Were Soil Test Levels Affected by 2012 Drought?

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1 Were Soil Test Levels Affected by 2012 Drought? Immobile Nutrients P, K, Zn, Cu Soil Properties Salinity Soil ph Mobile Nutrients N, S, Cl,

2 Temperatures exceed 120F in Australia! F (had to add new color to map)

3 Olsen Phosphorus (P) - ppm Soil Phosphorus (P) Test Trend Ave. Olsen P test Drought High P soil test = 15 ppm Benson Lab Northwood Lab Year

4 (P) - ppm Soil Phosphorus (P) Test Trend Ave. Bray and Olsen P Drought Benson - Bray 1 Test Benson - Olsen Test Year

5 Potassium (K) - ppm Soil Potassium (K) Test Trend Ave. K test Drought Northwood Lab Benson Lab High K test = 150 ppm Year

6 Potassium (K) - ppm Soil Copper (Cu) Test Trend Drought High Cu test = ppm All samples tested in Northwood Laboratory Year

7 Zinc ppm (DTPA test Soil Zinc (Zn) Test Trend High Zn test = 1.0 ppm Drought All samples tested in Northwood Laboratory Year

8 Soil ph (1:1 routine method) Soil ph Trend (0-6 ) NE ND Drought Northwood Lab Year

9 Soil ph Soil ph Test Trend Benson Lab zip code Benson Lab Drought Year

10 % Soil Samples with Salts greater than % 17% 10% 8% 17% 23% MB 21% 17% 12% Fall 2012 Samples (0-6 samples) ND 2% 8% 4% 1% 15% 37% 10% 27% 19% 19% 6% 0% SD 2% 6% 21% 12% 11% 2% 4% 1% 3% 7% MN

11 Mmhos/cm (1:1 method) Average Salinity (0-6 ) Drought Higher than 1988! NE ND Northwood Lab Benson Lab Year

12 % samples testing >1.0 salts North Dakota & NW Minnesota % Samples Testing with Salts Higher Than NE ND 567 NW MN 587 NC ND 1:1 salt method expressed as mmhos/cm

13 % samples >1.0 Salts (mmhos/cm) South Dakota - % Samples Testing with Salts Higher Than % 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 572 Watertown 573 Huron 574 Aberdeen 582 Grand Forks 1:1 routine Salt Method Grand Forks

14 The Salt Problem may be Worse than we think? Composite Field Samples Teach samplers to avoid areas that don t represent most of the field (white areas avoided) Zone sampling The salty zones often do not get tested or fertilized Many salty fields don t get tested at all!

15 Mobile Nutrients (Move with water) Sulfur (SO4 - ) Chloride (Cl - ) Nitrogen (NO3 - )

16 Sulfur Soil Test Trends % of Samples testing High (> 15 lb/a S in topsoil ) drought Northwood Laboratory Year

17 Chloride Soil Test Trends %Samples Testing Higher Than 60 lb/a in Northwood Laboratory Year *2007 data chloride testing was limited after Northwood tornado

18 Residual Nitrate Following Hot and Dry 2012 Higher Residual Nitrate Levels Common High N Fertilizer rates with early seeding Higher N Mineralization (warm) Lower crop use (yield reduction) No N losses to excess rainfall Leaching Denitrification

19 Average Soil Nitrate following Wheat in 2012 MB Fall 2012 Samples (lb/a 0-24 samples) ND SD MN 39 43

20 Average 2012 Soil N Following Wheat Increase Over 2009 (normal year) 0-10 lb/a lb/a MB (lb/a 0-24 samples) lb/a >30 lb/a ND SD MN +5 +2

21 Palmer Drought Severity Index May, 2012

22 Palmer Drought Severity Index June, 2012

23 Palmer Drought Severity Index May, 1988

24 Palmer Drought Severity Index June, 1988

25 Average Soil Nitrate Following WHEAT Years of history! Drought

26 Nitrate Category Total Nitrate 0-24" lb/a Soil Nitrate Variability Between Fields Following WHEAT in 2012 > % 5% % % % % 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% % of Fields Testing in Each Category

27 Average Soil Nitrate following Corn in 2012 MB Fall 2012 samples (lb/a 0-24 samples) ND SD MN

28 Average Soil N Following Corn Increase Over 2009 (normal year) 0-10 lb/a lb/a MB Fall 2012 samples (lb/a 0-24 samples) lb/a >30 lb/a ND SD MN

29 Palmer Drought Severity Index July, 2012

30 Palmer Drought Severity Index August, 2012

31 Palmer Drought Severity Index July, 1988

32 Palmer Drought Severity Index August, 1988

33 Nitrate Category Total Nitrate 0-24" lb/a Soil Nitrate Variability Between Fields Following Corn in 2012 >100 11% % % % % % 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% % of Fields Testing in Each Category

34 Higher Soil N Test = Money Saved! If soil test is 20 lb/a higher that means $10- $12 less N fertilizer needed for each acre

35 Topsoil N Higher after Dry 2012 Crop Year Crop Grown Crop Grown Wheat 2012 Ave. 0-6 N Corn 2012 Ave. 0-6 N 2012 (hot and dry) 22 lb/a 25 lb/a 2009 (normal) 12 lb/a 13 lb/a

36 Nitrate - N 0-6 lb/a Average Topsoil N (0-6 ) Drought Northwood Lab Benson Lab Year

37 Why So Much Topsoil N? Topsoil Got Dry- Few active roots in topsoil Some Fertilizer N not used (stranded) Mineralization Higher Mineralization Rates - Warm Season No N losses (hasn t happened for many years) Denitrification Leaching Crops Used N and Water Below 24 Some crops down to 6-8 feet

38 Denitrification Risk Higher With Lots of Nitrate in Topsoil? Denitrification: Loss of N to the atmosphere under wet conditions Denitrification requires Saturated surface soil Nitrate-N close to surface Common bacteria (Thiobacillus) Plentiful organic matter Moderate temperatures

39 Estimated Denitrification losses by soil temperature and days of saturation Soil Temperature (F) Day Soil Saturated Nitrate Loss % % 10 25% % 5 75% 7 85% 9 95% University of Nebraska U of Illinois estimates 4-5% of nitrate lost per day with 65 F soil temperature

40 AGVISE Laboratories %Zone or Grid Samples Tested Compared to Conventional Whole Field Composite Samples in 2012 Mostly Zone samples for soil nitrate 0-24

41 Soil Testing Drought Conditions Soil Testing is Critical Nitrogen residual is higher due to dry 2012 Most nutrients not greatly effected by Drought Soil Salinity does increase following dry years Management Decisions Drought causes more variability of N in fields Zone Soil Testing provides better information on N variability

42 Questions?

43 Thank You! Please be sure to sign in and out for CEU s Drive Safe

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