ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL NURSERIES IN SRI LANKA LECTURE 3
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1 ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL NURSERIES IN SRI LANKA LECTURE 3
2 COMMERCIAL NURSERY Important factors considered for establishing a nursery are agro-climatic conditions, soil types, soil ph, location, area, irrigation facilities, communication, market demand, availability of germplasm or mother plants, skilled persons, transport. etc. 2
3 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Nursery crops are either or field grown produced in containers Many nurseries use a combination of both systems A trend today is to grow the majority of ornamental plants in containers Over 80 per cent of plant stock is container grown 3
4 FIELD GROWN.. Field production requires soils with good fertility, organic-matter content (3-5%), and without obstacles (e.g., large stones, hardpans, etc.) Container production not necessarily require good soil on site Container growing medium can be brought from remote locations However, good soil on site as a resource in media construction may be useful 4
5 CONTAINERIZED PLANTS Field grown production is being replaced by container grown plants Less shock to the plant Plants are easier to move Retailers can keep plants longer before selling Insects, diseases, fertility and ph are easier to control in uniform media.
6 CONTAINERIZED PLANTS Containerized plants are by definition constrained with regard to root growth Plant growth is affected by a variety of factors container style, (material, depth, Diameter container substrate, weather, and irrigation uniformity 6
7 In Containers Less shock to plant Plants are easier to move Can keep plants longer before selling Easier to control - insects, diseases, fertility & ph in uniform media 7
8 In Containers Watering is more important for container grown plants than field-grown plants - as roots can go no deeper or spread any wider than the container Plant containers are above the ground and will dry quicker Plants should be watered until the water runs through the hole in the bottom of the container Plants need more water in active growth and flowering stage
9 Advantages of container production include: less acreage required for production, handling convenience, and a nearly year-round harvest and planting season 9
10 PRODUCTION CONSIDERATIONS 1. Site selection and preparation - Container-grown plants need to be frequently irrigated, - often multiple times per day, throughout the growing season - The ideal production site will have a slightly sloping topography (less than 5 % slope) and offer water drainage to a pond or retention basin for recycling back to the crop - Fields with hardpans and those that flood periodically should be avoided 10
11 2. Crop selection Thousands of plants and cultivars produced and marketed by container nurseries These include ornamental trees and shrubs, vines and ground covers, ornamental grasses, and fruit trees and bushes The selected species and cultivars must be well adapted to local climatic condition 11
12 Labor requirements Labor is required for potting, pruning, irrigating, weed control, staking, pesticide applications, and harvest The level of management for container-grown plants is significantly higher than in field production A common rule of thumb is to employ one worker per acre of container production 12
13 Economic Considerations Beginning a nursery business requires a large capital investment The return on a container nursery operation will be realized more quickly than for field-grown stock. However, the initial investments and production costs are much higher for container grown plants Expenses for establishing a container nursery include grading for drainage, gravel beds to set the plan, equipments, buildings, supplies, plant material, and the installation of an irrigation system 13
14 Service Area Equipment storage and repair facilities, along with pesticide, petroleum, and fertilizer storage facilities, comprise the nursery service area Reserve the best land for production purposes 14
15 FIELD GROWN VS. CONTAINER Types of plants grown in containers vary from ground covers to trees Proper selection of containers should include several considerations such as Cost Durability Appearance Shape Drainage Size
16 Field Production Container Production Advantages Low initial start- up cost Good for long term production Adaptability of equipment Less demanding on grower Little land preparation needed Intensive use of land Does not require productive land Reduction in production time Extends marketing season Mechanization Shorter marketing and harvesting period Specialized digging equipment Less control over environmental factors Well drained, productive land needed Storage facilities needed Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages of Field and Container Production 16 High initial startup costs Dependent on good water supply and distribution system More challenging and demanding of grower Winter protection Well drained site Requires much site preparation
17 The return on a container nursery operation will be realized more quickly than for field-grown stock However, the initial investments and production costs are much higher for container grown plants 17
18 TYPES OF NURSERIES 1. Conventional Nurseries 2. High -Tec Nurseries 18
19 a. Conventional Nurseries Producing for local market No fixed market for the production Basic traditional tools and cultural practices Grow in open environment Unorganized production management Family labor/few hired labor Level of quality control is low 19
20 2. HIGH -TEC NURSERIES High capital investment Mainly for export market Produce only for orders of a known market Use Advanced technology and equipments Protected environment Well organized production management system Salaried work force Quality control is a main feature in all aspect of nursery activities 20
21 TYPE OF CULTIVATION - 1. Edible/Non edible 2. None edible 21
22 TYPE OF CULTIVATION Edible Vegetables Fruits Herbs 22
23 Ornamental Plants and Flowers Ornamentals include those that are cut for their flowers and/or foliage, those that are sold as potted flowering plants or potted foliage plants Rooted cuttings Un-rooted cuttings Cut Foliage Seedlings Tissue cultured plants, Pot plants Cut flowers Value added plants 23
24 Types of Operations in Commercial Plant Nurseries Production Own Production Intensive Laboratory production Semi intensive Production Sub grower production 24
25 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES Pest and Disease control Chemical Cultural IPM Nursery and plant hygiene 25
26 Traditionally pest control means - - use of chemical pesticides In the present day context, pest control includes the use of all those methods which are employed for preventing pests and diseases without disturbing the environment (IPM) 26
27 Sanitation in Nursery Sanitation practices in nursery include, 1. Prevention of insects, pests and diseases 2. Inspection for insect, pest and disease incidences 3. Environmental control leading to protection from harmful environment factors like hot sun, freezing temperatures, storms, etc. 4. Eradication of pests, diseases and weeds 27
28 Plant hygiene begins before propagation There are 05 main entry points for pathogens into the nursery 1. Propagation facilities: containers, flats, knives, secateurs, working surface, boxes, tools etc. 2. Propagation substrates 3. Irrigation water 4. Planting stock: seeds, cuttings, scions and rootstocks 5. Shoes and clothing of nursery staff and visitors Pay attention to these 05 entry points 28
29 WEED MANAGEMENT Prevention, control and eradication are the keys in weed management In order to reduce the negative implications of weeds on the quality and quantity of nursery plants, weeds have to be controlled efficiently 29
30 Integrated Weed Management Integrated Weed Management (IWM) approach aims at minimizing the problem of residue of herbicides found in plant, soil, air and water. IWM - defined as the combination of two or more weed-control methods at low input levels to reduce weed competition in a given cropping system below the economical threshold level 30
31 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES CONT D.. Nutrition Management Different application systems - Field application, Fertigation, Foliar application Deferent forms - Granular, Liquid, Powder Substrate Management Direct on Soil Mixtures Deferent ratios depending on crop. Media Provides nutrients Anchors plants Provide oxygen for roots Provides favorable environment for micro organisms 31
32 Types of Operations in Commercial Nurseries. Water management- Sources-Shallow well, Deep well, Natural sources Irrigation systems- Sprinkler irrigation, Drip, Manual watering An adequate supply of good quality water is essential for a nursery Water quality can be assessed by an agricultural testing laboratory 32
33 Water Quality Irrigation water contains varying amounts of soluble salts - calcium, sodium, magnesium etc. Excess amount of any component in water degrade the quality of water and develops toxicity Total Soluble Salt (TSS): The total soluble salt concentration is measured as electrical conductivity (EC) and expressed as ds/m at 25 0 C temperature
34 RUNOFF WATER MANAGEMENT Lay out and plant fields across slopes and on contours. Provide grassed roadways and vegetative aisles between rows when topography creates erosive conditions. Install field border strips to reduce movement of sediment from a field. Seed the areas between rows of trees with a green manure crop or A more permanent crop, such as a turf grass, to prevent erosion 34
35 Switch to drip irrigation if possible Drip irrigation Faster growing crops More uniform crops Less labor Less water Less money FEWER WEEDS! High Water productivity 35
36 WATER MANAGEMENT CONT D.. The volume of water required will change with weather, irrigation method and the container medium Judicious water use benefits the industry since good water management leads to better nutrient management and better crops 36
37 STRATEGIES FOR WATER CONSERVATION Do not over-water. Do not water if the soil is still wet. Irrigate according to the requirements of the plants, not on a fixed schedule. The duration of irrigation is needs to be modified based on evapo-transiration. Collect irrigation and rain runoff and use for irrigation. Manage irrigation runoff to minimize the possibility of polluting surface or ground 37
38 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES Environment control - Light/Shade Depending on the type of crop, its light and photosynthesis needs vary The right choice of shade nets are critical Temperature RH Drainage 38
39 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES Pruning and Training Reasons for Pruning To shape plant To make plant more compact To train growth for form of mature plant To remove dead or diseased parts 39
40 Pruning and Training Primarily carried out to provide the plant a mechanically strong framework, to expose maximum leaves to light for the photosynthetic process, for easy detection of diseases and pests and facilitate pest management and to ensure full sanitation by the removal of diseased parts or twigs and proper application of pesticides for elimination of the pest and disease 40
41 Care to be taken during training and pruning Ensure that cuts are sharp and clean and care is taken to prevent branch breakage and tearing Prevent contamination of healthy tissues when pruning out diseased tissues through proper cleaning of tools between successive cuts While pruning diseased branches, cut beyond the diseased tissues 41
42 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES CONT D.. Supply and maintenance management for daily consumption -Fertilizers, Chemicals Fixed technology/equipments Recruiting, training and keeping skilled labor force Postharvest operations and processing for export Transport Sorting grading and Packing Cold storage facilities 42
43 PACKING OF NURSERY PLANTS Packing: It is defined as placing the nursery plants or propagating materials into a suitable container for maintaining their viability and vitality during storage and transport So they have to be packed a way that they do not lose their turgidity and are able to establish themselves on the new site Good packing ensures their success on transplanting. For packing baskets, wooden boxes, plastic/paper bags are used. 43
44 Advantages of Packing Packaging protects the planting material from hazards caused during transport and prevents them from microbial and insect damage. It minimizes the physiological and biological changes taking in the planting material during transportation. Packing must maintain the natural condition of seedling of nursery plants and improve the shelf life of seedlings. Necessary information like name of seedling, name of nursery, age of seedling, etc. can be attached with packing boxes 44
45 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES Marketing Local International ensure customers receives quality products 45
46 TYPES OF OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL NURSERIES In general the main demand for nursery plants is during rainy season. A proper strategy should be followed for sale of nursery plants. For that advertisement in local daily newspapers, posters, hand bills, catalogue and appointment of commission agents can be followed 46
47 Management of mother plants Care of mother plants is necessary to get good quality propagules and scion a. Labeling and records b. Certification c. Irrigation d. Fertilization e. Pruning f. Protection from pests and diseases 47
48 48
49 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF A COMMERCIAL NURSERY Production division Mother stock Propagators Technical division Pest and disease control Plant nutrition and substrate management Research and development Export operations division Coordination of Shipments Accounts and general administration division 49
50 IMPORTING AND EXPORTING LIVE PLANTING MATERIAL The import of plants requires an import permit and international broker. Upon arrival, plants will need to be inspected by a Quarantine official The export of plants requires a Phytosanitary Certificate issued by the Quaarantine services Other requirements and restrictions may apply depending on the importing country 50
51 DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS Regulated Materials: Given in Plant Protection Ordinance (Chapter 447, Section 9) Prohibited materials ( imported in restricted amounts by the respective institutes Eg. Coconut, tea, rubber, rice and cocoa Restricted materials: Phytosanitary certificates is required to obtain an import permit
52 PROCEDURES FOR IMPORTS Apply for a permit in advance Application form can be obtained from the Chief Plant Quarantine Officer, NPQS, Katunayake Or NPQS office, Gannoruwa or Seaport, Colombo
53 53
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