection
6 Inside buildings there are two types of fire protection systems: Active Fire Protection and Passive Fire Protection. Both systems should actively work together in the event of a fire. 6.1.1 The four
More informationFire Extinguisher Training
Fire Extinguisher Training Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate. Three things must be present at the same time to produce fire:
More informationFire: Factors Influencing the Level of Risk
Fire: Factors Influencing the Level of Risk IOSH West of Scotland Branch 25 September 2014 James Doyle BSc CMIOSH What is Fire? the light and heat and especially the flame produced by burning a process
More informationThese are just basic training slides, may vary from standards. Fire Safety. 1
These are just basic training slides, may vary from standards Fire Safety www.askmaaz.com 1 Most common causes of fire faulty or misused electrical equipment a build-up of rubbish or waste material (poor
More informationUnit 6: Fire Investigation
Unit 6: Fire Investigation Introduction This unit focuses on the specialist understanding and knowledge required by those who carry out fire and explosion investigations whether they work within the uniformed
More informationInternational Safety Guide Chapter 30 for Inland Navigation Tank-barges and Terminals. Chapter 30 FIRE-FIGHTING
Chapter 30 FIRE-FIGHTING This Chapter discusses events which may follow cargo spillage and the procedures which can be adopted to protect life and property in such circumstances. It also describes the
More informationCRJ 248: Scientific Investigation. Chapter 14: Arson and Explosive Evidence
CRJ 248: Scientific Investigation Chapter 14: Arson and Explosive Evidence Red Neck Smoke Alarm Catching a Wildfire Arsonist Potential Agencies at a Fire Scene Police Federal B.A.T.F.E. Ambulance Fire
More informationHazardous Material Safety Program
Hazardous Material Safety Program Lithium Battery History and Testing Presented By: Date: Discussion Topics Challenges for mitigating lithium battery risks as technology advances What do we know from research
More informationCopy of article submitted to Fire Safety Engineering for publication January/February 2009
Copy of article submitted to Fire Safety Engineering for publication January/February 2009 Metal faced sandwich panels with plastic foam cores - a challenge to fire safety by Gordon Cooke Confusion, misleading
More informationA fire suffering from a lack of air...
A fire suffering from a lack of air... In the last article we looked at the fire triangle and the ventilated fire development. This is the way a fire will develop if there is sufficient air (oxygen). But
More informationASSESSMENT OF FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF TIMBER PARTITION MATERIALS WITH A ROOM CALORIMETER
, Volume 9, Number 1, p.38-58, 2007 ASSESSMENT OF FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF TIMBER PARTITION MATERIALS WITH A ROOM CALORIMETER C.W. Leung and W.K. Chow Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong
More informationSafety Engineering. Fire Protection Systems and Life Safety Systems
Safety Engineering Fire Protection Systems and Life Safety Systems Introduction 2 A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the building's
More informationTemperature & Heat Heat is a type of energy. It is measured in joules (J).
Temperature & Heat Heat is a type of energy. It is measured in joules (J). Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. It is measured in degrees Celsius ( C). Heat energy travels from hot
More informationDirections: Read/complete the following sections on the Transfer of Thermal Energy
Name: _ Period: Date: _ Notes: Thermal Energy Transfers Directions: Read/complete the following sections on the Transfer of Thermal Energy Conduction Heat is transmitted by conduction, convection and radiation.
More informationThree elements of fire. Heat Oxygen Fuel. Remove one of the three and the fire is extinguished.
ABC s Three elements of fire Heat Oxygen Fuel Remove one of the three and the fire is extinguished. Fires are classified based on type of fuel. Extinguishers are also classified on the type of fire they
More informationFire Safety PPT-SM-FIRESFTY V.A.0.0
Fire Safety 1 Fire Theory Definition of fire Rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light Accompanied by flame Produces rapid oxidation 2 Fire Tetrahedron A fire needs four main elements
More informationFire Safety. Version 1.0
This document is intended to provide basic safety guidelines for the Physical Plant Department at Community College of Allegheny County. The information provided in this guide may vary by site. Version
More informationMy name is Zack Holden, co-instructor for this course. Many people associate severe fire with catastrophic, stand-destroying forest fires.
My name is Zack Holden, co-instructor for this course. Many people associate severe fire with catastrophic, stand-destroying forest fires. But fire can have profound effects on soils and the below ground
More informationIFE Level 4 Certificate in Fire Science and Fire Safety
IFE Level 4 Certificate in Fire Science and Fire Safety Unit 6: Fire Investigation Unit Reference Number: T/505/5936 Introduction This unit focuses on the specialist understanding and knowledge required
More informationFire Investigation Terms
{Arson Fire Investigation Terms Fire - Produced when a substance undergoes rapid oxidation involving heat and light. Fire Triangle Shows the three elements needed to produce and sustain a fire. Flash Point
More informationFire Safety Workbook
Fire Safety Workbook For All Staff Please ensure you read the workbook thoroughly and complete the assessment at the end Version: 1. Introduction This workbook offers a flexible way in which the basic
More informationFire Patterns. Introduction. Skills Objectives. Fire Effects and Fire Patterns (2 of 2) 12/20/ Knowledge Objectives
Knowledge Objectives Fire Patterns Identify fire effects and understand their causes. Recognize fire patterns. Identify the cause of fire patterns. Analyze fire patterns to produce a hypothesis. Skills
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 62 (2013 ) Charles M Fleischmann a, *, ZhiJian Chen b
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 62 (2013 ) 324 330 The 9 th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology Defining the difference between backdraft
More informationFacility Safety Rules Hazard Communication Emergency Procedures Fire Safety. Safety Orientation
Facility Safety Rules Hazard Communication Emergency Procedures Fire Safety Safety Orientation Facility Safety Rules Report all hazards, unsafe acts, unsafe conditions and unsafe equipment to your Supervisor
More informationFire fighting Questions
Fire fighting Questions Question 1 (1 Mark) The sides and base of the fire tetrahedron are: a. fuel, nitrogen, oxygen, chemical reaction b. fuel, oxygen, heat, chain reaction c. heat, oxygen, nitrogen,
More informationCadet Entry Level Award(ELA) Part Four. Fire Safety
Cadet Entry Level Award(ELA) Part Four Fire Safety By the end of this ELA module you will Have an understanding of Fire Be able to reduce Fire risk at Work Know what to do when the Fire Alarm sounds Know
More informationPHYSICS OF FOIL HEAT GAIN/LOSS IN BUILDINGS
PHYSICS OF FOIL HEAT GAIN/LOSS IN BUILDINGS There are three modes of heat transfer: CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION (INFRA-RED). Of the three, radiation is the primary mode; conduction and convection
More informationFire Detection System: An Overview
Fire Detection System: An Overview Arief Rahman Thanura Process & Control Engineer VICO Indonesia, LLC Member of ISA Introduction Fire accidents had happened all around the world and more concern raised
More informationAPPUZO RANGE HOOD INSTALLATION
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE, ELECTRIC SHOCK, OR PERSONAL INJURY, PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING: Use the range hood only in the manner intended by the manufacturer. If you have questions,
More informationAPPLICATION BULLETIN COMBUSTION TURBINE FACILITIES. Overview
Overview Modern combustion (or gas) turbine packages typically include an axial compressor, a combustion section and a turbine. Both compressor and turbine sections consist of one or more sets of fixed
More informationTest One: The Uncontrolled Compartment Fire
The University of Edinburgh BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering One Day Symposium on The Dalmarnock Fire Tests: Experiments & Modelling Test One: The Uncontrolled Compartment Fire Cecilia Abecassis
More information7 In the process of convection, heat energy is transferred C D E. 9 Boiling water and ice can exist at the same time in a test tube.
TOPI 9 Transfer of Thermal Energy 1 How may heat be transferred through a vacuum? by convection only by radiation only by conduction only by convection and radiation only E by conduction. convection and
More informationHeat Release Rate of an Open Kitchen Fire of Small Residential Units in Tall Buildings
2014 Purdue Compressor/Refrigeration and Air Conditioning and High Performance Buildings Conference West Lafayette, IN, USA 14-17 July 2014 Heat Release Rate of an Open Kitchen Fire of Small Residential
More informationLABORATORY SAFETY SERIES: Flammables & Explosives
ERI Safety Videos Videos for Safety Meetings 2953 LABORATORY SAFETY SERIES: Flammables & Explosives Leader s Guide Marcom Group Ltd. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM Structure and Organization Information in
More informationFire Safety Awareness Training START
Fire Safety Awareness Training START Why we do this training Because management care about your safety. Because many people are unnecessarily injured by fire at work each year. Because the law specifically
More informationFire Safety in a Laser Lab
Fire Safety in a Laser Lab DOE LSO Workshop Sep 10-12, 2013 R. DeWayne Holcomb, CLSO, CHP Laser Safety Manager University of Texas at Austin Info Began working in the Laser and Radiation Safety field in
More informationThe Importance of Flame Retardant. Jackson Liu, 3M Taiwan
The Importance of Flame Retardant Jackson Liu, 3M Taiwan The Importance of Flame Retardant The Importance of Flame Retardant In order for fire to occur its three basic elements (fuel, heat, and oxygen)
More informationThermal Energy. Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. Before You Read. Read to Learn. Conduction. section 2
chapter 5 Thermal Energy section 2 Conduction, Convection, and What You ll Learn the three ways heat is transferred the difference between insulators and conductors how insulators control the transfer
More informationWe offer ceramic radiant heaters and infra-red radiant tubes.
When considering the choice of a new energy-efficient heating system for halls, warehouses, workshops or greenhouses, we should definitely consider gas-powered radiant heating. State-of-the-art heating
More informationAn Overview of Extinguishing Systems for Computer Equipment
Risk Solutions An Overview of Extinguishing Systems for Computer Equipment Various types of automatic suppression systems are available for protecting computer equipment. This report discusses the uses
More informationThe basic fire theory says that a fire needs four main elements in order to start: heat, fuel, oxygen, and a chain reaction. This theory is known as t
Fire Safety The basic fire theory says that a fire needs four main elements in order to start: heat, fuel, oxygen, and a chain reaction. This theory is known as the fire tetrahedron. PPT-SM-FS 2017 2 Fire
More informationFire Investigation Terms
Forensic Science II Fire Investigation Terms Fire - Produced when a substance undergoes rapid oxidation involving heat and light. Fire Triangle Shows the three elements needed to produce and sustain a
More informationApplication Bulletin. LNG / LPG Facilities FLAME AND GAS DETECTION FOR LNG FACILITIES
FLAME AND GAS DETECTION FOR LNG FACILITIES Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a generic name for liquefied hydrocarbon gas composed primarily of methane. When natural gas is cooled to approximately -260 F,
More informationFire Suppression. Water-Mist : A Revolutionary Green Technology in. - by Nimit Sheth TALL, SMART, SAFE BUILDINGS FOR SMART CITIES.
Water-Mist : A Revolutionary Green Technology in Fire Suppression - by Nimit Sheth Introduction Water-Mist... A Revolutionary Green Technology in Fire Suppression is being researched for more than 50-years
More informationSmoke Management in High-Rise Structures
Smoke Management in High-Rise Structures Most modern building codes define a high-rise structure as a building greater than 75 feet in height from the lowest level of fire department vehicle access to
More information( )
Course Title: Fire Dynamics (3087) Course Number: FST - 3087 Course Credit Hours: (3) Three Semester Hours Instructor Information: Bernard W. Becker, III, MS (937-751-7371) ccfdchiefbecker@yahoo.com Textbook:
More informationDirectories. B.1 Keyword Directory B.2 Tables B.3 Figures B.4 End Notes Fire Safety Guide / Siemens Switzerland Ltd
B Directories B.1 Keyword Directory...326 B.2 Tables...329 B.3 Figures...330 B.4 End Notes...332 325 B.1 Keyword Directory A addressing (collective) 93, 125 addressing (individual) 93 aerosol 69, 70, 95
More informationBROWARD COLLEGE FIRE SAFETY GUIDE
BROWARD COLLEGE FIRE SAFETY GUIDE An acceptable fire protection program includes those fire protection policies, requirements, technical criteria, analyses, administrative procedures, systems and hardware,
More informationFIRE AND FIRE FITTING By Mr. Prashant Sansare
FIRE AND FIRE FITTING By Mr. Prashant Sansare What is mean by fire? CASE STUDY What Happened? Late one evening, a large storage tank containing a flammable liquid began to overflow. It was not detected
More informationThe Science Behind Water Mist Protection of Typical Building Hazards
The Science Behind Water Mist Protection of Typical Building Hazards SUPDET 2014 Zachary Magnone, P.E. Zachary.Magnone@tycofp.com Presentation Goals What is water mist? How does it work? How is it tested
More informationCarbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels.
Construction Concerns: Carbon Monoxide November 20, 2017 By Gregory Havel Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. The chemical
More informationThe phenomenon of the flashover and backdraft. Backdrafts and flashovers. Backdrafts, rollovers and flashovers
Backdrafts and flashovers By Colin Deiner, Chief Director, Disaster Management and Fire Brigade Services, Western Cape Government There are various ways to recognise the signs of a potential flashover
More informationFIRE SAFETY. Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering
FIRE SAFETY Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering OBJECTIVES Learn the emergency response procedure of DChE for fire Familiarize with the emergency equipment: locations and usage Identify
More information3/26/2012. Forensic Science: Arson and Fire Investigation (Chapters 14-15) Fuel + Oxygen + Heat = Fire
Forensic Science: Arson and Fire Investigation (Chapters 14-15) Fire Investigation Terms Fire - Produced when a substance undergoes rapid oxidation involving heat and light. Fire Triangle Shows the three
More informationGood Ideas For Propane Safety
Good Ideas For Propane Safety What You Don't Know CAN Hurt You Safety...It's Up to You Propane is a safe, reliable fuel. Like many other fuels, however, it is flammable. That means it can be dangerous
More informationKRISHNAMURTI FOUNDATION TRUST FIRE SAFETY POLICY. Last Review Date 30 June Next review date 30 August Health and Safety Officer
KRISHNAMURTI FOUNDATION TRUST FIRE SAFETY POLICY Last Review Date 30 June 2015 Policy endorsed by Policy is maintained by ISI reference Trustees Co-Principals/Directors A9, B6, B9 Next review date 30 August
More informationVENTING CLEARANCES. BBT NORTH AMERICA Bosch Group. Bosch Water Heating 340 Mad River Park, Waitsfield, VT TWH-V-26 page 1 of 6 rev 01/06
page 1 of 6 VENTING CLEARANCES The vents should not be obstructed and all joints properly fitted. Floors, ceilings and walls must be cut or framed to provide necessary clearance to vents. Metal strippings
More informationLamorinda CERT - Unit 2 09/15/2016
Contra Costa County CERT Program Unit 2 Fire Safety Released: 15 September 2016 Community Emergency Response Team Personal safety is ALWAYS the number one priority Work as a team Wear personal protective
More informationFundamentals of Heat Transfer
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer State basic laws of heat transfer Estimate heat transfer rates by different modes Use the concept of thermal resistance to solve steady state heat transfer problems State
More informationUsing Fire Extinguishers. Leaders Guide and Quiz
! Using Fire Extinguishers Leaders Guide and Quiz 3578 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM Structure and Organization Information in this program is presented in a definite order so that employees will see the
More informationAerFlow at ::rangehoods.com is a division of kitchen::accessories U N L I M I T E D
USA COOKER HOOD USER INSTRUCTIONS IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS READ AND SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE READ ENTIRE INSTRUCTIONS EFORE PROCEEDING. IMPORTANT: Save these Instructions for the Local Electrical
More information1. Loose electrons quickly move and transfer energy to other electrons that migrate through the material.
16 Heat Transfer Answers and Solutions for Chapter 16 Reading Check Questions 1. Loose electrons quickly move and transfer energy to other electrons that migrate through the material. 2. Conductivity of
More informationTitle: Fire Protection Effective Date: 7/1/2013 Control Number: THG_0039 Revision Number: 1 Date: 10/23/2015 Annual Review Completed: 5/13/2015
Title: Fire Protection Effective Date: 7/1/2013 Control Number: THG_0039 Revision Number: 1 Date: 10/23/2015 Annual Review Completed: 5/13/2015 Fire Protection I. INTRODUCTION II. GENERAL GUIDELINES III.
More informationFire Safety Handbook
Fire Safety Handbook For Faculty, Staff, and Teaching Assistants Public Safety Emergency Numbers: Washington Square 212-998-2222 Dental Center 212-998-9828 IFA 212-772-5808 School of Engineering 718-260-3537
More informationFire Safety and Utility Controls. CERT Basic Training Unit 2
Fire Safety and Utility Controls Unit 2 Unit Objectives Explain role of CERTs in fire safety Identify and reduce potential fire and utility risks Describe CERT sizeup process Conduct basic sizeup for a
More information