Richmond Building Energy Challenge. Project List - Lighting Technologies

Transcription

1 Richmond Building Energy Challenge Project List - Lighting Technologies

2 Introductions Adam Franklin, LEED Green Associate, Electrical Engineer (EIT) Adam is involved in carrying out the electrical aspects of energy management projects. He has experience conducting site reviews and audits, system analysis, lighting design and simulation, emergency systems, controls, and providing recommendations for upgrades. Adam is also familiar with drawing in CAD and writing technical reports. He has worked on projects involving BC Hydro s Measurement and Verification program, preparing draft M&V plans for commercial, institutional, and industrial lighting and power retrofits. 2

3 LIGHTING BASICS

4 A Lighting System Ceiling Lamp/Ballast Luminaire Control The Need Lighting Levels and quality! Wall Floor 4

5 Lighting Quality Illumination level Uniformity Absence of glare Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) Colour Rendition Index (CRI) May have significant occupant comfort implications 5

6 Lighting Terminology There are many different terms used in lighting to describe various components of light, lamps and system. The following terms are commonly used terms. Lumen Output (LU) Footcandle / Lux (FC / L) Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) and Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) = Light Loss Factors (LLF) or maintenance factor Average Rated Lamp Life Efficacy: does not = lamp or fixture efficiency, it is overall! Ballast Factor (BF) Power Factor (PF) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 6

7 Illumination Levels Illumination levels are typically based on Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA ) guidelines. Examples of typically accepted lighting levels targets in various areas are shown in following table: Expressed in Footcandles and Lux: Area Typical Target (lux) Typical Target (fc) Open Plan and Private Offices Library Copy Room Meeting Room Lunch Room Washrooms Waiting Area Reception Weight Room Parking Garage Additional Reading on Illumination Level Requirements: & 7

8 Light Level Measurement Where to Measure? 8

9 Light Level Measurement Table 8.1 RECOMMENDED ILLUMINANCE LEVELS, POWER DENSITIES AND SURFACE REFLECTANCES Area and Task Illuminance Power Density Reflectances % W/m 2 Ceiling Walls Floor Offices - accounting - drafting - general Corridors Lobbies Cafeterias and Kitchens Lecture Rooms Toilet Areas Laboratories Production - general Warehouses Roadways 70 2 Parking 70 2 Figure 5.22: A Basic Light Meter 9

10 Lighting Logger (DENT) SMARTlogger LIGHTINGlogger Model: TOU-L Measures: Lighting Description: Small battery operated lighting logger used to measure total on-time, transitions, and percentage. Features adjustable light sensitivity of the internal photo-sensor and a 5-digit LCD display. Data and graphs are accessible via PC serial interface Sensor: Range (Accuracy) - Light: foot-candles Resolution:1 Hz Memory/Records: 8,000 records Related Software: DENT SMARTware 2008 Software 10

11 Absence of Glare Glare Definition: be unpleasantly bright, to shine brightly and intensely, often dazzlingly Causes: Windows & Lighting 11

12 Absence of Glare Screen Types Matter (Diffuse vs Specular) Diffuse Specular 12

13 Light Sources Natural light sources include the sun and daylight (light from the sky) Electric / artificial light sources include: incandescent/halogen, fluorescent, high intensity discharge (HID), induction and light emitting diodes (LED) Characteristics related to light sources include: light output, system efficacy, life, and colour 13

14 Light Source Efficacy Lamp Type Lumens/Watt Incandescent Halogen Enclosed LED PAR lamps Exposed LED lamps Mercury vapour Compact fluorescent Fluorescent Metal halide Induction High pressure sodium Low pressure sodium

15 Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) Lamp Correlate Colour Temperature is the colour appearance of the lamp itself and the light it produces. CCT is expressed in Kelvin(K). Examples of CCT ranges and visual appearance: 3000 Kelvin CCT is warm 3500 Kelvin CCT is neutral 4100 Kelvin CCT is cool 5000 to 10,000 Kelvin CCT is very cool; daylight sky Additional Reading on CCT: 15

16 Colour Temperature Courtesy: IESNA 16

17 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) Colour rendering describes how light sources makes the colour of an object appear to human eyes and how close the colours the various light sources compare to a reference object CRI is expressed as a rating from 0 to 100 The higher the CRI rating is, the better its colour rendering ability Additional Reading on CRI: 17

18 Colour Rendering A CRI of 80 should be considered as minimum for most commercial applications Courtesy: GE / Philips 18

19 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 2700 k 3500 k (estimated) Higher is not always better. Must match both CRI and CCT to the application. 19

20 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 20

21 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) Light Source CRI Colour Incandescent lamps Excellent Fluorescent, full spectrum Excellent Metal halide (ceramic arc) 90 Excellent Fluorescent, T8 high CRI 87 Excellent LED Very Good Compact fluorescent 82 Very Good Induction 80 Very Good Metal halide (400 W clear) 65 Good HPS, colour improved 65 Good Fluorescent, T12 cool white 62 Good Fluorescent, T12 warm white 53 Fair Mercury vapour (coated) 45 Poor High pressure sodium (clear) 21 Poor 21

22 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 22

23 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 23

24 Colour Rendering (New Metrics) IES TM Just Released (September 2015) Uses 3 Metrics Instead of 1 Evaluates 99 Colour Samples Instead of

25 Q & A 25

26 LOW COST OPPORTUNITIES

27 O&M: Delamping Match the need Provide the appropriate lighting level for the task Provide comfortable lighting level for occupants Maintain consistent overall general illumination Is delamping appropriate? Maintain a pleasing visual environment If delamping be sure to electrically disconnect the ballast. Additional Reading on Delamping: 27

28 O&M: Delamping 28

29 O&M: Cleaning Lens Housing Louvres and Baskets Lamps Room Surfaces 29

30 O&M: Maintenance Practices Need for consistency in maintenance Systematic approach Group Relamping vs. Spot Relamping Additional Reading on Maintenance Practices: Go To: and 30

31 Turn It Off It does not take more energy to restart a fluorescent lamp than to leave it running Turning fluorescent lighting off when leaving a room for more than 15 minutes will save costs Energy is saved right away when the lamp is off but there can be reductions in lamp life that exceed the energy savings if there is excess switching. 31

32 Turn It Off HID lighting requires up to 20 minutes to cool off before restarting and reaching full brightness Lamps operated less hours will be in serviceable use for a longer calendar time Additional Reading on Lamp Switching Myth:

33 Q & A 33

34 LIGHTING SOURCES

35 Lighting Sources Incandescent Fluorescent T8 & T5 systems HID Sources Mercury Vapour Metal Halide HPS LPS Induction Lighting LED Hard to reach places Dirty environments Accent Lighting General Lighting 35

36 Light Sources: Incandescent Incandescent lamps generate light by heating a tungsten filament until it incandesces and emits light Halogen lamps Are an incandescent lamp. Have halogen gases in the lamp envelope and use a quartz glass to withstand the higher lamp temperatures produced by this lamp type Longer life than standard incandescent lamps Whiter light output Variety of lamp shapes PAR and MR-16 flood and spot lamp styles commonly used for accent lighting Dimmable of standard incandescent dimmers 36

37 Light Sources: Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8) T12 lamps Linear lamps with a 1-1/2 inch diameter. Legislation & high energy along with legislation have quickly rendered T12 systems obsolete. T8 lamps Linear lamps with a 1 inch diameter. These have become the standard for fluorescent applications ~22% more efficient than T12 s Use same size lampholder as T12, but not the same ballast T8s offer better colour rendition Newer T8 lamps and high performance or premium ballasts offer higher efficacy, higher maintained lumens, and extended life versions, offering almost a doubling in lamp life 37

38 Fluorescent Lamps Select the right lamp Not all T8 lamps/systems are created equal: 1 st Generation 700 series Won t meet requirements in nd Generation 800 series All versions Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) compliant Extended Life 3 rd Generation Enhance lumen output Extended life Energy savings lamps Lamp/Ballast systems 38

39 Fluorescent Lamps Standard T8 LAMPS 32W lamp (the standard T8 lamp) 2950 Initial lumens 80+ CRI, TCLP compliant Can be used on various BF ballast (BF= Ballast Factor) APPLICATION NOTES 24,000 36,000 hours on 3 hrs/start XL 36,000-60,000 hours on 3 hrs/start Use Programmed Rapid Start (PRS) ballasts for use on Occupancy Sensors 39

40 Fluorescent Lamps REDUCED WATTAGE T8 LAMPS 28W lamp (12% savings over standard T8 lamp) 2650 Initial lumens (9% drop) 80+ CRI, TCLP compliant Can be used on various BF ballast APPLICATION NOTES 32,000 38,000 hours on 3 hrs/start XL 40,000-80,000 hours on 3 hrs/start Use Instant Start Ballasts or Programmed Rapid Start Not recommended for use on Cold Temperatures below 16C Some older instant start electric ballasts 40

41 Fluorescent Lamps REDUCED WATTAGE T8 LAMPS 25W lamp (25% savings over standard T8 lamp) 2400 Initial lumens (~20% drop) 85 CRI, TCLP compliant Can be used on low BF ballast APPLICATION NOTES 32,000 38,000 hours on 3 hrs/start XL 40,000 80,000 hours on 3 hrs/start Use Instant Start or Programmed Rapid Start Ballasts Not recommended for use on Cold Temperatures below 20C Some older instant start electric ballasts 41

42 Fluorescent Lamps - 25 Watt T8 Replace existing 32W T8 lamps on any instant start system - save 7 watts - 25% energy savings. Replace F34T12 magnetic systems with 25W T8 with Instant Electronic Ballast and save of up to 60 watts per luminaire - 40% energy savings 42

43 Light Sources: Fluorescent Lamps (T5) T5 lamps Linear lamps with a diameter of 5/8 of an inch. T5s are smaller lamps than T8s, but have similar efficacy (lumens per system watts). Their smaller diameter allows for shallower luminaires and greater control of lamp output. (Note: new lampholders required) T5HO (high output) one T5 lamp has approximately the same maintained lumens as two standard T8 lamps but have less efficacy, producing about 7% to 10% fewer lumens per watt than systems with two 32 watt T8 lamps. Temperature below 30C will reduce light output. T5VHO even higher output 43

44 High Efficiency Electronic Ballasts High Efficiency products are energy-saving electronic T8 ballasts that save additional 6% (3 to 7 watts) over standard electronic ballasts <10%THD Universal voltage HE T8 lamps with maximum efficacy and high lumen output, provide 30-50% energy savings compared to F40T12 magnetic systems 44

45 Light Sources: HID High Intensity Discharge lamps generate light by using an electric arc passing though a tube filled with inert gases and metal crystals that vapourize and emit light Three families of HID lamps Mercury Vapour (MV) is the oldest type Metal Halide (MH) is similar to MV (white light) High Pressure Sodium (HPS) has the highest efficacy 45

46 Induction Lighting street lighting high bay hard to reach areas Industrial areas with high heat and dusty environments > 100,000 hours 46

47 Light Sources: LED Exit Signs Signage Accent Lighting Downlighting Office lighting Exterior Lighting 47

48 Light Sources: LED Light Emitting Diode lamps - generate light by passing current through a semi-conductor material which causes the material to emit light. Offer long life (rated life is based on light output, keeps dimming: L70 rating used) Come in different colours Are controllable to produce dramatic effects Current design higher lumens/watt, quality, colour 1 st Gen Current L70 is an IES testing methodology: time before light output decreases to 70% 48

49 LED Benefits LED technology is a viable alternative to most traditional light sources and offers numerous advantages, including: High luminous efficacy (Typically 65 to 100+ lumens per watt) Long life expectancy (Typical L70 rated life of 50,000 to 100,000+ hours) High colour rendering (CRI of up to 93+ on a scale of 100) Instant on operation (Options for controllability) Dramatic use of colour for accenting and effects Zero mercury content 49

50 LED Myths LEDs Produce No Heat 50

51 LED Myths LEDs Are More Eco-Friendly While LEDs contain no Mercury, their components can contain other hazardous materials including (Lead, Arsenic, Copper, Chromium, Zinc) 51

52 LED Efficacy and CCT 52

53 % Lumen Output Typical Lumen Maintenance Curves for Light Sources 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90, ,000 Operating Hours T8 Fluorescent LED (L70=50,000) LED (L70=50,000) Projected LED (L70=100,000) LED (L70=200,000) Metal Halide Metal Halide Projected 53

54 % Target Lumen Output 170% Typical Lumen Maintenance Curves for Light Sources 160% 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90, ,000 Operating Hours Target Lumen Output at 30,000 Hours LED (L70 = 50,000) LED (L70 = 100,000) Metal Halide T8 Fluorescent LED (L70=50,000) Projected LED (L70=200,000) Metal Halide Projected 54

55 Q & A 55

56 APPLICATIONS

57 HID to T5HO Fluorescent Employees thought light level doubled! Better Light Uniformity + 49% energy savings! BEFORE: 120 fixtures 400W HPS (455W input) fc No motion sensors AFTER: 120 fixtures 4L T5HO (234W input) fc Motion sensors 57

58 HID to Fluorescent Left Photo Metal Halide Right Photo Fluorescent 58

59 Traditional Office Lighting Lensed Troffers Direct / Indirect Deep Cell Parabolics 59

60 Newer Luminaires Recessed 2 x2 Luminaires 60

61 LED Retrofit Summary Retrofit Challenges Retrofit Lamps or New Luminaire? Lamps = Lower efficacy and initial cost, but less efficient New Luminaires = Higher efficacy and initial cost with longer life Dimming LED lamps Incandescent dimmers will not work! 61

62 T-LED Retrofit Lamps 62 62

63 LED Retrofit Panel 63

64 New LED Luminaires 64

65 Next Generation LED Designs 65

66 CASE STUDIES

67 Bank of Montreal - Cloverdale Mercury Vapour Lighting 67

68 Pulse Start Metal Halide Lamps 68

69 Induction Lighting 69

70 LED Lighting Design All new Starbucks stores designs now utilize 100% LED lighting in customer areas. (CFL to LED downlights, pendants, tracklighting) 70

71 Combining LED & Induction The new LED and induction lighting systems in the VGH atrium have reduced energy consumption by over 70%. Before: 102,650 kwh annually After: 28,830 kwh annually Savings: 73,820 kwh or 72% Before: 250/175W MH Downlights (290/210 system watts) 175W MH Ball Globes (210 system watts) After: 70/55W LED Downlight Retrofit 85W Induction Retrofit 71

72 Branch Renovation The Kingsway Branch renovation was designed to achieve LEED Gold with a lighting power density (LPD) that is 37% below ASHRAE requirements. Energy savings (NC): 20,828 kwh Lighting: 25W T8, 21W LED DL Controls: OS / photo 72

73 Parking Lot Retrofit By upgrading their parking lots to LED, Langley Memorial Hospital reduced their energy consumption by 45% while increasing public safety and security. 150W HPS Cobrahead (188 system watts) 101W LED Cobrahead 73

74 Gym Lighting Upgrade Before: 320W (365W Total) Pulse Start Metal Halide fc ( lux) After: 236W LED fc (592 1,227 lux) 55% Reduction in Energy Consumption (includes occupancy control savings) 74 74

75 Things to Know about LED Lighting There are many LED products available, but not all are created equal. Some products exaggerate or misrepresent claims of quality, performance, and life expectancy. LED products cannot be compared using the same metrics as conventional light sources. Selecting products based solely on lumen matching or fixed wattage reduction does not equate to equivalent performance. 75

76 Q & A 76

77 LIGHTING CONTROLS

78 Lighting Controls Manual Controls Automated Controls Passive Infrared (PIR) Ultrasonic (US) Dual Technology (DT) Daylighting Timeclocks (with Astronomical) Lighting Control System Interface with Building Automation System 78

79 Controlling Lighting Sources Incandescent Fluorescent T8 & T5 systems HID Sources (Delayed On) Mercury Vapour Metal Halide HPS LED Accent Lighting General Lighting Induction Lighting Parkade Lighting High Bay 79

80 Technology Types Ultrasonic Passive Infrared Passive Dual Technology (PIR + Acoustic) Dual Technology (PIP + US) 80

81 Passive Infrared (Heat and Movement) Passive Infrared (PIR): ~ A sensor with an appropriate coverage area must be chosen for optimal performance ~ Not recommended for areas that have low occupant motion levels ~ Should be installed at least 6-8 ft. from HVAC air diffusers and other heat sources ~ Suitable for outdoor and warehouse applications ~ Direct line of sight is required Programming! Occupancy vs. Vacancy 81

82 Passive Infrared - Wall Switch Auto Adaptive Auto Manual Adaptive Auto/Dual Manual Adaptive Auto Manual 82

83 Passive Infrared Ceiling Mounted Wall Mounted 83

84 Ultrasonic Ultrasonic (US): ~ Not recommended for use in spaces with high ceilings ( > 14') or open areas ~ Avoid using when high level of vibration or air flow exists in the space ~ Cannot be used for selective coverage within a space ~ Can detect occupancy despite partitions and obstructions ~ Fills area with ultrasonic sound which may be unsuitable in some locations such as hospitals as this could interfere with equipment 84

85 Ultrasonic - Wall Switch Auto Adaptive Auto Manual Adaptive Auto Dual Manual Adaptive 85

86 Ultrasonic Ceiling Mounted 86

87 Dual Technology PIR + US Dual Technology (PIR & US): ~ Use to avoid false-ons due to air flow and equipment vibrations. ~ Use when large amount of sensitivity is required after initial motion detection ~ Use when soft surfaces such as fabric partitions, furniture, etc. are present in the space ~ Fills area with ultrasonic sound which may be unsuitable in some locations such as hospitals as this could interfere with equipment 87

88 Dual Technology Wall Switch Auto Adaptive Auto Manual Adaptive Auto Dual Manual Adaptive 88

89 Dual Technology Ceiling Mounted Wall Mounted 89

90 Passive Dual Technology (PIR + Acoustic) ~ Acoustic sensor is completely passive no sound is emitted ~ Acoustic sensors differentiates between human made sounds (e.g. talking) and building noises (e.g. HVAC) ~ Could be potentially more suitable for locations where there are fewer partitions, fewer enclosures or higher ceilings 90

91 Sensor Coverage PIR Dual Technology 91

92 Sensor Locations 92

93 Sensors Light Motion 93

94 Other Controls Digital Timer Photo Sensor HID Hi / Low Sensor Fluorescent Daylight Sensor 94

95 Lighting Control System Interior Light Senor Daylight Sensor Lighting DDC System Temperature Sensor Signage Master Switch Base Board Heater 95

96 Commissioning 96

97 ASHRAE Things to Know Manual On or Automatic On to 50% Automatic Off (Scheduled or Occupancy) Enclosed spaces (offices etc.) to have bi-level or dimming control (at least one control step between 30% and 70%) Automatic daylighting control for sidelit areas 247 sqft and toplit areas 900 sqft Separate controls for all task/display/accent/living wall lighting Automatically reduce stairwell lighting by at least 50% within 30 minutes of vacancy 97

98 Q & A 98

99 PULLING IT ALL TOGETHER

100 100

101 25w 101

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104 CUSUM - Prism AEO Lighting Savings 23,300 kwh ( ) or 45% Annually Baseline Oct 2010 to Sept 2011 (lighting sub meter) Year Savings kwh % , , , (Jan 1 to Oct 19) 5, Total 23,

105 Q & A 105

106 Overview of Training Sessions Session Dates Topic 1 Dec 1 Energy Benchmarking (including Portfolio Manager) 2 Jan 12 Lighting Opportunities 3 Jan 26 HVAC Opportunities 4 Feb 9 Behavioural Change 5 Feb 23 Preparing the Business Case for Energy Management 6 TBA Monitoring, Targeting, and Reporting 106

107 Thank you. Adam Franklin, BASc,LEED Green Assoc, Electrical Engineering (EIT) Tel: Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4X5 107