Engineering Urban Green Spaces for Evapotranspiration: Vegetation and Climate
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1 Engineering Urban Green Spaces for Evapotranspiration: Vegetation and Climate Kimberly DiGiovanni 1, Stephanie Miller 1 Franco Montalto 1 and Stuart Gaffin 2 PA Stormwater Management Symposium 2013 Session 2b: Stormwater Control Measures -The Importance of Vegetation 1 Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA Center for Climate Systems Research/NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025
2 Practical Motivation & Goal Engineer for ET ET is a significant flux that expands the capacity for GI facilities to capture stormwater and provide other ecosystem services NPDES permit holders seek to quantify ET volumes from different kinds of GI facilities (Philadelphia Water Department 2012; NYCDEP 2013) 2
3 Factors Impacting ET Meteorology Vegetation Media Moisture Meteorology Image adapted from Brouwer and Heibloem (1986) 3
4 Objective Quantify ET from in-situ urban green spaces and in laboratory studies Evaluate the role of vegetation and climate in influencing ET 4
5 Definitions Evapotranspiration (ET) Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) Reference Evapotranspiration (RET) Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) 5
6 Overview of presentation Field Studies Monitoring Sites Methods Results Laboratory Studies Methods Results Implications of Findings and Future Work 6
7 MONITORING AND DATA ACQUISITION 7
8 8
9 Google Maps and Bing 9
10 Sites 1. UP-Alley Pond (UP-AP) 2. Bio-Colfax (Bio-C) 3. GR-Columbia (GR-C) 4. GR- Fieldston (GR-F) 5. Air-John F. Kennedy (Air-JFK) 6. Air-La Guardia (Air-LG) 7. Bio-Nashville (Bio-N) 8. GR-Queens Botanical Garden (GR-QBG) 10
11 Monitored Sites Bioretention (Bio) Green Roofs (GR) Urban Parks (UP) Airports (Air)* *Data sets acquired from NRCC 11
12 Bio-C 12
13 GR-F 13
14 UP-AP 14
15 Weighing Lysimeters 15
16 Weighing Lysimeters UP-AP Urban Park (left) Mixed natives Bio-C Bioretention Area (right, receives precipitation) Juncus effusus GR-F Green Roof Sedum species Bio-N Bioretention Area (receives precipitation and stormwater) Juncus effusus 16
17 DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 17
18 ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation (short grass reference surface well watered) ET sz = Δ R n G + γ Δ + γ 1 + C d u 2 C n T u 2 e s e a ASCE-EWRI (2005) Rn net radiation G soil heat flux Δ slope of the saturation vapor pressure deficit curve γ phsychrometric constant Cn numerator constant u2 wind speed at 2 meters height es saturated vapor pressure ea actual vapor pressure Cd denominator constant 18
19 Water Balance: Weighing Lysimeter ET = x i=1 f is a conversion factor f m i m i+1 ρa m is the mass of the lysimeter A is the surface area of the lysimeter ρ is the density of water i 19
20 RESULTS 20
21 Reference Evapotranspiration (mm/day) Bio-C 10 9 Evapotranspiration (mm/day) Jul-2011 Sep-2011 Oct-2011 Dec-2011 Jan-2012 Mar-2012 May-2012 Jun
22 Reference Evapotranspiration (mm/day) 327 nonconsecutive days over one year period Bio-C GR-C GR-F Air-JFK Air-LG GR-QBG 22
23 Cumulative Reference Evapotranspiration (mm) RET from Bio-C RET from GR-C RET from GR-F RET from Air-JFK RET from Air-LG RET from GR-QBG non-consecutive days over one year period Day of Year 23
24 Cumulative Reference Evapotranspiration (mm) RET from Bio-C RET from GR-C RET from GR-F RET from Air-JFK RET from Air-LG RET from GR-QBG 40% Day of Year 24
25 Cumulative Reference Evapotranspiration (mm) RET from Bio-C RET from GR-C RET from GR-F RET from Air-JFK RET from Air-LG RET from GR-QBG Bio-C GR-F Day of Year 25
26 Bio-C GR-F 26
27 Actual Evapotranspiration (mm/day) Actual Evapotranspiration (mm/day) Bio-C GR-F 27
28 Cumulative Actual Evapotranspiration (mm) AET from Bio-C AET from GR-F >25% non-consecutive days Day of Year 28
29 LABORATORY STUDIES 29
30 Objectives Quantify daily evapotranspiration (ET) rates from four species of vegetation commonly used in green infrastructure (GI) under uniform conditions Evaluate differences in seasonal ET trends for the four species 30
31 Plant Species Species chosen based on their popularity in GI installations in NYC NYC 2012 Interagency Bioswale Planting List consulted Top 4 most frequent species chosen for experiment 31
32 4 Carex lurida 4 Asclepias incarnata 4 Liriope muscari 4 Echinacea purpurea 32
33 Methods Use lysimeters to record daily weight changes of plants Replenished plant water supply every 4 days Weighed plants before watering and after gravitational drainage ceased 33
34 Water Balance: Weighing Lysimeter ET = x i=1 f is a conversion factor f m i m i+1 ρa m is the mass of the lysimeter A is the surface area of the lysimeter ρ is the density of water i 34
35 AET (mm/day) Watered 7/26 3 Daily ET Values (8/19-8/29) Carex Liriope Asclepias Echinacea Watered 7/ Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug 2-Aug Date 35
36 Results Species Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Replicate 4 Avg Cumulative ET Carex Liriope Asclepias Echinacea * Results shown as depth in mm *This replicate began to senesce two weeks before the end of the experiment so it was not used in calculating average seasonal ET 36
37 Results Non-parametric statistics Kruskal-Wallis Median Test p value of.05 or below considered significant 37
38 Cumulative AET (depth in mm) 160 Seasonal Evapotranspiration Carex Liriope Asclepias Echinacea Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep Date 38
39 39
40 Preliminary Conclusions There are significant differences between the four species Intra-species variability is very high for Carex and Echinacea Further analysis is needed to explain differences within species 40
41 Future Work Repeat experiment for 2014 growing season Determine relative influence of climatic factors, hours since irrigation, and species have on daily ET So far only looked at seasonal totals 41
42 FINDINGS AND ONGOING WORK 42
43 Preliminary Conclusions Urban micrometeorological conditions dictate evaporative capacity from urban green spaces RET rates as determined at a daily time-step are statistically significantly differences across sites in an urban area Differences in cumulative RET up to 40 percent on an annual basis are observed between sites 43
44 Ongoing Related Work Micrometeorological variation across cities is an important factor in consideration of evapotranspiration Actual ET is influenced by other factors Vegetation Type Media Moisture Conditions 44
45 Vegetation Coefficients k c RET = ET crop 45
46 Ratio of Low Elevation AET to High Elevation AET (Furmanville Bioretention Area) 46
47 Engineer for ET Future Objectives Urban micrometeorological conditions dictate evaporative capacity from urban green spaces Vegetation selection controls ET Runoff routing dictates ability to fulfill ET capacity 47
48 Acknowledgements Contact: Kimberly DiGiovanni 48
49 49
50 2 ET crop = k c RET Kc AET:RET ActualET:ReferenceET K cavg = : 1 Ratio Winter K cavg = 0.83 Spring K cavg = 0.95 Summer K cavg = 0.98 Fall Day of Year 50
51 Evapotranspiration by Method 4.1 with Method A Non-water Limited Conditions (mm/day) Evapotranspiration by Method 1.1 (mm/day) 1: 1 Ratio 51
52 Sanford and Selnick (2013) 52
53 Bioretention Cells Cross-Section from EPA (2013) 53
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