Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth)

Transcription

1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture y 3.4 Environmental weed n 3.5 Congeneric weed y 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals? 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) y 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n 5. Aquatic n

2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte n 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) Prolific seed production 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 8 Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:

3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 6 yes B yes C 2 yes total 29 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness Missouri Botanical Garden, Kemper Center for Home Gardening ( nt.asp?code=a5). 2. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 3. Villaseñor and Espinosa-Garcia (24) The alien flowering plants of Mexico. Diversity and Distributions : Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide.. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 2. Villaseñor and Espinosa-Garcia (24) The alien flowering plants of Mexico. Diversity and Distributions : no evidence 3.3 Holm (979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons.. native range: Panama, Guatemala 2. naturalized in Hawai'i 3. naturalized in Mexico "Gomphrena globosa is native to tropical America but is widely cultivated in the tropics and temperate regions as a garden herb or is grown in planters for its attractive globose, dark pink or sometimes white or yellow inflorescences.". "Probably native to the Neotropics although originally described from India, now cultivated and escaped in many parts of the world; in Hawai'i a popular garden annual (Neal, 965) and sparingly naturalized at least on O'ahu." 2. present in 3 states in Mexico (considered naturalized) G. globosa considered present as a weed of agriculture in Ghana and the Philippines. 3

4 3.4 no evidence 3.5 G. celosioides considered a serious Holm (979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons. weed of agriculture in Taiwan and Thailand. 4. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. no description of these traits 4.2 no evidence 4.3 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. no description of this 4.4 Harris Coker, C, EH Simonne, L Merritt, DJ Eakes, MK Causey, J Owen, and J Osborne (2) Reducing white-tailed deer damage to landscape plants with organic products. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9: no evidence 4.6. Horticopia Missouri Botanical Garden, Kemper Center for Home Gardening ( nt.asp?code=a5). 3. Gilman and Howe (999) Gomphrena globosa. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, FPS-234 ( 4.7 no evidence 4.8 no evidence 4.9. Horticopia Missouri Botanical Garden, Kemper Center for Home Gardening ( nt.asp?code=a5). 3. Gilman and Howe (999) Gomphrena globosa. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, FPS-234 ( full sun (, 2, 3) 4.. Horticopia Gilman and Howe (999) Gomphrena globosa. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, FPS-234 ( 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. "Based on the level of feeding damage observed throughout the study, hosta, globe amaranth, and annual vinca were classified as having high, medium, and low palatability to deer, respectively." [medium palatability not enough for 'no' answer]. "it is generally considered to be pest free" 2. "No serious insect or disease problems Mildew may attack drought-stressed plants." 3. "Globe Amaranth is free of most pest and disease problems.". "Suitable soil is welldrained/loamy or sandy." 2. soil tolerances: acidic, sand, loam, clay growth habit: forb/herb 4.2 no evidence, and is a low-growing herb 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA Amaranthaceae 4

5 USA. 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 5.4 Horticopia 4. herbaceous Amaranthaceae "This plant's roots are fibrous." [and an annual] Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. 2. Gilman and Howe (999) Gomphrena globosa. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, FPS-234 ( propagate by seeds (, 2) "Plants serve as butterfly nectar Horticopia 4. sources." 6.6. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. annual (, 2), and no evidence of vegetative reproduction 6.7. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 2. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. annual (, 2) "Gomphrena globosa is native to tropical America but is widely cultivated in the tropics and temperate regions as a garden herb or is grown in planters for its attractive globose, dark pink or Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. sometimes white or yellow inflorescences." 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. fruit a tiny, dry, one-seeded utricle 7.5 no evidence Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. fruit a tiny, dry, one-seeded utricle [no evidence of any means of attachment] 5

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