Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems veiligheid, systeemaanpak en testen

Transcription

1 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems veiligheid, systeemaanpak en testen IEC Technische Commissie TC 120 Jos van der Burgt 22 October DNV GL 22 October 2018 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER

2 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems Energieopslag elektrisch, thermische, mechanisch, Batterijen Energieopslagsystemen Elektrische-energieopslagsystemen Toepassingen: elektrisch vervoer, logistiek, stationair, noodstroom, netgekoppeld, 2

3 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems Energieopslag elektrisch, thermische, mechanisch, Batterijen en andere Energieopslagsystemen Elektrische-energieopslagsystemen Toepassingen: elektrisch vervoer, logistiek, stationair, noodstroom, netgekoppeld, IEC TC 120 3

4 IEC TC 120 Aanpak A-specifiek voor technologie Batterij (loodaccu, alkaline, nickel, lithium, ) Vliegwiel Pumped hydro-electric storage (waterkracht) Compressed-air energy storage Systeembeschouwing Netgekoppeld 4

5 IEC TC120 en GRIDSTOR DNV GL s Recommended Practice GRIDSTOR Safety, Operation & Performance System and components Different technologies with specific recommendations Partners from industry DNV GL neemt deel aan TC 120 en brengt punten uit GRIDSTOR in 5

6 IEC en Energieopslag / Batterijen TC 21 Secondary cells and batteries Lead-acid, general, portable, Li-ion for EV SC 21A Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes Li-ion (not for EV), other cell types, portable, industrial TC 35 Primary cells and batteries Non-rechargables, portable TC 22 Power electronic systems and equipment SC 22F Power electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems SC 22H Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) TC 120 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems Technology-agnostic, system level 6

7 Battery Energy Storage System in a Container 700V DC rail HMI 50V / 4kWh Li-ion module Omvormer Li-ion accu s 400V AC naar het net Koeling/HVAC ~ 1 MWh / 1MW 7

8 SC 21A Example Ingredients for a safe Li-ion battery pack Good quality cells Abuse testing UN 38.3 Battery Management System Safe-guarding a safe operating window on cell level (temp., voltage, current) Disconnecting charger or load if necessary Balancing state of charge of cells Monitoring information on pack level Proper design Safe connections Cell protection against mechanical impact 8

9 IEC TC 120 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems IEC :2018 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 1: Vocabulary IEC :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 2-1: Unit parameters and testing methods IEC TS :2018 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 3-1: Planning and performance assessment of EES systems IEC TS :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 4-1: Guidance on environmental issues IEC TS :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 5-1: Safety considerations for grid-integrated EES systems General IEC Ed. 1 (Draft , under development) Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems - Electrochemical-based systems 9

10 TC 120 WG 1 Terminology IEC :2018 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 1: Vocabulary Based on publicly available vocabulary: IEC Electropedia: available at ISO Online browsing platform: available at 10

11 TC 120 WG 1 Terminology IEC :2018 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 1: Vocabulary Cell-based battery EES System: Cell Module (tray) (string/pack) (array/rack) System 11

12 TC 120 WG 1 BESS Architecture Control subsystem Communication subsystem Protection subsystem Management subsystem Communication interface Auxiliary subsystem Auxiliary connection terminal Auxiliary POC Primary subsystem Battery Subsystem Power conversion subsystem Primary connection terminal Primary POC 12

13 Cell-Based Battery EES System GRIDSTOR Source: GRIDSTOR - DNVGL-RP-0043 September

14 TC 120 WG 2 Performance Testing IEC :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 2-1: Unit parameters and testing methods Three classes of applications: Class A (short duration): Frequency regulation, voltage regulation Class B (long duration): Peak shaving/peak shifting Class C (back-up): Back-up power Unit parameters nominal energy capacity (Wh) input and output power rating (W, VAr, VA) roundtrip efficiency (%) expected service life (years, duty-cycles) system response (step response time (s) and ramp rate (W/s)) auxiliary power consumption (W) self-discharge of EESS (Wh/h) voltage range (V) frequency range (Hz) 14

15 TC 120 WG 3 Planning and Performance Assessment IEC TS :2018 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 3-1: Planning and performance assessment of EES systems Planning of EES systems Sizing Grid connection conditions Environmental conditions (wind, flooding, earthquake, ) Intended functions of the EESS Performance assessment Use IEC Before operation: Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT), Commissioning, Site Acceptance Testing (SAT) During operation: performance monitoring 15

16 TC 120 WG 4 Environmental Issues IEC TS :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 4-1: Guidance on environmental issues Following ISO Guide 64:2008, Guide for addressing environmental issues in product standards From EES system to environment From environment to EES system 16

17 TC 120 WG 5 Safety IEC TS :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 5-1: Safety considerations for grid-integrated EES systems General Guideline on risk assessment 17

18 TC 120 WG 5 Safety IEC TS :2017 Ed. 1.0 ( ) Part 5-1: Safety considerations for grid-integrated EES systems General Guideline on risk assessment Damage propagation and layered measures to minimize damages 18

19 TC 120 WG 5 Safety IEC Ed. 1 (Draft , under development) Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems - Electrochemical-based systems Focus on batteries Battery chemistry Group "A" Non-aqueous electrolyte battery (e.g. Li-based) Group "B" Group "C" Group "D" Group "E" Aqueous electrolyte battery (e.g. Lead acid, Ni-based) High-temperature battery (e.g. NaS, NaNiCl) Flow battery Others Risk assessment is mandatory Refers to IEC safety testing Testing and validation of all safety functions (e.g. FAT, SAT) Protection systems, control systems, passive safety 19

20 TC 120 WG 5 Safety Protection from fire and explosion 20

21 TC 120 WG 5 Safety IEC (Draft) Battery safety Protection from fire and explosion Smoke detection system with alarms (sound, light) Detection system for flammable gases with alarms (sound, light) Detection system for toxic gases with alarms (*) Gas-based ( clean agent ) fire extinguishing system with automatic operation (*) Forced ventilation to exhaust smoke and gases BESS must pass IEC Propagation test, i.e. to prevent cell fire propagation The current clause states that the fire extinguishing system is allowed to be used (*) Cool with water in case of fire escalation (*) Under discussion 21

22 IEC TC 120 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems Jos van der Burgt SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER The trademarks DNV GL, DNV, the Horizon Graphic and Det Norske Veritas are the properties of companies in the Det Norske Veritas group. All rights reserved. 22

23 DNV GL Fire Testing Toxic gasses: HCl, HF, HCN, CO The average emission rate of a battery fire is lower than a plastics fire However, the peak emission rate (e.g. at thermal runaway) is higher than a plastics fire Peak battery temperature C 23

24 First Responders Recommendations by DNV GL First responders need not open or disperse burned battery modules, but wait for an experienced liaison to arrive on site and take ownership of the site after extinguishing has been achieved After extinguishing, continued ventilation and monitoring of the area with gas monitors is highly recommended toxicity is a bigger risk than flammability Batteries may have residual voltage on damaged and exposed terminals shock hazard Batteries persistently gassed, even under water primarily measured CO (but the CO sensors are cross-sensitive to H 2 ) For most tests the water runoff was slightly acidic, measuring ph 6-7 Equipment available to present day first responders can be considered adequate for battery fire fighting under the conditions tested 24

25 Recommendations by DNV GL DNV GL recommends that systems undergo a risk analysis, with particular attention paid to: Cascading/propagation protections between cells and modules Clearances to structures above and around the energy storage systems Fire rating of the enclosure Most probable expected failure mode, effects and countermeasures System design: Prevent propagation of overheating/fire (cell module system) Gas-based suppression system inside the container/housing Fire fighting with water at major fire 25