HORT 102: Soil Properties. Cultivated Plants: Lecture 15. [Teresa Koenig] Slide #: 1 Slide Title: Intro Information Slide
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1 HORT 102: Soil Properties Cultivated Plants: Lecture 15 [Teresa Koenig] Slide #: 1 Slide Title: Intro Information Slide Title: Lecture 15 Soil Properties Speaker: Teresa Koenig Created by: Teresa Koenig, Kim Kidwell Music Slide #: 2 Slide Title: Slide 2 [Images of different soils] Soil Properties In this section, we will review basic soil definitions, describe common visual features found in soils, discuss soil genesis or formation, soil texture and structure in compaction. Slide #: 3 Slide Title: A. What is soil? Weathered rock and organic mater A medium to support plant growth by providing nutrients, water, air (oxygen), and physical support The foundation of all life Let s begin with a definition of soil. Wikipedia, the web-based encyclopedia states that soil is natural, composed on unconsolidated rock particles and organic materials and capable of supporting life. This definition only scratches the surface. Soils are also dynamic systems in which energy, gasses, water and other materials constantly enter, move through and exit. Soils are also teaming with life from large animals to microscopic bacteria. Across a region, field or even a small landscape, soils can vary in physical, chemical and biological processes. Finally, soils are manageable. Humans can alter either positively or negatively many soil properties. As a medium for plant growth, soil has four main roles. First, soil is a reservoir of mineral, nutrients and water. Soil also supplies air and more importantly oxygen to plant root systems. Finally, soil provides a base for the physical support of plants. The quality of soil as a medium for plant growth depends on how well soil fulfills these basic roles. Slide #: 4 Slide Title: B. Five soil-forming factors
2 1. Parent Material 2. Climate 3. Organisms 4. Topography 5. Time Soil formation is influenced by five main factors: parent material, climate, organisms, topography and time. Each factor is complex and can have several states or conditions. There are also many interactions among these factors. For example, consider the diversity of climates in terms of temperature and moisture from eastern to western Washington. Now, consider how the diversity of climates will influence the organism or vegetation factor. We will briefly review each factor to help you understand their influence on soil formation. Slide #: 5 Slide Title: 1. Parent Material: Unconsolidated mineral matter lying underneath the upper soil layers. [Image of rocks] As the name implies, parent material is the material from which soil formed. It is the unconsolidated mineral matter lying underneath the upper soil layers. Slide #: 6 Slide Title: Slide 6 a. Material from which the soil above it has been formed b. Parent material is composed of rocks Rocks weather by chemical and physical processes [Image of rocky soil profile] Parent material is composed of rocks which have been weathered by physical and chemical properties. Slide #: 7 Slide Title: Chemical Weathering: 1. Carbonation: Reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid, which weathers minerals 2. Hydration: Addition of water to minerals, which weakens them Chemical weathering is caused by carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions. Carbonation is the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid, a substance which weathers minerals. Hydration is the addition of water to minerals, weakening the minerals over time. Slide #: 8 Slide Title: Slide 8
3 3. Hydrolysis: Reaction between parent material and water, which results in the splitting of a water molecule 4. Oxidation-reduction: Reaction of parent material with oxygen to change oxidation state of elements Hydrolysis is a splitting of water molecules caused by the reaction between parent material and water. Oxidation-reduction is a reaction of parent material with oxygen to change the oxidation of elements. Slide #: 9 Slide Title: Physical Weathering 1. Temperature Changes: Cause expansion and contraction of parent material Causes cracks in rocks [Image of cracks in rock] Changes in temperature can cause expansion and contraction of parent material. This physical weathering results in cracks in rocks. Slide #: 10 Slide Title: Slide Glacial Till: Rocks embedded in glaciers scrape over other rocks as the glacier moves, grinding rocks into smaller pieces. Another form of physical weathering is the scraping of embedded rocks in glaciers over other rocks as the glacier moves. This strong movement grinds rocks into smaller pieces. Slide #: 11 Slide Title: Slide Moving water: Carries rocks of varying sizes which collide and break into smaller particles. Moving water carries rocks of varying sizes, which collide and break into smaller particles. This is another example of physical weathering. Slide #: 12 Slide Title: Climate: Affects the rate of soil formation and the type of soil that is formed. Climate also affects the rate of soil formation and type of soil that is formed. Slide #: 13 Slide Title: Slide 13
4 a. Rate: affected by moisture, humidity, frost, heat, wind erosion and sunlight [Image of rocky soil profile] The rate of soil formation is affected by moisture, humidity, frost, heat, wind erosion and sunlight. Slide #: 14 Slide Title: Slide 14 b. Type: Influenced by the type of vegetation that grows in the soil [Image of rocks] [Image of soil profile under grassland] The type of soils formed is influenced by the type of vegetation that grows in the soil. Slide #: 15 Slide Title: 3. Organisms a. Highly influenced by climate, which influences the type and amount of vegetation produced. b. Grasses deposit organic matter (OM) in the soil and on the surface; trees deposit OM mainly on the surface (litter layer). Organisms are highly influenced by climate, which influences the type and amount of vegetation produced. Grasses deposit organic matter in the soil and on the surface. Trees deposit organic matter mainly on the surface called the litter layer. Slide #: 16 Slide Title: Slide 16 c. Microorganisms and earthworms break down OM and mix this with the soil. d. Amount of OM present is dependent on the difference between the accumulation and decomposition of OM being deposited. Microorganisms and earthworms break down organic matter and mix this with the soil. The amount of organic matter present depends on the difference between the accumulation and decomposition of organic matter being deposited. Slide #: 17 Slide Title: 4. Topography: Slope Characteristics Affects soil formation process in two ways: a. Determines the erosion rate and thus the depth of soil b. Modifies the climate Determines patterns and rates of drainage, which influences moisture levels. Aspect influences temperature.
5 The fourth factor influencing soil formation is topography. It affects soil formation in two ways. The topography determines rate of erosion and thus the depth of soil and it modifies the climate by determining the patterns and rates of drainage which influence moisture levels. Slide #: 18 Slide Title: 5. Time: Soil formation is a slow but continuous process. a. Rate is affected by the nature (chemical composition) of the parent material and the intensity of the weathering. Time is a final factor we will discuss. Soil formation is a slow but continuous process. The rate of formation is affected by the chemical composition of the parent material and the intensity of the weathering. Slide #: 19 Slide Title: b. Soil Profile A vertical cross section of the soil showing the horizontal layers, which are called horizons. [Image of a soil profile featuring two different horizons] Soils commonly vary with depth and horizontal layers called horizons. A soil profile includes all the horizons from the surface down to the bedrock or other material from which the soil formed. The horizons are given letter designations beginning with A or O for organic on the surface followed by E, B and /or C horizons below. Top soil is the A horizon and subsoil, the remaining horizons below A. Slide #: 20 Slide Title: Slide 20 Characteristics of soil profiles: 1. Older soils have more defined profiles, often with more horizons 2. Zone of leaching: Upper layers of a soil profile are washed frequently as water moves through them. They are usually higher in OM due to the presence of plant roots, thus they are darker in color. A soil profile may take thousands or even tens of thousands of years to form. This is important to keep in mind when you want to alter major soil properties in an afternoon of gardening or even a single growing season. Generally older soils are more developed with more horizons and complex features within the profile. This is not always the case however since soils in very cold or dry regions develop at a slower pace than soils in warmer, wetter regions. The upper layers of a soil profile known as the zone of leaching are washed frequently as water moves through them. They are usually higher in organic matter due to the presence of plant roots, thus they are darker in coor.
6 Slide #: 21 Slide Title: Slide Zone of accumulation: Subsoil layers are zones of accumulation of materials transported from the upper layers 4. Parent material is found below the subsoil Subsoil layers are zones of accumulation of materials transported from the upper layers. The plant material is found below the subsoil. Slide #: 22 Slide Title: Slide Characteristics of soil profiles: Give us a historical record of past climate Are used to classify soils and determine uses and management practices Soil profiles information are important because they give us a historical glimpse of the past climate. They tell us about soil depth and potential productivity of an area and suitable limitations on soil use. Soil profiles also give us information about physical properties such as water retention and drainage as well as chemical properties like ph and salinity. Slide #: 23 Slide Title: C. Soil Composition 1. Mineral matter: 40% 2. Organic matter: 10% 3. Air*:25% 4. Water*: 25% *Water and air proportions vary with conditions. In water saturated soils, air % decreases. One convenient way to think about soils is on the basis of their composition. The composition and percent by volume of an ideal or textbook soil contained 40 percent soil mineral particles, 10 percent organic matter, 25 percent air and 25 percent water. The ideal soil is composed of only 50 percent solid material by volume. Collectively, the air and water volume is called pore space and together makes up the remaining 50 percent of the soil volume. Thus soil is a very porous medium. The percentages between the solid and pore space in soils can shift if soil is compacted. This has significant implications for plant growth since compaction reduces pore space capable of containing air or water. The percentages between the air and water components are also dynamic and will shift as rain or irrigation events occur. If soil pores are filled with water for an extended period of time, plant roots have limited access to oxygen resulting in increased incidence of disease and other growth
7 problems. Slide #: 24 Slide Title: D. Soil Texture: The percentage (by weight) of sand, silt and clay-sized particles in a soil. Soil texture is the percentage by weight of sand, silt and clay-sized particles in the soil. Slide #: 25 Slide Title: Slide Clay is the smallest: very fine (<0.002 mm in diameter) 2. Silt is intermediate in size (0.002 to 0.05 mm in diameter) 3. Sand is the largest (>0.05mm in diameter) Clay particles are the smallest. Silk is the intermediate and sand is the largest with particles that are greater than.05 millimeters in diameter. Slide #: 26 Slide Title: 4. Loam: Mixture of all three particle sizes: - 40% Sand - 40% Silt - 20% Clay A loam soil is a mixture of all three particle sizes. An example of a loam soil is one that is 40 percent sand, 40 percent silt and 20 percent clay. Slide #: 27 Slide Title: Soil Triangle [Diagram of soil texture triangle] A soil texture triangle is used to categorize the texture class of a soil. The sides of the soil triangle are scaled for the percentages of sand, silt and clay. Clay percentages are read from bottom left to the top of the triangle. Silt is read from the top to the lower right of the triangle and sand, from right to left across the bottom of the triangle. The intersection of the three sizes on the triangle gives the texture class of the particular soil. So, for example, if you take our soil from the previous slide, which was 20 percent clay, 40 percent silt and 40 percent sand, it falls in the loam class on this soil texture triangle. Slide #: 28 Slide Title: Slide Course: main component: sand 2. Medium: main component: silt (Sandy loams, silty clay loams)
8 3. Fine: main component: clay If you have a course soil, the main component is sand. For a medium soil, the main component is silt and a fine textured soil is composed mainly of clay particles. Slide #: 29 Slide Title: The Importance of Particle Size [Diagram depicting water and air movement through sand particles] [Diagram depicting water and air movement through clay particles] The particle size has a large impact on water flow through the soil. Water and air flow runs freely through the sand particles on the left. It is much more difficult for water to flow through the small clay particles however on the right hand side. Slide #: 30 Slide Title: Slide 30 a. Sand has large pore spaces, so water runs through it rapidly. b. Clay has very small pores, so water won t penetrate; runs off of the surface. Once wet, clay retains excessive amounts of water. c. Silt has intermediate water retention, but it isn t as good as a loam. Sand has large pore spaces, so water runs through it rapidly. Clay has very small pores, so water won t penetrate; instead it runs off of the surface. However, once wet, the clay soil retains excessive amounts of water, which could be problematic in a field situation. Silt has intermediate water retention, but it isn t as good as a loam. Slide #: 31 Slide Title: Soil Texture Influences Water intake (infiltration) rates Water storage Drainage Ease of tillage Aeration (gas exchange) Nutrient retention and soil fertility It is important to know and understand the soil texture of your field or garden soil because it influences water infiltration rates, water storage, drainage, ease of tillage, aeration, and nutrient retention and soil fertility. Slide #: 32 Slide Title: Texture and key physical properties in soil A loam soil is optimum because it has characteristics of each particle size without being
9 dominated by one [Table of five different soil types ranking them on their plant available water, gas exchange and drainage capacities] If we look at some of these characteristics in five different soil types, a sandy soil, sandy loam soil, silt loam, clay loam and clay soil, we see that a loam soil is optimum because it has characteristics of each particle size without being dominated by one. The silt loam will have adequate amount of water, gas exchange and drainage. A sandy loam would allow for increased gas exchange and drainage, but would lack plant available water. In contrast, a clay soil would have high water holding capacity for the plant, but allow for little gas exchange or drainage. Slide #: 33 Slide Title: E. Soil structure The combination of sand, silt and clay (with organic matter) into secondary particles called aggregates [Diagram of soil structure] Soil structure is a combination of sand, silt and clay with organic matter into secondary particles called aggregates. Slide #: 34 Slide Title: Structure [Image of good structured loam soil] [Image of clay soil with no structure] The soil at the top of this slide has good structure and adequate amounts of organic matter. The soil pictured on the lower right has poor soil structure. Slide #: 35 Slide Title: Soil structure results from: a. Climate: Weathers the soil b. Plants: Add roots and residue that decompose and glue soil particles together. Soil structure results from climate weathering the soil over time. The plants supply the roots and residue that decompose and glue soil particles together. Slide #: 36 Slide Title: 1. Type of structural aggregates in soil affects: a. Soil pore size b. Water-holding capacity c. Water-infiltration rate
10 d. Soil permeability to water and air e. Soil compaction The type of structural aggregates in soil affects its pore size, water holding capacity, water infiltration rate, soil permeability to water and air and soil compaction. Slide #: 37 Slide Title: 2. Unlike soil texture, soil structure can be changed by manipulating the soil. Unlike soil texture, soil structure can be changed by manipulating the soil. Slide #: 38 Slide Title: Slide 38 a. Amendments: Materials incorporated into the soil: grass clippings, manure b. Disruption: Plowing, compaction with equipment, tillage These changes in soil structures may the results of amendments such as grass clipping or manure or disrupting the soil by plowing, compaction with equipment or tillage. Slide #: 39 Slide Title: Compaction Destroys soil structure Seals off soil surface o Water runs off instead of into soil drought o Air can t enter or escape soil suffocation o Roots can t penetrate the soil physical barrier Stress death of plants [Image of a pathway through grass] Compaction destroys soil structure by sealing off the soil surface. When this occurs, water runs off instead of into the soil causing drought. Air cannot enter or escape the soil so plants suffocate and roots cannot penetrate the soil producing a physical barrier. All of these problems cause plant stress and eventually death of the plant.
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