Maintaining Seedling Quality from Harvest through Outplanting
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1 Maintaining Seedling Quality from Harvest through Outplanting Tom D. Landis Retired National Nursery Specialist USDA-Forest Service & Native Plant Nursery Consulting Medford, OR
2 Previous visit to Finland in 1999 for IUFRO Nursery Pests Meeting Then, as Now, Many Thanks to Marja!
3 Major Technology Transfer Publications A Primary Reference on Bareroot Nursery Culture Published in 1984 Available as Very Expensive Book or PDF Files Published 2X/Year News, Cultural Tips List of Recently Published Literature Free
4 Container Tree Nursery Manual Seven Volumes Covering from Nursery Establishment through Harvesting and Outplanting Spanish Translations Available Some Sections in Russian Chinese Translation in Process
5 Volume Seven Is Finally Finished & Will Be The Basis for this Presentation
6 Time between Publication of CTNM Volumes It s a Good Thing There Won t Be a Volume 8
7 Design Criteria for the CTNM Series 1. Concepts, not Cookbook 2. Many Tables, Illustrations and Other Graphics 3. Published in Color
8 Volume Seven Was Written for Both Nursery Workers and Seedling Users Example: What Seedling Quality Tests & When Should They be Taken
9 Chapter 1 - Target Plant Concept
10 Objectives of Outplanting Projects Commercial Forest Plantation near Mt. Shasta Restoration After Mt. St. Helens Volcanic Eruption
11 Types of Plant Material New Species Larger Stocktypes Restoration as Well as Reforestation
12 Genetic Considerations Source-Identified Locally-Adapted Seed Zones for Trees Research on Other Species Sexual Diversity for Cuttings & Other Vegetatively Propagated Plant Material
13 Limiting Factors on the Outplanting Site Usually Soil Moisture Soil Temperature at High Elevations & Latitudes
14 Defining the Outplanting Window Mid-Winter to Early Spring For Most Sites Summer or Fall for High Elevations & Latitudes
15 Outplanting Site Characteristics Drive the Nursery Process
16 Outplanting Performance Redefines the Target Seedling
17 Chapter 2 Assessing Plant Quality Co-Author: Gary Ritchie Retired Plant Physiologist Weyerhaeuser Company 1. Morphological Attributes 2. Physiological Attributes 3. Performance Attributes
18 1. Morphological Attributes Readily Seen & Measured Don t Change After Harvest
19 2. Physiological Attributes Not Readily Visible Must be Measured with Instruments Can Change Radically After Harvest Any Measurement is a Shapshot in Time 1. Plant Moisture Stress 2. Cold Hardiness 3. Root Electrolyte Leakage 4. Chlorophyll Fluorescence 5. Mineral Nutrient Content 6. Carbohydrate Reserves
20 Plant Moisture Stress Quick & Accurate Useful at Specific Times
21 Way of Measuring Cold Hardiness: Whole Plant Freezing Test Accurate & Replicable Measures All 3 Meristems Relatively Slow
22 Measuring Cold Hardiness through Gene Expression Measures levels of enzymes that trigger processes initiating cold hardiness Results available in few days Good results with PSME Risto has done research here
23 N-Sure Update Genexpressie t.o.v PmC01 Dehardening 140 of PSME at 120 Webster 100 Nursery Expressie PmD01 PmU01 PmU02 in WA Feb Maart April
24 3. Performance Attributes Subject plants to testing protocols Valuable because they integrate many morphological and physiological factors Laborious & time-consuming 1. Bud Dormancy 2. Stress Resistance 3. Root Growth Potential
25 Bud Dormancy Dormancy is one of the oldest concepts in nursery science Refers to tissues, not entire plants Chilling requirement has multiple applications
26 Measuring bud dormancy Mitotic Index Days to Budbreak Both tests are accurate but time consuming
27 Root Growth Potential Oldest seedling quality test Popular because it is intuitive Labor intensive & Time Consuming
28 Interpreting RGC Tests Are More Roots Better? Good Predictor of Viability Less Useful As Vigor Index
29 Correlating SQ Tests to Outplanting Performance Limiting or Variable Conditions on Outplanting Site Can Make Predictions Difficult Combinations of Tests May Be Best (L Hirondelle and others 2007)
30 Chapter 3 Harvesting Scheduling Lifting Windows: 1. Calendar & Visual Cues 2. Outplanting Trials 3. Plant Quality Tests Based on Cold Hardiness Tests
31 Ways of Packing Container Stock 1. Jelly-Roll 2. Shipping in Containers
32 Ways of Packing Container Stock 3. Pull & Wrap
33 Chapter 4 Storage Early forest nurseries did not need storage facilities because seedlings were shipped and outplanted within days.
34 Nursery storage is an operational necessity, not a physiological requirement 1. Distance from nursery to outplanting site 2. Differences between lifting window at nursery and outplanting windows 3. Facilitated harvesting & shipping 4. Refrigerated storage is a physiological tool
35 Short-term Storage for Summer or Fall Outplanting: Hot-planting Helenius & Others (2007) Stock is not completely dormant or stress resistant
36 Non-Refrigerated Storage Systems: 1. Open Storage Risky in Many Climates Most Successful with Reliable Snow Coverage Still Popular in Eastern Canada
37 Non-Refrigerated Storage Systems: 2. Cold Frames Simple Yet Effective Common in Eastern Canada
38 Non-Refrigerated Storage Systems: 3. Cloches or Polyhouses Covered by white plastic or Microfoam sheeting Ends open for ventilation during warm winter weather
39 Non-Refrigerated Storage Systems: 4. Shadehouses Fixed roof & sides of snowfence Retractable roof of shadecloth
40 Non-Refrigerated Storage Systems: Greenhouses Heating during sunny winter weather causes loss of dormancy
41 Refrigerated Storage: Cooler Storage Most Native Plants In-Box Temps 1 to 2 o C (33 to 36 o F) Length of Storage 2 weeks to 2 months Packaging Kraft-poly bags Cardboard boxes & poly liners
42 Refrigerated Storage: Freezer Storage Commercial Conifers In-Box Temps -2 to -4 o C (30 to 25 o F) Length of Storage 2 weeks to 2 months Packaging Kraft-poly bags Cardboard boxes & poly liners
43 Cooler vs. Freezer Storage Both satisfy chilling requirement Frozen better for long-term storage
44 Chapter 5 Shipping & Handling Period of Greater Risk for Nursery Stock Very Little Actual Research Mostly Anecdotal Information
45 Temperature Stress Increased Desiccation Accelerated Loss of Dormancy More Damage from Storage Molds Hanninen and Pelkonen (1989)
46 Physical Stress Damage to root system More growth loss in second year
47 Chain Analogy Plant Quality is Only As Good As the Weakest Link
48 Checking Account Analogy Plant Quality is 100% at Harvest Each Stress is a Withdrawal No Deposits are Possible
49 Shipping Systems: In Growth Container From Non- Refrigerated Storage For Large Containers
50 Shipping Systems: Boxes or Bags in Refrigerated Trucks From Refrigerated Storage Delivery in Reefers
51 Shipping Systems: Boxes or Bags in Unrefrigerated Trucks Reflective Tarps Tarp Color is Important (DeYoe and others 1986)
52 Chapter 6 Outplanting Inspecting Nursery Stock Measure in-box temperatures Check plug wetness & PMS with pressure chamber
53 Inspecting Nursery Stock Inspect plants for storage molds Plants should smell fresh not sour or sweet Check bark firmness at root collar
54 On-Site Storage: Non-Refrigerated Stock Keep in shade Water plants immediately before outplanting (Luoranen and others 2004)
55 On-Site Storage: Refrigerated Stock Snow Caches or Shade for Shorter Periods Reefer Vans for Longer Periods
56 Thawing Frozen Stock Can be shipped frozen without serious injury Rapid thawing best - 1 to 2 days at 15 C [60 F]) Keep thawed stock in cooler storage if not outplanted immediately Silim and Guy (1998)
57 Outplanting Frozen Stock Plants must be singulated during packing Positive results in British Columbia (Kooistra & Bakker 2005) Poor performance compared to thawed stock in Finland (Helenius 2005) Thawed plants were more active physiologically (Islam & Others 2008)
58 Site Preparation Scalping on warmer & drier sites Mounding on colder & wetter sites
59 Site Preparation Before After Full coverage herbicides or chemical scalping will reduce competition for moisture
60 Planting Patterns Uniform spacing best for rapid growth in reforestation and Christmas tree plantations Random or random clumps appear more natural for restoration plantings
61 Hand Planting Tools Dibble Hollow Dibble
62 Hand Planting Tools Planting Bar Hoedad or Plug Hoe
63 Hand Planting Tools Planting Spade Pottiputki Planting Tube
64 Mechanized Planting Motorized Augers
65 Planting Machines: Towed Behind Tractor
66 Planting Machines: Self-Propelled (Saarinen 2004)
67 Planting Machines: Large Nursery Stock Expanded Stinger
68 Proper Planting Technique New illustrations for container stock Also used for planting inspections
69 Thanks for Your Attention
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