Plant Propagation PLS 3223/5222
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1 Plant Propagation PLS 3223/5222 Dr. Sandra Wilson Dr. Mack Thetford Chapters Grafting and Budding 1
2 Graft Compatibility the ability of two different plants, grafted together, to produce a successful union and to develop satisfactorily into one composite plant. an interruption in cambial and vascular continuity leading to a smooth break at the point of the graft union, causing graft failure. External Symptoms Failure to form a successful graft or bud union Yellowing foliage, early defoliation Premature death of trees differences in growth rates between stock and scion differences in growth cycles (dormancy) of stock and scion 2
3 External Symptoms Overgrowth at or below the graft union Suckering of the rootstock Breaking apart cleanly at the graft union. Types Anatomical flaws Physiological incompatibility Nontranslocatable (localized) Translocatable Pathogen induced Incompatibility Viruses phytoplasma (micoplasma like organisms) 3
4 GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure Physiological incompatibility between scion and rootstock. Scion overgrowth caused by blockage of assimilates translocating from the scion to the rootstock, causing a weak root system. The melon scion grafted on Cucurbita rootstock later died as a result of insufficient support from the rootstock. GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure Undesirable suckering of rootstocks. (a) Hamamelis vernalis Sandra grafted on Hamamelis vernalis rootstock, and (b) rootstock suckers on recently grafted Ulmus alata Lace Parasol grafted onto seedling Ulmus alata. The suckers will need to be removed. 4
5 GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure While rootstock outgrowth is not desirable, a large, strong tree can still develop. (a) Sweet orange rootstock used for dwarfing, overgrowing the grapefruit scion. (b) Rootstock overgrowing scion on Morus alba Platanifolia. GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure Scion or rootstock outgrowth can still lead to a large, strong tree. Such outgrowth (arrows) is more related to the genetic tendency for growth, than to incompatibility. (a) Scion overgrowing rootstock: Acer pentaphyllum on A. pseudoplatanus rootstock, and (b) grapefruit scion on sour orange rootstock, which tolerates alkaline, heavy soils, but can be susceptible to Trestiza. 5
6 GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure Callus bridge formation in graft union of compatible and incompatible Prunus spp. (a and b) Compatible Luizet apricot grafted on Myrobalan standard plum rootstock. (a) Callus in graft union from a compatible graft 21 days after grafting. The cells show an orderly disposition and are uniformly stained (160 magnification). (c) Callus from incompatible graft of Monique apricot on Myrobalan standard plum rootstock ten days after grafting. The cells show an irregular disposition and the cell walls are thick and irregular. GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure Latent viruses in the scion portion of graft combination may cause symptoms to appear in a susceptible rootstock following grafting. Here stem pitting virus symptoms (arrow) have developed in the sensitive Virginia Crab apple rootstock. The wood of the scion cultivar above the graft union is unaffected. 6
7 Non translocatable Localized Incompatibility A mutually compatible interstock overcomes the incompatibility of the scion and rootstock. Nontranslocatable Bartlett Pear scion on Quince rootstock Glucose + HCN Bartlett pear scion enzyme HCN-glucose 7
8 Nontranslocatable Bartlett Pear scion with Old Home Pear interstock On Quince rootstock Bartlett pear scion enzyme HCN-glucose GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY Figure Nontranslocatable incompatibility of Bartlett pear scion overcome with `old Home interstock on quince rootstock 8
9 Translocatable A mutually compatible interstock does not overcome the incompatibility Incompatible unions: Hales Early peach on Myrobalan B plum roots Nonpareil Almond on Marianna 2624 plum roots peach cultivars on Marianna 2624 plum roots Causes and Mechanisms Physiological and biochemical mechanisms prunasin (cyanogenic glucoside) phenolic compounds (stress and wounding) Modification of cells and tissue lignification of cell walls Cell recognition of the grafting partners (similar to pollen stigma?) 9
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