Pruning Ornamental and Fruit Trees
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1 Pruning Ornamental and Fruit Trees Gardeners Gathering Mar. 3, 2012 Chuck Ingels UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County Many ornamental tree slides courtesy of Larry Costello, former UCCE advisor
2 Reasons for Training Young Landscape Trees Improve structural strength Reduce maintenance Increase tree longevity These also apply to fruit trees
3 Reasons for Training Young Fruit Trees Create light penetration in lower tree Support crop load Create access for ladder work, fruit thinning, harvesting, etc.
4 Landscape vs. Fruit & Nut Trees Differences Landscape Trees Taller trees Central leader training First branch higher Mostly winter pruning Few if any heading cuts Branch spreaders rarely used Fruit & Nut Trees Shorter trees Many training methods First branch lower Winter, summer pruning Some heading cuts Branch spreaders common
5 Landscape vs. Fruit & Nut Trees Similarities Branches carry heavy load»length vs. fruit load No narrow branch (crotch) angles Proper pruning cuts for wound closure May require support»cabling vs. rope or stake
6 Landscape Tree Training Effects of Improper Pruning on Mature Trees
7 Effects of Poor Training Scaffolds Originate from Narrow Zone
8 Effects of Poor Training Narrow Branch Angle Bark Inclusion Narrow Wide
9 Effects of Poor Training Narrow Branch Angle
10 Effects of Poor Training Narrow Branch Angle
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13 Young Tree Training The 5 Steps Remove broken, dead, diseased, or damaged branches Select and establish a central leader
14
15 Establish a Strong Leader
16
17 Avoid Co-Dominant Leaders
18 Young Tree Training The 5 Steps Remove broken, dead, diseased, or damaged branches Select and establish a central leader Select and establish the lowest permanent branch (LPB)
19
20
21 Young Tree Training The 5 Steps Remove broken, dead, diseased, or damaged branches Select and establish a central leader Select and establish the lowest permanent branch (LPB) Select and establish scaffold branches
22
23 Young Tree Training The 5 Steps 1. Remove broken, dead, diseased, or damaged branches 2. Select and establish a central leader 3. Select and establish the lowest permanent branch (LPB) 4. Select and establish scaffold branches 5. Select temporary branches below LPB
24 Basic Pruning Cuts
25 Heading Cut Removal of part of branch or shoot Used to promote branch development, especially on young trees Stimulates growth just below cuts Can reduce sunlight penetration
26 Thinning Cut Removal of entire branch or shoot, or back to a branch >1/3 the thickness of cut branch Used to prevent crowding and improve sunlight penetration Defines main branches
27 Large Pruning Cuts
28 Important Branch Growths Branch bark ridge Branch collar
29 Making Large Pruning Cuts
30 Making a Proper Cut
31 Cutting Off a Branch with No Collar
32 Proper Cuts, Wounds Closing
33 Insufficient Wound Closure from Improper Cuts Too Long Too Short Split Bark
34 Good Wound Closure, But Cut Too Big
35 Effects of Topping
36 Branches from Outer Buds Not Well Attached
37 Training and Pruning Fruit Trees
38 Spurs Apricot Cherry What it s all about A. pear Eur. pear
39 Post-Planting Care Head tree at in. Cut back well-placed laterals to 3-8 in., remove all others Paint trunk white Interior latex paint & water, 50:50 Entire trunk & 2 in. below soil Prevents sunburn & borers
40 Pruning a Bare-Root Tree Branches thinner than 3/16 Branches thicker than 3/16
41 New Shoots on Branches of Newly Planted Tree
42 Paint Trunks White (Hot Climates, Afternoon Sun on Trunk)
43 Summer Pruning
44 Summer Pruning of Young Trees Purpose: promote scaffold branches Head unwanted shoots to 4-6 in. Pinch 2 ft. long scaffold branches to promote side branching Reduces training time, shortens time to first fruit production
45 Summer Pruning for Training (Open Center) Before After
46 Summer Pruning of Mature Trees Purpose: To increase sunlight & productivity of lower fruiting wood Remove unwanted vigorous, upright shoots 1-3 times during season Bring down tree height Large branches may sunburn if pruning is excessive
47 Summer Pruning (Plum) Before After
48 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Fruit bush Espalier
49 Open Center Most common method Stone fruits and almonds; can also use for apples, pears, figs, persimmons Select scaffolds during first 2 growing seasons, touch up in dormant season Keep center open during summer from the start
50 Open Center Radial separation of scaffold branches (apricot) Stake branches outward if necessary (cherry)
51 Must have Vertical Branch Separation, Wide Crotch Angles
52 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Pruning stone fruits Peach/Nectarine
53 Peach/Nectarine Fruiting Branches (Bear on long, 1-yr.-old wood)
54 Pruning a One-Year-Old Peach
55 Pruning a Two-Year-Old Peach
56 Pruned Three-Year-Old Peach
57 Pruning a Mature Peach
58 Tying Open Center Peach Tree
59 Removing Old Fruiting Wood Cut back 2-yearold branches to healthy 1-yearold branches
60 Prune Apricots in August to Avoid Eutypa Dieback
61 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Fruit bush Espalier
62 Central Leader Apple (Genetic Dwarf)
63 Central Leader Used for apples, pears, Asian pears Maintain leader, remove at certain height Tie or stake lateral branches outward Create 3-4 whorls of branches Branches offset from those below
64 Central Leader Training
65 Spread Shoots When Young
66 Ideal tree shape & branch spread from regular maintenance pruning Robert Stebbins 1976
67 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Fruit bush Espalier
68 Fruit Bushes Kept at Desired Height
69 Fruit Bushes Pruning Years 1 & 2 At planting, head trees to in. Mid-spring cut back new growth by half Mid-summer cut subsequent growth back by half Thinning cuts for sunlight penetration May need to prune 1-2 more times
70 Cutting New Shoots in Half Mid-Summer
71 Fruit Bushes Pruning Mature Trees Cut back new growth above selected tree height 2-3 times during growing season Thinning cuts for sunlight penetration
72 Mature Fruit Bush Maintaining Tree Height Before After
73 Cherry, Pome Fruits Ideal for Fruit Bush
74 Apricots and Plum Fruit Bush Excessive Growth
75 Apricots and Plum Fruit Bush Excessive Growth Before After
76 Fruit Bushes Advantages Tree maintenance without ladder Trees for small spaces Sequential ripening Disadvantages Less fruit No shade Timing of pruning critical
77 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Fruit bush Espalier
78 Espalier Angle Shoots Upward Initially
79 Espalier Pruning Growing Season
80 Dormant Pruning Before After
81 Espalier Menorah Shape
82 Questions?
83 What to Do About Overgrown Trees
84 Methods of Reducing Height of Large Trees 1. Cut to desired height in thirds over 3 years Thin upright shoots in summer to provide light for lower fruiting wood
85 Methods of Reducing Height of Large Trees 1. Cut to desired height in thirds over 3 years Thin upright shoots in summer to provide light for lower fruiting wood 2. Bring down height in one year Saw off limbs well below desired height Leave one nurse limb to feed roots Thin new shoots, train tree as desired Paint exposed limbs white
86 Pruning Overgrown Apple One Year
87 Regrowth Weeks Later
88 Regrowth That Summer
89 Severe Topping Won t Always Work
90 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Open center Central leader Modified central leader Fruit bush Espalier
91 Modified Central Leader Walnuts & persimmons; can also use for apples, pears, and figs Start tree as central leader, then cut out the leader part way up Shorter leader = delayed open center
92 Specific Fruit & Nut Tree Training Methods Modified Central Leader Pruning different species Walnut Pecan Persimmon
93 Persimmon Bears laterally on current season s growth Terminal & first few lateral buds on 1- year-old branches are mixed»both male & female flowers
94 Persimmon Bearing Habit
95 Persimmon Fruitful Shoots at Tips of 1-Year-Old Branches
96 Training Young Persimmons Modified central leader 3-5 main scaffolds» 1 foot intervals» 1 st & 2 nd year can pinch shoots to promote branching.» Head branch ends you want to keep growing into scaffolds.
97 Unheaded Branches on Young Trees Lost Scaffold Branches, Sunburn
98 Pruning Mature Persimmons Dormant, annual pruning Primarily small cuts Thin out to invigorate and increase fruit size
99 Before Mature Tree Mod. Central Leader After
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