2013 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE

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1 i ORGANIZATION OF THIS GUIDE... VI 1 INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT Introduction Practicing IPM Components of IPM IPM Tactics ORGANIC TREE FRUIT PRODUCTION IN NEW ENGLAND Introduction What is Organic Agriculture? Fungicide/Bactericide Options in Organic Apple Production Insecticide Options in Organic Apple Production Organic Apple Production Resources: PESTICIDE INFORMATION Pesticide Classification and Certification Use Pesticides Safely Protect Honey Bees from Insecticides Verifying Pesticide Registration and Restricted-Use Status Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting Reduced-Risk Pesticides, Minimum-Risk Pesticides, and Biopesticides FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendations Prepare for Emergencies Organophosphate Poisoning Your Responsibility as a Pesticide User Field Use and Care of Respirators Acute Toxicity of Pesticide Label Compliance Protecting Water Quality Restricted Entry Interval Pesticide Residue Tolerances EPA Worker Protection Standard OSHA Hazard Communications Standard SPRAYER INFORMATION Solutions for Safer Spraying Minimizing Pesticide Drift Preparing an Air Blast Sprayer Sprayer Calibration Nozzle Information Selecting Airblast Sprayer Nozzles Calibrating Airblast Sprayers Orchard Weed Control Equipment Selecting Nozzles for Boom Sprayers Boom Sprayer Calibration (Use clean water during calibration!) MIXING PROCEDURES Cleaning Sprayers Mechanical Maintenance Sprayer Storage Homeland Security CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS USED ON TREE FRUITS Cross Reference of Chemical vs. Trade Names of Pesticides By Common Name By Trade Name Restricted Highly Toxic Pesticides Fungicides Bactericides Other Materials Insecticides... 49

2 ii 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS USED ON TREE FRUITS (continued) 5.7 Acaricides Fumigants and Nematicides for Tree Fruits DISEASE MANAGEMENT Apple Scab Fungicides Notes on Apple Scab Management INSECT AND MITE MANAGEMENT WEED MANAGEMENT Calibration to Ensure Correct Herbicide Rate Groundcover Management Herbicides and Their Use Herbicides for Tree Fruits WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT Deer and Rabbits Meadow and Pine Voles Woodchucks Beavers Birds NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OF APPLE ORCHARDS Introduction Soil Analysis Preplant Soil Preparation Fertilization Program for Young Trees Fertilization Program for Established Orchards Characteristics of Commonly Available Fertilizers GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPLES Diseases Apple Rust Diseases Apple Scab Bitter Rot Black Rot, White Rot (frog-eye leaf spot and fruit infections) Blister Spot Blossom End Rots Crown Rot (Collar Rot) Fire Blight Powdery Mildew Sooty Blotch and Fly Speck Insects and Mites American Plum Borer refer to Dogwood Borer Apple Aphid, Spirea Aphid Apple Maggot Apple Rust Mite Brown Marmorated Stink Bug refer to Stink Bugs section Codling Moth, Lesser Appleworm, and Oriental Fruit Moth Comstock Mealybug Cutworms Dogwood Borer, American Plum Borer European Apple Sawfly European Corn Borer European Red Mite Green Fruitworms Japanese Beetle Mullein Plant Bug Obliquebanded Leafroller Oystershell Scale Plum Curculio

3 iii 11 GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPLES (continued) 11.2 Insects and Mites (continued) Redbanded Leafroller Rosy Apple Aphid San Jose Scale Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Apple Blotch Leafminer Spotted Wing Drosophila Stink Bugs (including Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) Tarnished Plant Bug Variegated Leafroller, Sparganothis Fruitworm White Apple Leafhopper, Potato Leafhopper Woolly Apple Aphid Storage Disorders Storage Rots Storage Scald Senescent Breakdown (McIntosh) Notes on Scald Control Materials Application Equipment Variety Requirements Apple Spray Table Growth Regulator Use in Apples Chemical Thinning Weather Factors That Affect Thinning Response Tree Factors That Affect Thinning Response Chemicals Registered for Thinning Chemicals not Registered for Thinning that Influence Cropload Spray Timings Suggested Strategies for New England Growers Summary Other Growth Regulator Uses in Apples in New England Growth Regulator Chemicals Registered in New England GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS PEARS Diseases Fabraea Leaf Spot Fire Blight Pear Scab Sooty Blotch Insects and Mites Aphids, Including Spirea Aphid Brown Marmorated Stink Bug refer to section on Stink Bugs Codling Moth Comstock Mealybug European Red Mite, Twospotted Spider Mite Green Fruitworms Obliquebanded Leafroller Pear Midge Pear Psylla Pear Rust Mite Pearleaf Blister Mite Plum Curculio Redbanded Leafroller Spotted Wing Drosophila Stink Bugs (including Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) Tarnished Plant Bug, Pear Plant Bug Pear Spray Table Table Pesticide Spray Table Pears Table Growth Regulator Uses in Pears

4 iv 13 GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS CHERRIES Diseases Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas syringae) Black Knot Brown Rot (Blossom blight & Shoot Blight) Leaf Spot Phytophthora Root, Crown, and Collar Rots Powdery Mildew X-Disease Insects and Mites American Plum Borer Black Cherry Aphid Black Cherry Fruit Fly, Cherry Fruit Fly European Red Mite Japanese Beetle Lesser Peachtree Borer, Peachtree Borer Obliquebanded Leafroller Plum Curculio Scales, including European Lecanium and San Jose Scale Spotted Wing Drosophila Stink Bugs (including Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) Storage Rots Cherry Spray Table Table Pesticide Spray Table Cherries Table Growth Regulator Uses in Cherries GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS PEACHES AND NECTARINES Diseases Bacterial Spot Brown Rot (Blossom Blight) Peach Leaf Curl Peach Scab Perennial (Cytospora, Valsa) Canker Phytophthora Root, Crown, and Collar Rots Powdery Mildew (Rusty Spot) Prunus Stem Pitting Virus X-Disease Insects and Mites American Plum Borer Cottony Peach Scale, European Fruit Lecanium Scale, San Jose Scale European Red Mite Green Peach Aphid Japanese Beetle Obliquebanded Leafroller Oriental Fruit Moth Peachtree Borers (Including Lesser Peachtree Borer) Plum Curculio Spotted Wing Drosophila Stink Bugs (including Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) Tarnished Plant Bug Western Flower Thrips Storage Rots Peach and Nectarine Spray Table Table Pesticide Spray Table Peaches and Nectarines Table Growth Regulator Uses in Peaches and Nectarines GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APRICOTS Diseases Bacterial Canker (Pseudomonas syringae) Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni)

5 v 15 GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APRICOTS (continued) 15.1 Diseases (continued) Brown Rot Peach Scab Perennial (Cytospora, Valsa) Canker Phytophthora Root, Crown, and Collar Rots Insects and Mites Brown Marmorated Stink Bug refer to section on Stink Bugs European Red Mite, Twospotted Spider Mite Japanese Beetle Oriental Fruit Moth Peachtree Borers (including Lesser peachtree borer) Plum Curculio Scales, including European Lecanium and San Jose Scale Spotted Wing Drosophila Stink Bugs (including Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) Tarnished Plant Bug Western Flower Thrips Storage Rots Apricot Spray Tables Table Pesticide Spray Table Apricots Table Plant Growth Regulator Use in Apricots GENERAL PEST MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS PLUMS AND PRUNES Diseases Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni) Black Knot Brown Rot Peach Scab Perennial (cytospora, valsa) Canker Phytophthora Root and Crown Rots Insects and Mites Apple Maggot Brown Marmorated Stink Bug refer to section on Stink bugs European Fruit Lecanium Scale European Red Mite, Twospotted Spider Mite Japanese Beetle Lesser Peachtree Borer, Peachtree Borer, American Plum Borer Oriental Fruit Moth Plum Curculio Redbanded Leafroller Scales, including European Lecanium and San Jose Scale Spotted Wing Drosophila Stink Bugs (including Brown Marmorated Stink Bug) Storage Rots Plum and Prune Spray Tables Table Pesticide Spray Table Plums and Prunes Table Plant Growth Regulator Use in Plums and Prunes APPENDICES Pesticide Data EPA numbers and worker protection standard re-entry and personal protective equipment (PPE) guidelines Spray Mixture Compatibility Notes Tree Fruit Reference Materials Diagnostic and Analytical Services Extension Faculty and Staff Abbreviations and Symbols Used in this Publication

6 vi Organization of this Guide The first chapters of this guide contain introductory information about two different, but not mutually exclusive, management approaches integrated pest management (IPM) and organic. This is followed by general information on pesticide safety, sprayer use and calibration, and descriptions of the different materials used for pest management in tree fruits. Chapters are in the following order: Integrated Pest Management Organic Management Safe and Legal Use of Pesticides Effective Spraying Characteristics of Crop Protectants Following this are sections on managing diseases, insects and mites, weeds, and nutrient management and fertilizer recommendations for apple orchards. Next, for each crop, is a section on General Pest Management Considerations with numbered comments on biology, cultural notes, monitoring, and pesticide use for each pest, in the following order: CROP Diseases Disease 1 Biology & Timing Monitoring & Forecasting Biological & Cultural Management Pesticide Application Notes Pesticide Resistance Disease 2, etc. Insects and Mites Insect 1, Etc. Crop Spray Table Within each group (Diseases, Insects and Mites) pest are discussed in alphabetical order. This section is followed by a Pesticide Spray Table, which lists specific products for the control of each disease, insect and mite pest of this crop, giving products (alphabetically by trade name), rates, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals, and comments keyed to specific sections of the written notes in the preceding General Pest Management Considerations. For each phenological growth and management stage of the crop, pests are addressed in the order of diseases followed by insect and mite pests. Within each pest group, individual pests are listed in alphabetical order. In some cases not every brand name pesticide product with the same active ingredient on the market is listed, and instead representative product(s) for that active ingredient are listed with a note that other products with the same active ingredient are available. Lastly is an appendix of tables showing pesticide active ingredient common names, preharvest intervals, pesticide product brand names, EPA registration numbers, Restricted Entry Intervals, Personal Protective Equipment guidelines, and spray mixture compatibility suggestions for the materials included in this publication. This is followed by a list of other fruit reference publications, and directories of diagnostic services, Extension faculty and staff in each New England state. The last page provides a key to the abbreviations and footnotes used in this publication.

2013 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE

2013 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE i ORGANIZATION OF THIS GUIDE... VI 1 INTEGRATED CROP AND PEST MANAGEMENT... 1 1.1 Introduction... 1 1.2 Practicing IPM... 1 1.3 Components of IPM... 2 1.4 IPM Tactics... 3 2 ORGANIC TREE FRUIT PRODUCTION