Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree)

Transcription

1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-2 high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed y 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic y 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) n 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n 5. Aquatic n

2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally y? 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic y 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 3 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides y 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 7 Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:

3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 6 yes B 9 yes C 7 yes total 32 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness Langeland and Burks, eds. (998) Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 3.. Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No Kairo, Ali, Cheesman, Haysom, and Murphy (23) Invasive Species Threats in the Caribbean Region. Report to the Nature Conservancy. 3. Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed Manual, Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetics Resources ( "Widely planted in the tropics and warm regions of the world". naturalized in South Africa 2. naturalized in the Bahamas and Puerto Rico 3. "the species has escaped and naturalized in the southern foothills of Puerto Rico and throughout the West Indies" 3.2 no evidence 3.3 no evidence 3.4. Considered a category 3. Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a invader in South Africa - Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South invades savanna, coastal Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 2. bush, riverbanks, urban 2. Kairo, Ali, Cheesman, Haysom, and Murphy (23) open space. 2. Considered Invasive Species Threats in the Caribbean Region. Report to naturalized and invasive in the Nature Conservancy. the Bahamas. 3.5 Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed ( 4.2 Dhawan, Poonam-Dhawan, and Gupta (2) Allelopathic potential of leguminous plant species towards Parthenium B. purpurea is a category 3 invader in South Africa. no description of these traits "Aqueous leachates (%) from leaves of all tested 3

4 hysterophorus L. - effect of aqueous foliar leachates. Legume Research 24: Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed ( Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No Singh (2) Leaf morphology and leaf area of fodder trees of NEH region. Range Management and Agroforestry 22: Horticopia Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 2. species [including Bauhinia variegata] decreased seed germination and vigour index of Parthenium hysterophorus." no description of this 4.8 no evidence 4.9. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 2. Horticopia Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed ( 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 4.2 no evidence 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 5.3 Pokhriyal, Bhandari, Negi, Chaukiyal, and Gupta (99) Identification of some fast growing leguminous tree species for nitrogen fixation studies. Indian Forester 6: Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 2. Horticopia Lau, Ramsden, and Saunders (25) Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae),. not indicated to be poisonous 2. is an important fodder species in India. "This plant is considered mostly allergy free" 2. not indicated to be poisonous or an irritant. full sun to partial shade 2. partial shade or partial sun to full sun (BUT "should be grown in full sun") "The species grows well in soils of medium fertility that are either droughty or moist; it is not tolerant of nutrient-poor sites." growth habit: tree/shrub Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata not found to produce nodules.. propagation by seed 2. "abundant seedlings may germinate in the landscape" "Bauhinia blakeana is shown here to be the result 4

5 6.4 inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany 92: Lau, Ramsden, and Saunders (25) Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany 92: Lau, Ramsden, and Saunders (25) Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany 92: Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed ( Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed ( of hybridization between the largely sympatric species, B. purpurea and B. variegata." Hybridization "probably natural" - paper demonstrates that it is feasible for the two species to interbreed. B. variegata set fruit when self-pollinated (both with pollen from the same flower and pollen from another flower of the same individual), though xenogamy is promoted. B. variegata pollinated by bees and butterflies (pollen observed adhering to the bodies of the pollinators). "Bauhinia spp. bloom within 3 to 4 years." "It is one of the most commonly cultivated small trees in India A popular planting in Hawaii" 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. fruit is a woody pod 7.5 no evidence 7.6 Gilman and Watson (993) Bauhinia variegata 'Candida': 'Candida' variegated orchid-tree. University of Florida, IFAS fruit is a dry, elongated pod; Extension ( does not attract wildlife 7.7 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. no description of any means of attachment 7.8 Gilman and Watson (993) Bauhinia variegata 'Candida': 'Candida' variegated orchid-tree. University of Florida, IFAS fruit is a dry, elongated pod; Extension ( does not attract wildlife 8. Langeland and Burks, eds. (998) Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. 5 seeds per pod 8.2. Connor (23) Bauhinia variegata L. Tropical Tree Seed. hard-seeded legume 2. "A fast-growing tree with seeds that remain viable for 5

6 ( 2. Langeland and Burks, eds. (998) Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida. Langeland and Stocker (2) Control of non-native plants in natural areas of Florida. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, SP 242 ( more than a year." [not clear whether in soil or not] "Basal bark application of % Garlon 4 or application of 5% Garlon 3A to cut stump...all methods listed have been found effective under certain circumstances." 6