Traditional cocoa production
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- Clifton Mitchell
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1 Traditional cocoa production Overaged trees Pests and diseases Low biodiversity No shadow Limited extension and research support Loss of soil fertility Increasing labour costs Slash and burn Shortage of suitable land Low productivity and profitability Quality control challenges M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 1
2 Improved cocoa agroforestry system High input of organic matter to the soil Proper management of pests and diseases Light management Proper postharvest handling Shade trees Diversity of tree species Improved productivity and profitability Improved product quality M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 2
3 Development of a succession-based forest system Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Pioneer plants cover the floor Fast growing tree species develop Forest tree species develop Trees of the primary forest dominate M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 3
4 Suitable conditions for cocoa production Altitudes up to 1400 m Optimum temperature 25 to 28 C Rainforest conditions High and well distributed rainfall Short dry period Important to restrict fungal diseases Under agroforestry conditions a longer dry period is possible No strong winds Deep soil with good drainage Sufficient organic matter M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 4
5 Lifecycles of different intercrops of cocoa Primary trees (more than 10 years) Secondary (10 years) Secondary (5 years) Secondary (2 years) Pioneers Year 1 Year 2 Year 5 Year 10 More than 10 Succession: Development of a natural forest is simulated Pioneers: maize/sorghum, beans, rice, sweet potato or ginger Secondary up to 2 years: pigeon pea, cassava Secondary up to 5 years: pineapple, papaya Secondary up to 10 years: bananas, oranges Primary trees: timber trees, fruit trees, cocoa trees M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 5
6 Raising cocoa seedlings in a nursery 1. Harvest healthy and mature pods only. Good quality hybrid seeds obtained from local research stations can also be used for seedling production. 2. Plant the fresh beans of ripe pods directly into black polythene bags. Mix 40 % top soil, 30 % compost and 30 % sand for filling the bags 3. For the cocoa nursery make sure there is enough shade, ample water and protection from wind. Start with dense shade and decrease it, as the seedlings grow. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 6
7 Grafting of seedlings 1. The seedlings are ready to be grafted at a size of 50 cm and 10 mm in diameter. Scions should be 10 cm long and have at least 3 buds. They should be collected into a resealable plastic bag. 2. Make a diagonal side-wedge, which fits on the rootstock stem. 3. Remove all the leaves of the scion. 4. Bound the scion and the rootstock firmly together.. 5. Cover the grafted seedlings with plastic sheet. 6. Remove the sheet, when buds sprout. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 7
8 Grafting new suckers on old trunks 1. Identify a branch of a healthy but non-productive cocoa tree, with a light brown bark. Cut the branch horizontally. 2. Collect scions with 3 to 4 eyes from new growth flushes in the top of improved trees. Eliminate all leaves an make a well tapered V-cut on the scion. 3. Slit the rootstock the same length as the V-cut on the scion. Remove all leaves from the rootstock. Insert the scion into the rootstock ensuring that all the bud eyes are exposed. 4. Wrap the branch of the rootstock from the base upwards making sure that there are no gaps between the scion and the rootstock. 5. Cover the scion completely with a plastic bag. 6. Once the scion has started to sprout, remove the plastic to avoid disease infection. Once the graft is well established, cut the parent tree down. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 8
9 Most preferred shade trees in cocoa plantations Tree species Acacia mangium Albizia spp. Alstonia boonei Ceiba pentandra Cola nitida Entandrophragma angolense Elaies guineensis Funtumia elastica Ficus spp. Khaya ivorensis Milicia excelsa Rauvolfia vomitoria Terminalia ivorensis Tetrapleura spp. Triplochiton scleroxylon Pycnanthus angolensis Gliricidia sepium Mangifera indica Persea americana Cocos nucifera Ricinodendron heudelotti Psidium guajava M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 9
10 Poorly managed plantation Dense spacing No adequate shade Soil exposed to the sun Risk of weed competition Poor soil cover No pruning of cocoa trees Poor soil fertility M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 10
11 Pruning and height control of cocoa trees Before After Jorquette Chupons Limit fan branches to 3 to 4. Remove all branches within 60 cm of the jorquette. Remove all old and diseased branches. Remove all branches growing into the centre of the tree canopy. Remove basal chupons at regular intervals. Trim-off branches that hang below the jorquette. Trim-off all top-branches that grow above 2.5 to 3 m. Pruning: Allows sunlight to filter through to the main branches and the trunk to stimulate flowering and facilitate harvesting. Decreases the humidity within the canopy to reduce risk of diseases. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 11
12 Shade management in cocoa plantation Before pruning After pruning Prune back the shade trees that do not shed their leaves during the dry period. Regularly remove old leaves and desuckering surplus shoots of banana. After harvest of the banana, split the pseudostems lengthwise and lay them on the ground as ground cover. Prune or remove any harvested tree intercrop. Pruning of shade trees Increases light penetration to the understorey. Provides additional organic material for the maintenance of soil fertility. Prolongs the lifetime of the primary tree species. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 12
13 Soil fertility improvement in cocoa plantation Spreading of prunings from trees Returning of harvest residues Integration of palm trees growing in symbiosis with mycorrhiza-fungi Spreading of leaves Addition of animal manure and compost M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 13
14 Preventive pest and disease management Regulating cocoa tree height, pruning and shade management Proper weeding Ensuring field hygiene Maintaining soil fertility Using disease resistant and pest tolerant varieties Establishing a dynamic cocoa agroforestry system M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 14
15 Common pest and diseases Pest and diseases Symptoms Mirids (capsids) Sucking insects damaging young shoots and cocoa pods Brown or black sap lesions, later infested by disease Young cocoa trees are very vulnerable when grown without shade. Mealybugs Vectors of CSSV Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSV) Virus transmitted by mealybugs. Swelling of roots and stems, red vein-banding interveinal chlorosis of leaves, trees becoming Picture? yellow, infected trees can die. Black pod Caused by several species of the fungi Phytophthora Pods can be infected at any stage of development. Symptoms: Small translucent spot turning into a chocolate brown colour, then the whole pod turns black and mummifies. Infected pods have white sporulation on their surface. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 15
16 Common disease control measures Measures Tabelle Use of disease resistant and pest tolerant varieties Effects Varieties with tolerance to black pod disease and swollen shoot virus disease Ensuring field hygiene Most important method for managing diseases: regular removal of diseased pods can suppress the black pod disease. Use healthy planting material only. Regulating cocoa tree height, pruning and shade Picture? Light and air circulation reduce Black pod disease. Maintaining soil fertility Improves general health of the tree. Proper weeding Air circulation and less humidity reduce diseases, particularly Black pod disease M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 16
17 Harvest and postharvest handling of cocoa 1. Harvest at regular intervals of 1.5 to 3 weeks without damaging the stem. 2. Keep the pods for a few days before opening them. 3. Open the pods without damaging the beans and separate the beans from the placenta. 4. Wrap the beans in banana leaves or make heaps of about 100 kg for fermentation. 5. Turn the leaf packages every second day. 6. Stop the fermentation when most of the beans have turned brown. 7. Dry the fermented beans by spreading them in the sun. 8. Store the beans in bags in a dry place with good ventilation. M9 Crop Management: U14 Cocoa 17
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