DRAFTING III- ARCHITECTURAL

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1 7963 DRAFTING III- ARCHITECTURAL CURRICULUM GUIDE CURRICULUM SUMMER 2005 CROSSWALK Trade & Industrial Education Career Technical Education CURRICULUM CROSSWALK PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF NORTH CAROLINA State Board of Education Department of Public Instruction Division of Instructional Services :: Career-Technical Education :: Trade & Industrial Education

2 UNIT B Architectural Styles 6

3 UNIT B: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Competency: Identify architectural styles. Objective: Define terms related to selected styles of residential architecture. R1 pgs Terms and Definitions 1. Post A vertical wood structural member usually 4x4 or larger 2. Lintel A horizontal steel member used to provide support for masonry over an opening 3. Arch An inclined ceiling area 4. Vault An inclined ceiling area 5. Column A vertical structural support, usually round and made of steel 6. Clapboards A tapered board used for siding that overlaps the board below it 7. Parapet A position of wall that extends above the edge of the roof 8. Balcony A deck or patio that is above ground level 7

4 Competency: Identify architectural styles. UNIT B: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Objective: Explain concepts associated with selected styles of residential architecture. R1 pgs A. Development of architectural styles 1. Influences a. Climate b. Available materials c. Building techniques available to the time period 2. Styles a. Few structures exemplify any particular style b. Categorized by most common and significant features c. Transitions i. Occur from one time period to another ii. Occur from one geographical origin to another 3. Significant historical architectural developments a. Post and lintel b. Arch c. Vault d. Dome 4. Influences on early American architecture a. European styles serve as a basis for the development of American styles b. England, France, Spain, and Italy provided the most significant influences c. Structural influences represented i. Available materials ii. Climate iii. Settlers backgrounds d. Style names origin i. Geographical region ii. Shape of the structure 8

5 iii. Time period B. Elements of Design 1. Line a. Offers a sense of direction and/or movement in design of structure b. Relates a structure to the site and natural surroundings c. Curved lines soften appearance d. Horizontal lines minimize height and maximize width e. Vertical lines create an illusion of height and strength f. Diagonal lines create a sense of transition 2. Form a. Rectangles, squares, circles, ovals, ellipses b. Should be dictated by function c. Used to accent specific features 3. Color a. Aides in distinguishing between exterior materials and accent shapes b. Described in terms of hue, value, and intensity i. Hue represents what is typically considered the color ii. Value is the darkening or lightening of a hue iii. Intensity is the brightness or strength of a specific color 4. Texture a. The roughness or smoothness of a surface i. Rough surfaces 1. Feeling of strength 2. Feeling of security ii. Smooth surfaces 1. Illusion of increased height 2. Reflect more light 3. Make colors seem brighter b. Important in selecting materials to complete a structure 5. Rhythm a. Repetitive element provides rhythm; leads the eye through the design b. Created with gradual change in materials, shape, and color 9

6 6. Balance a. The relationship between areas of the structure and an imaginary center line b. Formal balance is symmetrical. c. Informal balance is nonsymmetrical. 7. Proportion a. Relates to size and balance b. Affects the way a residence relates to its environment c. Considered in design of exterior and interior of a structure 8. Unity a. Relates to rhythm, balance, and proportion b. Ties a structure together with a common design c. Avoid features that appear tacked on C. Floor Plan Styles 1. Single-level residences a. Among the most common styles b. Provide stair-free access c. Simple to maintain d. Can be used with a variety of exterior styles 2. Split-level residences a. Attempt to combine features of one and two-story structures b. Best suited to sloping sites c. Construction is greater due to increased foundation costs d. May be split from side to side of front to back 3. Two-story residences a. Provide numerous options for families where stairs are not a problem b. Living and sleeping areas are easily separated. c. Minimal land is used for building site. d. Provide maximum building area at a lower cost per square foot i. Less foundation material ii. Fewer exterior walls iii. Smaller roof 4. Dormer style 10

7 a. Two levels with upper level about half of first floor square footage b. Best suited to an exterior style that incorporates a steep roof c. Dormer level is formed in attic-like area d. Offers many of the same economic features of a two-story home 5. Multi-level layouts a. Offer endless possibilities for floor levels b. Site topography and owners living habits dictate style c. Cost exceeds all other styles D. Exterior styles 1. Georgian style a. Exemplifies basic style modified throughout the colonies in response to available material and the weather b. Follows classical principles of design used by ancient Greeks c. Principles of form and symmetry are most evident in the front elevation. d. Entry is centered on the wall with equally spaced windows placed on each side e. Usually covered with a columned porch and a doorway trimmed with carved wood detailing f. In Southern homes, most of the exterior is built of brick g. While in northern homes wood siding is the major covering 2. Saltbox style a. Common modification of the Georgian style b. Maintained the symmetry of the Georgian style without much of the detailing c. Two-story structure at the front that tapers to a one-story at the rear d. Windows generally have shutters that protect against winter winds 3. Garrison style a. Combines saltbox and Georgian style with construction methods of log buildings b. Originally modeled after the lookout structures of early forts c. The upper level extends past the lower level d. Heavy timbers supported the overhang 4. Cape Cod style 11

8 a. A one level with a steep roof to allow an upper-floor level formed throughout the center of the house b. Dormers are placed on the front side of the roof to make the second story habitable. c. Windows are symmetrical and shuttered on the lower level. 5. Federal style a. Combines Georgian with classical Roman and Greek styles b. Built of wood or brick c. A high, covered entry porch or portico with Greek-style columns are centered over the front door d. Often, the door has arched trim e. Windows are capped with a projected pediment 6. Greek Revival style a. Classic proportions and decorations of classical Greek architecture b. Large, rectangular, and very boxlike c. A two-story portico with a low, sloped gable roof supported on Greek columns is centered on the residence to add decoration 7. Southern Colonial style a. Similar to Georgian style, with symmetrical features b. Also referred to as plantation-style c. Usually has a flat, covered porch extending the length of the house as protection from the sun 8. English-style a. Features an unsymmetrical layout b. Walls are constructed of stone, brick, or heavy timber and plaster c. Window glass is often diamond-shaped 9. Dutch colonial style a. Many features of homes already described, with a different roof style b. Features a gambrel roof (barn roof) c. Roof made of two levels 1) Lower level i. Very steep 12

9 ii. Serves as walls for the second floor 2) Upper area of the roof is the traditional gable roof 10.French colonial style a. Differs in the roof design b. Roof is similar to the gambrel with a steep lower roof c. Uses a hipped or mansard roof to hide the upper floor area d. Single-level French manors i. Originally found in the northern states i. Rectangular homes with a smaller wing on each side ii. Mansard roofs used most often, but hip roofs also seen 11.French Normandy style a. Multilevel and framed with brick, stone or wood, and plaster b. Roof is gable or hip style c. Circular turret is near the center of the home 12.French plantation style a. Two full floors b. Wraparound porch c. Covered with a hip roof 13.Spanish colonial style a. Built of adobe or plaster b. Usually one story c. Arches and tiled roofs distinguish the style d. Timbers frame a flat or very low-pitched roof e. Windows have grills or spindles and balconies with wrought-iron railings 14. Farmhouse style a. Two-story construction b. Little or no trim or detail work c. Surrounded by a covered porch 15. Ranch style a. Originated in the Southwest b. Defined by a single-story rambling layout c. Roof is low-pitched with a large overhang 13

10 d. Originally, the major exterior materials were stucco or adobe 16.Victorian and Queen Anne styles a. Irregularly shaped floor plans b. Ornate detailing 17.Contemporary, or modern styles a. Do not denote any special style of home 1) Designed to meet a wide variety of needs and/or reflect the lifestyle of the owner 2) Often, owners prefer the traditional exterior, but rarely would the traditional floor plan be desirable 14

11 UNIT B: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Competency: Identify architectural styles. Objective: R1, Pgs Produce a collection of illustrations or a presentation that demonstrates the various elements of residential styles. Students may do one or more of the following: A. Photograph local houses or elements of local buildings 1. Use a digital camera or scan photos 2. Use MS PowerPoint or similar software to present information B. Prepare and present a technical demonstration of elements of selected Architectural styles 1. Illustrations may come from home magazines or plan books 2. Identify various features that give the house its style C. Make a portfolio of sketches of various architectural elements 1. Sketches may be isometric or perspective 2. Use local structures 3. Identify the style with associated elements D. Create a technical presentation with illustrations on the following: 1. The Influence of Technology on Architecture 2. The Influence of Climate on Architecture 3. The Influence of Geography on Architecture 15

2. What is a horizontal steel member used to provide support for masonry over an opening?

2. What is a horizontal steel member used to provide support for masonry over an opening? Student Name: Teacher: Date: District: Rowan Assessment: 9_12 T and I IC63 - Drafting - Architr III Test 1 Description: Unit B - Architectural Style 1 Form: 501 1. What is term for a projection of wall