Comparative Performance of Dendrobium Orchid Varieties on Floral Quality and Flower Yield under Different Growing Conditions

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1 Available online at DOI: ISSN: Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (2): (2018) Research Article Comparative Performance of Dendrobium Orchid Varieties on Floral Quality and Flower Yield under Different Growing Conditions Sudeep, H. P, Seetharamu, G. K., Aswath, C., Munikrishnappa, P. M., Sreenivas, K. N., Basavaraj, G. and Gowda, D. M. Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru-65, University of Horticulture Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka *Corresponding Author sudeebesati@gmail.com Received: Revised: Accepted: ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out at orchidorium, Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, University of Horticultural Sciences campus, GKVK, Bengaluru during October 2015 to June 2017 to study the comparative performance of eight varieties of dendrobium orchid Viz. Ear Sakul, Mono Red, Charming White, Bubble Gum, Sonia-17, Burana Jade, Big White and Nopporn Pink under naturally ventilated polyhouse and 50 per shade house condition. Plants grown under polyhouse condition took early days to bud initiation ( days), days to first floret opening (33.17 days) as compare to shade house condition. The floral characters like spike length (30.90 cm), rachis length (17.59 cm), number of florets per spike (5.83) and floret diameter (7.04 cm) was found highest under polyhouse condition. Spike yield per plant and per meter square (1.48 and respectively) was observed highest under polyhouse and least was noticed in shade house condition. With respect to varieties, early initiation of bud and spike emergence to first floret opening was ( days and days respectively) was recorded in var. Big White. The floral qualities like spike length (37.54 cm) and rachis length (23.06 cm) was recorded in highest in var. Mono Red. Number of florets per spike (7.55) was maximum in var. Bubble Gum and minimum in (3.70) was observed in var. Nopporn Pink. Floret diameter (8.40 cm) was found highest in var. Sonia-17. Spike girth (4.10 mm) and spike weight (22.98 g) was found superior in var. Mono Red. The number of spikes per plant and per meter square was found highest in var. Big White (1.77 and respectively) and it was minimum in var Burana Jade and Nopporn Pink (1.17 and respectively). Relatively vase life was highest in var. Mono Red and Big White (40.00 days) and lowest was observed in var. Nopporn Pink (20.83 days) Key words: Dendrobium, Varieties, Polyhouse,shade house, Spikes. INTRODUCTION Orchids are one of the most distinctive plants of nature and highly priced in the international flower trade due to their incredible range of diversity in size, color, shape, forms, appearance and long lasting qualities of flowers. Cite this article: Sudeep, H.P, Seetharamu, G.K, Aswath, C, Munikrishnappa, P.M, Sreenivas, K.N, Basavaraj, G. and Gowda, D.M., Comparative Performance of Dendrobium Orchid Varieties on Floral Quality and Flower Yield under Different Growing Conditions, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(2): (2018). doi: Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 114

2 Orchids belong to the family orchidaceae; it is three replications. Dendrobium plants require the largest family of flowering plants with equal quantities of Charcoal, Brick pieces and 25,000 species belonging to genera. Coco peat (1:1:1) were used as a growing Dendrobium is the second largest genera of media. During vegetative phase N. P and K at orchids which consist of 1,400 species. the ratio of 3:1:1 and during flowering Dendrobium orchids are commercially grown blooming phase 1:2:2 were provided. The in green house condition, it requires shade commercially available water soluble with low temperature and high humidity. The fertilizers of different grade were used as a performance of any crop or variety largely source for nutrients and applied through foliar depends on genotypic and environmental spray. Temperature, Relative humidity and interaction. As a result, varieties, which light intensity under different growing perform well in one region, may not perform environments were measured at weekly same in other region of varying climatic interval during the experimental period. All conditions. Hence, it is necessary to collect the cultural management practices were and evaluate the available varieties under followed throughout the experiment to grow a polyhouse and shade house condition to find successful crop. Five plants were selected at out the suitable varieties for the specific random in each replication for recording the region. Keeping this in view, the present observations. Various flowering, flower investigation was undertaken to evaluate the quality and spike production parameters were performance of dendrobium varieties for periodically recorded and analyzed flowering, flower quality and spike production statistically. under polyhouse and shade hose condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present investigation was carried out at orchidorium, Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Centre,, Bengaluru during October 2015 to June 2017 to study the comparative performance of eight varieties of dendrobium orchid Viz. Ear Sakul (V 1 ), Mono Red (V 2 ), Charming White (V 3 ), Bubble Gum (V 4 ), Sonia-17 (V 5 ), Burana Jade (V 6 ), Big White (V 7 ) and Nopporn Pink (V 8 ) under naturally ventilated polyhouse (G 1 ), and 50 per shade house condition (G 2 ), Six months old healthy rooted tissue culture plants were taken for experiment. Before planting plants were treated with 0.3 per cent bavistin solution for minutes to avoid fungal infection. Plants were planted in five inch size plastic pots and placed on iron bench system. The iron bench is made up of GI pipes have mesh with the size of 2 meter length and 1.5 meter width and having two feet height from the ground. In shade house, plants were potted and placed on the bench system using locally available bamboo materials. The trial was conducted in form of a factorial experiment following completely randomized design with RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the present investigation are summarized below: Performance of flowering parameters : The data pertaining to days taken for bud initiation, days for spike emergence to first floret opening and days taken form first floret opening to harvest as influenced by growing conditions, varieties and their interactions are furnished in Table 1. Days to bud initiation differed significant for growing conditions. Plants grown under polyhouse condition (G 1 ) took early to bud initiation ( days) and it was late under shade house condition (G 2 ) ( days). Early bud initiation in polyhouse may be due to accumulation of maximum photosynthates and favorable micro climatic as a result, plants grown under polyhouse starts early bud initiation as compare to shade house condition. The present findings are in the same line as reported by Kallihal 2, in carnation, Kaveriamma 3, in phalaenopsis and Shwetha 10, in gerbera. These results were also in findings of Mohanty et al. 6, in rose, and Naik and Kumar 7, in dendrobium. Dendrobium varieties showed significant effect on bud initiation, early Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 115

3 initiation of bud ( days) was recorded in findings of Kallihal 2, in carnation, variety Big White and it was on par with Kaveriamma 3, in phalaenopsis and Shwetha 10, Mono Red (V 2 ) Viz., days followed by in gerbera. These results were also in findings Ear Sakul ( days). Among the varieties of Mohanty et al. 6, in rose, and Naik and studied, Burana Jade (V 6 ) took late to initiation Kumar 7, in dendrobium orchid. of bud ( days), which could be The effect of growing conditions on attributed due to their genetic factors or first floret opening to harvest in dendrobium genomic constitution. The results are was found significant. Early harvest of spikes corroborated with the findings of (32.16 days) was observed in plants grown Ramachandradu 9, and Sugapriya et al 11. The under polyhouse condition (G 1 ) and late to interaction effect between growing conditions harvest of spikes (34.73 days) under shade and varieties was found non-significant with house condition (G 2 ). Among varieties, there respect to days to bud initiation. However, was a significant difference with respect to minimum days ( days) to bud initiation days taken for first floret opening to harvest in was recorded in G 1 x V 7 (Polyhouse x var. Big dendrobium. Early harvest of spikes (27.92 White) followed by G 1 x V 2 ( days) and days) was registered in var. Sonia-17 (V 7 ) and it was maximum ( days) in G 2 x V 6 it was on par with var. Ear Sakul (V 1 ) Viz., (Shade house x var. Burana Jade) treatment days followed by var. Nopporn Pink combination. (V 8 ) (30.33 days) and late to harvest of spikes The influence of growing conditions (43.52 days) was recorded in var. Bubble Gum on days for spike emergence to first floret (V 4 ). Non-significant results were obtained for opening differed significantly. Plants grown interactions between growing conditions and under polyhouse condition (G 1 ) took minimum varieties with respect to spike harvest. days to first floret opening (33.17 days) and Flower quality parameters maximum in shade house condition (G 2 ) The data with respect to flower quality as (36.82 days). Significant variation was influenced by different growing conditions, obtained with respect to days for spike varieties and their interaction effects are emergence to first floret opening in different presented in Table 2 and 3. The flower quality varieties of dendrobium orchid. Spike recorded in growing conditions differed emergence to first floret opening was early significantly during entire experimental (30.42 days) in var. Big White (V 7 ) and it was period. The plants exhibited significantly on par with var. Mono Red (V 2 ) Viz., longest spike (30.90 cm), rachis length (17.59 days followed by var. Sonia-17 (V 5 ) (32.26 cm) and highest number of florets per spike days) and late to first floret opening (43.52 (5.83) grown under polyhouse, whereas, days) was recorded in var. Burana Jade (V 6 ). shortest was noticed under shade house Interactions between growing conditions and environment. This is due to optimum growing varieties were also found significant to days condition, which prevailed throughout the taken for spike emergence to first floret growth period. This resulted in production of opening. Early spike emergence to first floret quality spike. The present findings are in the opening (30.33 days) was observed in G 1 x V 7 same line as reported by Kallihal 2, in (Polyhouse x var. Big White) treatment carnation, Kaveriamma 3, in phalaenopsis and combination followed by G 1 x V 2 (30.82 days) Shwetha 10, in gerbera. These results were also and it was late (47.80 days) in G 2 x V 6 (Shade in findings of Mohanty et al. 6, in rose, and house x var. Burana Jade) treatment Naik and Kumar 7. combination. The earliness to first floret Varieties of dendrobium showed opening might be attributed to genetic makeup significant variation on flower quality. Variety of the varieties and prevalence favorable Mono Red (37.54 cm) recorded significantly growing condition under polyhouse condition. longest spike and it was on par with var. Big The results are in agreement with the earlier White (V 6 ) (36.12 cm) which was followed by Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 116

4 var. Bubble Gum (V 4 ) (34.14 cm), whereas, it was shortest (20.72 cm) in var. Burana Jade (V 6 ). Longest rachis length of cm was recorded in var. Mono Red (V 2 ) and it was on par with var. Big White (V 7 ) Viz., cm followed by var. Bubble Gum (V 4 ) (20.08 cm) and it was shortest (11.64 cm) in var. Burana Jade (V 6 ). Variety Bubble Gum (V 4 ) recorded maximum number of florets per spike (7.55) and minimum florets (3.70) were observed in var. Nopporn Pink (V 8 ). The differences in spike length, rachis length and number of florets per spike can be attributed to genetic makeup of the varieties. These findings are in line with the observations of earlier workers viz., of Ramachandradu 9, Sugapriya et al. 11, Gopal et al. 1, Kumar and Sharma 4, and Mehraj et al. 5. Interaction between growing conditions and varieties shown significant result with respect to flower quality. Longest spike length (38.47 cm) was recorded in G 1 x V 2 (Polyhouse x var. Mono Red) treatment combination and it was on par with G 2 x V 7 (Shade house x var. Big White) and G 2 x V 2 (Shade house x var. Mono Red) ( and cm respectively) and minimum spike length (19.17 cm) was recorded in G 2 x V 6 (Shade house x var. Burana Jade). Maximum rachis length (26.36 cm) was recorded in treatment combination G 1 x V 2 (Polyhouse x var. Mono Red) followed by G 1 x V 7 (Polyhouse x var. Big White) (21.90 cm) and it was minimum (10.91 cm) was observed in G 2 x V 8 (Shade house x var.nopporn Pink). Highest number of florets per spike (7.83) was produced in G 1 x V 4 (Polyhouse x var. Bubble Gum) treatment combination and it was on par with G 1 x V 2 (Polyhouse x var. Mono Red) (7.37) and lowest number of florets per spike (3.33) was observed in G 2 x V 8 (Shade house x var.nopporn Pink). This may be due to prevalence of congenial growing conditions that prevailed during experimental period and also by genomic character of individual variety. These results are in agreement with Naik and Kumar 7. The results pertaining to floret diameter, spike girth and spike weight as influenced by growing conditions, varieties and their interaction effects is presented in Table 3. Floret diameter, spike girth and spike weight had shown significant effect on growing conditions. Maximum diameter of floret (7.04 cm), spike girth (3.71 mm) and spike weight (16.02 g) was recorded in plants grown under polyhouse condition (G 1 ) and minimum was observed under shade house condition (G 2 ). Diameter of floret recorded at the time of peak flowering stage differed significantly among the varieties, it was ranged from 8.40 cm to 4.70 cm. Variety Sonia-17 (V 5 ) produced larger diameter of floret (8.40 cm) and it was on par with var. Mono Red (V 2 ) (8.03 cm). While, var. Burana Jade (V 6 ) produced less diameter of floret (4.70 cm). Maximum spike girth (4.10 mm) was recorded in var. Mono Red (V 2 ) followed by var. Ear Sakul (V 1 ) and var. Sonia-17 (V 5 ) (3.79 and 3.72 mm respectively) and spike girth was less (3.25 mm) in var. Nopporn Pink (V 8 ). Spike weight as significant influence on varieties of dendrobium which was ranged from g to 9.94 g. Spike weight var. Mono Red (V 2 ) recorded highest (22.98 g) which was followed by var. Big White (V 7 ) and var. Bubble Gum (V 4 ) (18.03 and g respectively) and it was lowest (9.94 g) in var. Burana Jade (V 6 ). This variation in flower weight among varieties might be attributed to the higher water and carbohydrate levels in the flower. Water plays a very important role to maintain flower turgidity, freshness and petal orientation. The ultimate effect of all these factors might have resulted in strong and long flower stalks, large sized buds and flowers and finally increase in flower weight. Similar variations were also recorded previously in Ramachandradu 9, Sugapriya et al. 11, Gopal et al. 1, Kumar and Sharma 4, and Naik and Kumar 7. Interaction between growing conditions and varieties shown significant result with respect to flower quality. Among different treatment combinations, maximum floret diameter (8.84 cm) was recorded in G 1 x V 2 (Polyhouse x var. Mono Red) and Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 117

5 minimum diameter of floret (4.65 cm) was from 1.77 to The var. Big White (V 7 ) observed in G 2 x V 6 (Shade house x var. recorded highest number of spikes per plant Burana Jade). Highest spike girth (4.39 mm) (1.77) and it was on par with var. Mono Red was noticed in G 1 x V 2 (Polyhouse x var. (V 2 ) followed by var. Bubble Gum (V 4 ) (1.60 Mono Red) followed by G 1 x V 5 (Polyhouse x and 1.43 respectively).whereas, it was lowest var.sonia-17) and lowest girth of spike (3.04 (1.17) in var. Burana Jade (V 6 ) and var. mm) was observed in G 2 x V 8 (Shade house x Nopporn Pink (V 8 ). Maximum spike yield per var. Nopporn Pink). Highest spike weight square meter (61.83) was recorded in var. Big (25.47 g) was recorded in G 1 x V 2 (Polyhouse White (V 7 ) and it was on par with var. Mono x var. Mono Red) followed by G 1 x V 7 Red (V 2 ) followed by var. Bubble Gum (V 4 ) (Polyhouse x var. Big White) (20.93 g) and (56.00 and respectively).while, lowest spike weight (9.49 g) was noticed in G 2 minimum number of spikes per square meter x V 6 (Shade house x var. Burana Jade). This (40.83) was found in var. Burana Jade (V 6 ) variation might be due to favorable micro and var. Nopporn Pink (V 8 ). It could be due to climate which is mainly responsible to develop influence of genetic makeup of the varieties. good quality spikes. The results are in close Increased number of flowers had positive and conformity with the findings of Mohanty et significant correlation with shoots, al. 6, in rose and Naik and Kumar 7, in pseudobulbs, leaf length and leaf width. Thus, dendrobium. the increased number of leaves, leaf area on Flower yield per plant and per meter plant growth helped in better synthesis of square carbohydrates and their utilization to build up The data on spike yield per plant and per meter extra growth, thereby increasing the square in dendrobium orchid as influenced by production of flowers. Similar kinds of results growing conditions, varieties and their were reported in dendrobium by previous interaction are presented in Table 4. In the authors like Ramachandradu 9, Sugapriya et present investigation, plants grown under al. 11, Gopal et al. 1, Kumar and Sharma 4, Naik polyhouse environment recorded highest and Kumar 7,and Mehraj et al. 5. number of spikes per plant and per m 2 (1.48 In polyhouse condition, var. Big and respectively) as compare to shade White recorded maximum spike yield per plant house (1.28 and respectively). This and per meter square (2.07 and variation might be due to desirable optimum respectively) and minimum spike yield (1.13 light intensity in combination with warmer and respectively) was noticed under environment and higher relative humidity shade house in Burana Jade and Nopporon inside the polyhouse. The polyhouse might Pink. Variation in spike yield might be due to have increased number of flowers had positive interaction of varieties with varying and significant correlation with shoots and genetically controlled character and pseudobulbs production. Thus, the increased environmental factors. Similar variation was number of leaves, leaf area on plant growth also observed previously by Negi 8, and helped in better way to synthesis of Kaveriamma 3, in phalaenopsis, Mohanty et carbohydrates and their utilization to give up al. 6, in rose and Naik and Kumar 7, in extra growth, thereby increasing the dendrobium. production of spikes as compare to shade Data indicates that the vase life results house. These results are in close conformity were differed significantly. There was a with the findings of Negi 8, and Kaveriamma 3, statistical difference in the vase life of growing in phalaenopsis. These findings are also in conditions. Relatively longer vase life was findings Mohanty et al. 6, in rose and Naik and recorded in flower grown under polyhouse Kumar 7, in dendrobium. condition (31.38 days) than shade house Varieties showed significant influence condition ( days). Similar findings were for spike yield per plant which was ranged previously observed by Mohanty et al. 6, in Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 118

6 rose and Naik and Kumar 7, in dendrobium. Ramachandradu 9, Sugapriya et al. 11, and Gopal Varieties showed significant influence on vase et al 1. Growing conditions and varieties had life of spikes. Var. Mono Red and Big White shown significant influence on vase life of had longest vase life (40.00 and days spikes. Relatively longest vase life was each respectively) followed by Ear Sakul recorded in Mono Red and Big White (40.00 (32.50 days).while shortest vase life of and days each respectively) spikes days was recorded in var Nopporn Pink. grown under polyhouse, While shortest vase Higher vase life probably due to strong genetic life of days was recorded in variety makeup of the variety. These results are in Nopporn Pink under shade house. accordance with earlier reports of Table 1: Days taken for bud initiation, spike emergence to first floret opening and first floret open to harvest of dendrobium as influenced by growing conditions, varieties and interaction effect Days taken for bud initiation (Days) Days taken for spike emergence to first floret opening (Days) Days taken form first floret opening to harvest (Days) Varieties (V) G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean V1-Ear Sakul V2-Mona Red V3-Charming White V4-Bubble Gum V5-Sonia V6-Burana Jade V7-Big White V8-Nopporn Pink Mean G V G X V G V G X V G V G X V S.EM CD ( P=0.05) NS NS Table 2: Spike length, rachis length and number of florets per spike of dendrobium as influenced by growing conditions and varieties Spike length (cm) Rachis length (cm) Number of florets per spike Varieties (V) G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean V1-Ear Sakul V2-Mona Red V3-Charming White V4-Bubble Gum V5-Sonia V6-Burana Jade V7-Big White V8-Nopporn Pink Mean G V G X V G V G X V G V G X V S.EM CD ( P=0.05) Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 119

7 Table 3: Floret diameter, spike girth and spike weight of dendrobium as influenced by growing conditions and varieties Floret Diameter (cm) Spike girth (mm) Spike weight (g) Varieties (V) G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean V1-Ear Sakul V2-Mona Red V3-Charming White V4-Bubble Gum V5-Sonia V6-Burana Jade V7-Big White V8-Nopporn Pink Mean G V G X V G V G X V G V G X V S.EM CD ( P=0.05) Table 4: Number of spikes per plant, spike yield per square meter and vase life of dendrobium as influenced by growing condition and varieties Number of spikes per plant Number of spikes per square meter Vase life (Days) Varieties (V) G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean G1 G2 Mean V1-Ear Sakul V2-Mona Red V3-Charming White V4-Bubble Gum V5-Sonia V6-Burana Jade V7-Big White V8-Nopporn Pink Mean G V G X V G V G X V G V G X V S.EM CD ( P=0.05) CONCLUSION Results from the present investigation it can be concluded that improvement in flower quality and flower production was found under polyhouse as compare to shade house condition. Variety Mono Red, var. Big White and var. Bubble Gum were early in flowering and superior in production of better quality of spike as compare to other varieties. Var. Big White and var. Mono Red were found were found promising for cut flower production under eastern dry zone condition of Karnataka. REFERENCES 1. Gopal, B., Srinivas, P. T. and Naik, M. H., Evaluation of performance of Dendrobium orchid hybrids. J. Res. ANGRAU., 41(1): (2012). 2. Kallihal., Reddy, B.S., Kulakarni, B.S. and Kamble, B.S., Effect of growing environment on different cultivars of carnation. Asian. J. Hort. 2(2): (2005). 3. Kaveriamma, Comparative performance of eight phalaenopsis varieties on different growing condition. P.hD. (Hort) Thesis, Kerala. Agric. Univ., Thrisur (2012). 4. Kumar and Sharma., Studies on performance, genetic variability, heritability and correlation of Dendrobium orchids under agro-climatic conditions of Pasighat Arunachal Pradesh. Int. J. Agri. Envi. Biotech., 6 (1): (2013). Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 120

8 5. Mehraj, H., Shikha, K. J., Nusrat, A., M.Sc.(Hort) Thesis, Kerala. Agric. Univ., Shiam, I. H. and Jamal Uddin, F. M., Thrisur (2012). Growth and flowering behaviour of 9. Ramachandrudu, K., Performance of Dendrobium cultivars. J. Bioscie. Agri. Dendrobium orchids under agro-climatic Res., 2(2): (2014). conditions of Goa. J. Ornt. Hort., 11(3): 6. Mohanthy, C.R., Mohanthy, A., Das, A.B (2006). and Kar, D.S., Comparative performance 10. Shwetha, B., Assement of gerbera of some rose varieties under open and cultivars under different growing protected environment. Asian. J. Hort. conditions. M.Sc. (Hort) Thesis, Bagalkot. 6(2): (2011). Hort. Univ., Karnataka (2013). 7. Naik. M. and Kumar. K, Effect of various 11. Sugapriya, S., Mathad, J. C., Patil, A. A., plant growth promoters and growing Hegder. V., Lingaraju, S. and Biradar, M. conditions on flowering of Dendrobium S., Evaluation of Dendrobium orchids for cv. Earsakul. J. Agric. Technol., 1(1): 25- growth and yield grown under greenhouse. 35 (2014). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 25(1): NEGI, Performance of phalaenopsis (2012). varieties on different growing condition. Copyright March-April, 2018; IJPAB 121