Invasive Species in Georgia

Transcription

1 Invasive Species in Georgia Dr. David Coyle, Southern Regional Extension Forestry Forest Health and Invasive Species Master Gardeners for UGA Extension State Botanical Garden of Georgia 6 February 2018 Outline What are invasive species? Bugs Emerald ash borer Crepe myrtle bark scale Black twig borer Bugs/Fungus Laurel wilt Plants The Dirty Dozen Coming soon?? Spotted lanternfly Thousand cankers disease Asian longhorned beetle Resources The biggest threats to trees are: Things humans do What happens outside 1

2 In fancier terms Increasing globalization Weather and climate U.S. imported over $2.2 trillion in goods in 2016! Top import country for each U.S. state (2016) 2

3 THE WORLD S FOREST main vegetation zones Hardwood Mesquite Pine Orange Avocado Palm What IS an invasive species? Anything that has been introduced Aggressively competes with and displaces natives No natural enemies 3

4 How do invasive species get here? Once they re here, we move them around mi.us/tag/firewood/; Bugs 4

5 Emerald ash borer Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Native to Asia First found in Michigan 2002 believed it was brought in on shipping containers Emerald ash borer adult and some look alikes 5

6 Emerald Ash Borer Egg masses laid in bark crevices Larvae feed in phloem Larval galleries Pupate in wood D shaped emergence hole Adults feed on foliage EAB: What to Look For Declining/thinning crown Sprouts at base Cracking/ swollen bark EAB: What to Look For D shaped holes Winding galleries under bark 6

7 EAB: What to Look For Ash blonding EAB: What to Look For Woodpecker activity Emerald ash borer range Ironically, ash was planted to replace elm! More irony: sweetgum as ash replacement & issue in China 7

8 Also Quarantined: SC eastern TN Some of AL Emerald Ash Borer Management Monitoring Public outreach EAB chemical control Systemic Basal drench Trunk injections Trunk sprays Imidacloprid Dinotefuran Emamectin benzoate Financial and logistical limitations 8

9 EAB chemical control Foliage sprays Carbaryl (Sevin) Permethrin Multistate_EAB_Insecticide_Fact_Sheet.pdf Crepe myrtle bark scale Native to Asia Found in TX in 2004 Sooty mold = black fungus, grows on honeydew = excreted by scale insects Stunted growth, dieback, aesthetics CMBS distribution 9

10 Bark beetles Almost all in the southeastern U.S. are native Most attack stressed trees Exception = southern pine beetle Feed on phloem Phloem = the sleeve of life Feeding (girdling) consumes phloem Trees die from lack of nutrition Bark beetles are small (but can do a lot of damage) Ambrosia beetles are small (and some can do a lot of damage) 10

11 Ambrosia beetles Many, many different kinds Most are native in GA (but plenty of non natives) Most attack stressed trees Natural areas Nurseries Urban environments Anywhere there s a stressed tree. Ambrosia beetles Create fungal gardens (which larvae eat) Toothpicks! Ambrosia beetles Usually the thing that finishes off a tree 11

12 Black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) Native to Asia Occurs throughout the SE US Extremely wide host range (>220 spp.) Tiny! 1 2 mm long Black twig borer Ambrosia beetle Carries Fusarium solani Important fungal pest in several crops Tuber, root, stem rots Black twig borer 12

13 Black twig borer damage Flagging Aesthetic Generally not a problem for established plants May impact new plantings or transplants Black twig borer damage Mechanical (cultural/physical) control (cultural/physical) Hand pruning works! No control effective chemical control once beetle enters Hand tree pruning preventative is effective works! Attacks tend to be closer to ground Bugs & Fungus 13

14 Laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) Redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) Both Native to Asia Laurel wilt & Redbay ambrosia beetle Adult attacks tree Larvae feed on fungi Galleries Mass attack Frass/sawdust tubes Fungal staining Laurel wilt spread 14

15 Laurel wilt distribution Laurel wilt hosts Redbay/swamp bay/silk bay Camphortree Sassafras Bay laurel Pondspice Laurel wilt management Sanitation XPhysical protection 15

16 Laurel wilt management Insecticides Several tested, efficacy good but short lived! Fungicides Propiconazole (Alamo ) Plants 16

17 Invasive plants Often introduced as ornamentals or forages Rapid early growth Not much eats them Seeds: lots, early, spread by wind/water/verts Establish in disturbed areas Forest edges Rights of way Abandoned land Invasive plants Incredibly hearty roots or rhizomes Resprout Grow outward Wide tolerance to shade, drought, soil conditions, flooding Can form exclusive (or limited species) dense infestations Adapt and spread using a sit and wait strategy Allelopathic chemicals These suppress growth or sprouting of other plants When did they get here? Tree of Heaven 1784 Mimosa Silktree 1745 Paulownia Princesstree 1800 s Chinaberry mid 1800 s Callery pear 1908 Russian olive 1900 s Autumn olive 1900 s Chinese tallowtree 1700 s Chinese privet 1800 s Japanese privet 1845 Bush honeysuckle 1700 s & 1800 s Nandina 1800 s Invasive roses multiflora 1800 s Cogongrass

18 Invasive Plant Control Options Herbicide broadcast, basal bark, hack and squirt Manual hand pulling, girdling Mechanical mowing, mulching Prescribed Burning Grazing horses, cattle, goats, sheep Invasive Plant Control Options Broadcast - Foliar Application Backpack sprayer Tractor/ATV mounted tank Aerial Invasive Plant Control Options Basal Bark application Backpack sprayer Wand or wick 18

19 Invasive Plant Control Options Stem injection (Hack and Squirt) Hatchett/machette and spray bottle Invasive Plant Control Options Stump treatment Handsaw/Chainsaw and spray bottle Small stems Large stems Pesticides READ AND FOLLOW ALL LABEL INFORMATION!! Use Personal Protective Equipment Long sleeve shirt Long pants Boots Chemical resistant gloves Eye protection Use the correct herbicide, with correct application methods and correct tools. 19

20 Invasive Plant Books Invasive Plant Books To request these free books: Also an app on your smart phone: Search Invasive Plants Invasive Plants in Southern Forests: Identification and Management By Charles T. Bargeron Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) One of the world s worst noxious weeds Infests nearly 500 million acres worldwide Native to Asia Now found everywhere but Antarctica First appeared in Alabama in 1911 Introduced in MS, FL as forage (1920s 1930s) 20

21 Free Zone Free Zone Outlier Zone Outlier Zone Epicenter Heavily Infested Zone Cogongrass in Georgia 1400 Cogongrass Status Eradicated Year 2 Neg. Year 1 Neg. Active Cogongrass in Georgia Location of Cogongrass in Georgia 1% 0% 5% 1% 1% 18% 74% Pine Forest Right of Way Open Yard Planted Food Plots Unknown 21

22 Cogongrass Flowers early spring to early summer (April early June) Cogongrass Average seed per flower Cogongrass Off centered white mid rib 22

23 Cogongrass Very Dense Mat of Rhizomes Cogongrass Pointed Rhizome Dense mat Many sharp points Covered in flaky scales Bright white under scales Strongly segmented Cogongrass 23

24 Cogongrass biology Forms large monocultures Successful in low light environments Fire adapted Drought tolerant Mechanical management Small infestations can be removed with repeated, aggressive tillage Limited to open (non forested) sites Deep plow or disk, several times during season Desiccates rhizomes & exhaust food reserves Cut to a depth of at least 12 inches Burning removes shoots, enhances chemical control but no control!! 24

25 Chemical management Broadcast applications for large areas Glyphosate (Roundup, etc.) 2 to 4 quarts/a Imazapyr (Arsenal, etc.) 1 to 2 quarts/a Spot treatment for smaller areas Glyphosate 2 to 3% solution Imazapyr 0.5 to 1% solution Use surfactant at 0.25% (10 mls/gallon) Adhere to planting restrictions for imazapyr, may cause residual damage Integrated management For best results combine: Burning Chemical applications (glyphosate and/or imazapyr) Tillage (mechanical disturbance) Burn or mow before herbicide Remove excess thatch and older leaves Initiate regrowth from rhizomes, reduces biomass Tillage following herbicide works best 25

26 #11a English Ivy (Hedera helix) Thrives in a variety moisture, soil and light conditions Climbing vines and trailing ground cover English Ivy Foliar (July through October) Garlon 3A or 4: 3-5% solution Glyphosate: 4% solution Escort XP**: 1 ounce per acre ( 0.2 ounces per 3 gallon) plus 2% glyphosate in water (June-August) Will damage surrounding plants #11 Non native Roses (Rosa spp.) Multiflora, Macartney, Cherokee Planted as ornamentals Can form large infestations, climbing into trees Colonize along right of ways and open forest edges Spread by prolific sprouting & animal dispersed seeds 26

27 Non native Roses Foliar Spray Method:. Escort: 1 ounce per acre in water (April June or August October) (0.2 dry ounces per 3 gallon mix) Arsenal AC*: 1% solution in water with a surfactant. Glyphosate: 2% solution in water with a surfactant. Will need repeated applications Basal Application: Garlon 4: 20% in basal oil (Jan./Feb. or May October) Cut Stump: Arsenal AC*: 10% solution in water Glyphosate: 20% solution in water *Arsenal is soil active #10 Chinese/Japanese Wisteria (Wisteria spp.) Often planted as ornamental There is a native species, but is difficult to differentiate Grows up ANYTHING Shades things out, can girdle stems/branches Grows from seeds or roots Fun fact about twining: Japanese = clockwise Chinese = counterclockwise Wisteria Management Generally invades open/disturbed areas Common around abandoned homes Best option is PREVENTION! No real information on biological control Mechanical control options: Remove entire plant Repeated cutting 27

28 Wisteria Management Stem Application: Spray length of surface vines with 20% Garlon4 in basal oil Stem Injection: Excellent results are reported with: Arsenal AC*, Garlon 3A, or glyphosate according to label directions. (anytime except March and April). Foliar Spray Method:. (July October) Transline: 0.5% solution in water Tordon 101*: 3% solution in water Garlon 4 : 4% solution in water Glyphosate: 4% solution in water *always use a surfactant Cut stump: 25% glyphosate or triclopyr #9 Mimosa tree (Albizia julibrissin) Persian silk tree (Persian name = night sleeper, leaves fold up) Legume Crowds out native vegetation Seeds spread by wind and water, require scarification #8 Chinese tallowtree (Triadica sebifera) Planted as ornamentals for showy fall color Plants can produce 100,000 seeds/year Spread by birds and water 28

29 Chinese tallowtree distribution David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA Chinese tallowtree: chemical control Foliar Spray Method:. (July- October) Clearcast : oz. per acre Arsenal AC: 1% solution in water with a surfactant. Krenite S: 30% solution in water with a surfactant. Garlon 4 2% solution in water with a surfactant. Cut Stump Method: Excellent results are reported with: 50% solution of Garlon 3A or 10% solution of Arsenal AC. Stem injections using Arsenal AC, Garlon 3A, or Pathfinder II (anytime except March and April). Basal Bark Method: Triclopyr: Garlon 4 (20% plus basal oil). The use of a penetrant is highly recommended. Pathfinder II and Chopper : ready-to-apply products. Treatment can be done at any time of the year. Top 12 Invasive Exotic Species #7 Non native Olives (Elaeagnus spp., Autumn & Russian combined) Once planted for wildlife Fast growing, shade, drought and salt tolerant Spread by prolific stem sprouts & animal dispersed seed 29

30 Non native Olives Foliar Spray Method:. (April October) Garlon 3A or 4 : 2% solution in water with a surfactant. Arsenal AC*: 1% solution in water with a surfactant. Glyphosate: 4% solution in water with a surfactant. Basal Application: Garlon 4: 20% in basal oil (Jan./Feb. or May October) Cut Stump: Arsenal AC*: 5% solution in water Glyphosate: 20% solution in water *Arsenal is soil active #6 Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) Vines up to 100 long Smothers everything Total eradication is necessary to reclaim a site! David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA Kudzu David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA

31 #5 Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) Can climb up to 80 feet Brown fronds persist in winter = fire hazard. Spreads rapidly by wind dispersed pores, esp. on clothing and in pine straw. David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA Japanese climbing fern Occurs along highway R O Ws, especially around bridges Japanese climbing fern Spreads rapidly in open forests, forest road edges, and stream margins. 31

32 Japanese climbing fern Scattered in pine plantations and natural woodlands. Japanese climbing fern Rapidly forms mats, smothering shrubs and trees. Japanese climbing fern Persists and colonizes by rhizomes and spreads rapidly by wind dispersed spores. 32

33 Japanese climbing fern Dies back in winter with dead vines providing a trellis for reestablishment in the spring. 33

34 Japanese climbing fern: control Escort XP (1.5 2 oz per acre % nonionic surfactant) High Volume Broadcast. Good choice for pine stands but may damage hardwood overstory. Ash, Elm, Dogwood, Cherry are susceptible to root uptake from Escort Japanese climbing fern: control Glyphosate (4% solution with water) applied as a directed foliage spray 1 pint per 3 gallon mix in water with a surfactant. Apply July September before spores are released. 34

35 #4 Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) Perennial legume Seeds remain viable for decades 3 leaves/stem; wedge shaped leaf base David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA Sericea lespedeza Capable of invading all disturbed habitats Extremely difficult to eradicate Do NOT recommend for erosion control! Burning, mowing, chemical management (triclopyr) David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA #3 Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Planted as ornamental; common on roadsides and fencerows. Colonies formed by root sprouts, abundant seeds spread by birds. David Dickinson FIA Coordinator Georgia Forestry Commission PO Box 819 Macon, GA

36 Chinaberry Large Trees Stem Injection and Cut Stump Arsenal* Garlon 3A Saplings Basal spray Garlon 4:» 10 20% solution in basal oil Sprouts/Seedlings Foliar (July September) Garlon 4: 2% solution in water Garlon 3A: 2% solution in water Arsenal AC*: 1% solution in water #2 Nepalese browntop/japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Flourishes in floodplains and streamsides. Shade tolerant. Each plant can produce up to 1,000 seeds per year that are viable for up to 3 years. Spread by hitchiking. Nepalese browntop control Mowing before seed set will control new sprouts after herbicide spraying Hand pulling combined with herbicide can also provide control Will have to repeat control methods for several years Prescribed burning promotes new growth Foliar Glyphosate: 2% solution in water (early summer) Fusilade: summertime, more selective, in combination with hand pulling 36

37 #1 Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) Planted as ornamental Can form thickets in upland and lowland habitats Shade tolerant Abundant seed spread by animals and birds Chinese privet 37

38 Chinese privet: mechanical control 4% Glyphosate 1 Oz. Escort Per Acre December 14, 2007 First Spraying 38

39 February 14,2008 Two Months Later Winter Foliar Treatment: February Winter Foliar Treatment: February 39

40 Winter Foliar Treatment: April Chinese privet: chemical control 1. Escort XP (1.5 2 oz per acre % non ionic surfactant) High Volume Broadcast. Good choice for pine stands but may damage hardwood overstory (Ash, Elm, Dogwood and Cherry are susceptible to root uptake from Escort) 2. Glyphosate (4 6% solution with water) applied as a directed foliage spray. 3. Krenite (mixed with water) as a cut surface or injected into the cambium. Safe around desirable trees where privet must be removed. 4. Garlon 4 (20% plus crop oil) applied as a basal bark treatment. Good treatment option for privet with single stems and bushy canopy. Other Considerations: Privet eradication will take at least 2 treatments over 2 growing seasons Most privet seed will germinate within one year of maturing Bonus plants! 40

41 Trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata) Also known as Hardy Orange Deciduous shrub, grows 8 30 tall Native to China First introduced to U.S. in 1850 s Used as rootstock for citrus Spiny stems make infestation impenetrable, even by wildlife Invades woodlands, forest edges, and fencerows Small, orange edible, but bitter fruit Trifoliate orange control Winter application of 5% glyphosate May need mist blower for complete coverage Callery pear Callery (aka Bradford Pear pear) (Pyrus calleryana) Native to China Deciduous, up to 60 tall Widely planted as ornamental Rapid growth Abundant fruits by age 3 Sterile varieties grafted on fertile rootstock Seed spread by birds and other animals Root sprouts form dense thickets 41

42 Callery Callery pear Pear control Treatment 5% foliar glyphosate 2 4% foliar imazapyr 25% basal bark triclopyr Cut stump 50% glyphosate Coming soon? Thousand cankers disease The fungus: Geosmithia morbida The vector: walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis 42

43 Thousand cankers disease Native to western U.S. Affects walnut (Juglans spp.) Especially black walnut (J. nigra) First symptoms: Yellow leaves Thinning crown Dying branches Time to tree death varies Death by a thousand papercuts Distribution of thousand cankers disease as of August : Knox Co., TN 43

44 Thousand cankers disease No known effective prevention or treatment Does not harm wood Prevention of firewood or other wood movement is CRITICAL to healthy forests Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula ) Native to China, Bangladesh, Vietnam Potentially MAJOR pest of fruit trees & vines Pennsylvania,

45 Dead adult found in NY Jan Dead adult AND egg masses found in VA Jan Dead adult found in DE Jan Strong preference for tree of heaven 45

46 Resources Resources offices/clarke.html Resources 46

47 Resources facebook.com/southernforesthealth/ Resources Resources facebook.com/groups/southerntreehealthdiagnostics/ 47

48 Resources Questions? David Coyle