The GEOGRAPHY of SOILS. Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College
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1 The GEOGRAPHY of SOILS Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College
2 SOIL and SOIL- FORMING FACTORS
3 SOIL and FORMING FACTORS Soil Natural surface layer of Earth Composed of mineral and organic matter Essential to life of the planet and to us Medium for plant growth Habitat for soil organisms (animals) Engineering medium Pedology: soil science
4 Soil
5 SOIL and FORMING FACTORS Soil-Forming Factors Parent Material Organisms Climate Time Topography
6 SOIL and FORMING FACTORS Parent Material Rock (the mineral component of soil) Residual Parent Material Bedrock weathers in place Transported Parent Material Bedrock is weathered elsewhere and is delivered by streams, wind, glaciers, etc. Regolith Weathered parent material
7 SOIL and FORMING FACTORS Organisms Vegetative cover dies, decomposes, and gets incorporated into soil Burrowing insects and animals rearrange soils and get incorporated after they die Microorganisms contribute Humus Decomposed organic matter a vital component of soil
8 SOIL and FORMING FACTORS Climate Soils are influenced by temperature and precipitation Time Soils take thousands of years to develop And can be ruined in a single person s lifetime Topography Influences the type of soil and its thickness
9 SOIL TEXTURE
10 Grain Size SOIL TEXTURE Size distribution of mineral particles in soil Sand: mm Individual grains can be seen Gritty feel Porous
11 Silt mm SOIL TEXTURE Only the largest grains can be seen Intermediate feel Intermediate porosity Clay < mm Grains can be seen using a microscope Smooth feel Not porous water is retained within
12 Loam SOIL TEXTURE Soil consisting of a mixture of sand, silt, and clay The soil texture triangle can be used to define loams Sandy loam has abundance of sand Silt loam has abundance of silt Clay loam has an abundance of clay
13 Soil Texture Triangle
14 SOIL CHEMISTRY
15 Soil Colloids SOIL CHEMISTRY Particles smaller than 1/100,000th of a mm ( mm) Mineral or organic Large surface area per volume Lots of surfaces to bond with other materials One spoonful of clay contains enough surface area to cover a football field
16 SOIL CHEMISTRY Mineral Exchange Most colloids have negative electrical charges that attract water and nutrients Colloids allow the exchange of nutrients with plant roots H is exchanged for Ca, Mg, Potassium, Sodium Cation-Exchange Capacity
17 Soil Colloids and Mineral Exchange
18 SOIL CHEMISTRY Soil Acidity and Alkalinity Acid soils <=5 ph Alkaline soils >=10 ph Nutrient exchange acidifies soils by introducing H ions Soil acidity can be reduced through the application of lime, burning, etc.
19 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
20 SOIL MOISTURE
21 SOIL MOISTURE Soils attract and retain water Negative electrical charges on colloids attract positive poles of water molecules Soils help prevent water from Sinking into the ground beyond plant roots Being lost through evapotranspiration Storage Capacity The maximum amount of water that a soil can retain
22 SOIL MOISTURE Available Water Capacity Amount of water in soil that is actually available to plants Vast surface area and negative charge of colloidal particles out compete plant roots for some moisture A wet soil can allow plants to die
23 Soil Moisture
24 SOIL STRUCTURE, PROFILES, and HORIZONS
25 STRUCTURE, PROFILE, HORIZON Soil Structure Manner in which soil particles are held together Structures Granular Platy Blocky Prismatic
26 Soil Structure
27 STRUCTURE, PROFILE, HORIZON Soil Profile Vertical section of soil layers Soil Horizon Individual layer of soil in a profile Horizons O, A, E, B, C, R
28 Soil Profile and Horizons
29 STRUCTURE, PROFILE, HORIZON O Horizon Organic, at top Most prevalent in cooler climates, where decomposition is slow Nutrient rich A Horizon Organic and mineral Dark colored Nutrient rich
30 STRUCTURE, PROFILE, HORIZON E Horizon Leached layer Clays, oxides, and organic matter are washed downward by water Light colored B Horizon Accumulation layer
31 STRUCTURE, PROFILE, HORIZON C Horizon Weathered parent material not really soil yet Regolith R Horizon Unweathered parent material Bedrock
32 SOIL TAXONOMY
33 SOIL TAXONOMY A classification system has been devised by the NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Taxonomy Based upon Diagnostic Horizons Organized into Orders, Suborders, etc. Only Orders are covered here Soil types reflect the four spheres
34
35 Soil Taxonomy
36 Soil Taxonomy
37 Oxisols SOIL TAXONOMY Equatorial, tropical, and subtropical Rainforest soil Lack distinctive horizons Extremely weathered Easily eroded w/o vegetation
38 Oxisols SOIL TAXONOMY Nutrient-poor soils Vegetation takes nutrients from soil and gives H in return, leading to acidic soil Most dead vegetation gets eaten by bacteria before it can get reintegrated into soil Nutrients are washed downward (leached), out of the reach of plant roots Associated with slash & burn agriculture
39 Oxisol
40 Oxisol
41 Aridisols SOIL TAXONOMY Found in arid climates Desert soils Little organic matter Can be nutrient rich Productive if properly irrigated
42 Aridisol
43 Aridisol
44 Mollisols SOIL TAXONOMY Found in midlatitude grasslands Dark & soft Mollic Epipedon A Horizon rich in organic matter Very nutrient rich
45 Mollisol
46 Mollisol
47 Alfisols SOIL TAXONOMY Found anywhere from equatorial regions to upper mid-latitudes Nutrient rich Well developed: older landscapes Predominant in the Central Valley Xeralfs Tall grassland & trees Do well with ample water
48 Alfisol
49 Alfisol
50 Ultisols SOIL TAXONOMY Similar to Oxisols in location and character, but have a clay-rich B Horizon Clay minerals leached from E Horizon and deposited in the B Nutrient poor Slash & burn agriculture
51 Ultisol
52 Ultisol
53 Spodosols SOIL TAXONOMY Found in upper latitudes (cold) in formerly glaciated regions Nutrient poor (acidic) Entisols No distinct distribution Undeveloped soils, w/o distinct horizons Nutrient poor in arid regions; nutrient rich in wetter regions (floodplains)
54 Spodosol
55 Spodosol
56 Entisol
57 Entisol
58 Inceptisols SOIL TAXONOMY Found near Oxisols and Ultisols Young soils with few diagnostic features Gelisols Found in extremely cold climates Permafrost within 2 meters of the surface Lack of microbial activity leads to buildup of organic matter over time
59 Inceptisol
60 Inceptisol
61 Gelisol
62 Gelisol
63 Andisols SOIL TAXONOMY Found near volcanoes volcanic ash Nutrient rich Vertisols Dark, shrink-swell clays Nutrient rich, but difficult to work with Great examples in Texas
64 Andisol
65 Andisol
66 Vertisol
67 Vertisol
68 Histosols SOIL TAXONOMY Found near Spodosols Organic soils Formed in shallow lakes or ponds Peat and muck can form Nutrient poor (limited decomposition)
69 Histosol
70 Histosol
71
72 The GEOGRAPHY of SOILS Physical Geography (Geog. 300) Prof. Hugh Howard American River College
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