IMPROVEMENT OF BUS ROOF SECTION

Transcription

1 - 1 - IMPROVEMENT OF BUS ROOF SECTION AHMAD FARHAN HAKIM BIN AZMI UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG

2 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: IMPROVEMENT OF BUS ROOF SECTION SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005/2009 Saya AHMAD FARHAN HAKIM BIN AZMI ( ) (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda ) ini disimpan di perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis ini adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi / badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: Kg. Durian Sebatang, Dong, Raub, Pahang Darul Makmur. ZAMRI BIN MOHAMED (Nama Penyelia) Tarikh: 29 OCTOBER 2008 Tarikh: 29 OCTOBER 2008.

3 IMPROVEMENT OF BUS ROOF SECTION AHMAD FARHAN HAKIM BIN AZMI Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG NOVEMBER 2008

4 i STATEMENT OF AWARD FOR DEGREE 1. Bachelor Final Year Project Report Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Engineering.

5 ii SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION We hereby declare that we have checked this project report and in our opinion this project is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Engineering. Signature Name of Supervisor: Mr. Zamri Bin Mohamed Position: Lecturer / Supervisor Date: 10 November 2008 Signature Name of Panel: Mr. Azizuddin Bin Abd. Aziz Position: Lecturer / Panel Date: 10 November 2008

6 iii STUDENT S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this report is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurently submitted for award of other degree. Signature Name: Ahmad Farhan Hakim Bin Azmi ID Number: MH05047 Date: 11 October 2008

7 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Page ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xiii xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Problem Statement Project objective and scope of study 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Bus safety Factor affecting the safety performance of bus Bus design R66 ECE regulation Bus built-up process Premanufactured component Making the chassis Making the body Bus assembling process

8 viii CHAPTER 3 METHODOLGY 3.1 Introduction Project methodology Detailed body geometric model of the bus Finite element modeling Meshing Computational analysis process and result Data and final result 18 Flowchart 20 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction Direction of load applied and boundary condition Current bus design 1 (Daily local bus and school bus) Current bus design 2 (Temsa-Tourmalin Bus) Propose bus design Simulation result and discussion Current bus roof section model 1 analysis with passenger Consideration Result for load applied at the roof Result for load applied at the edge of the roof Result for load applied the pillar Current model 2 bus roof section analysis with passenger Consideration Result for load applied at the roof Result for load applied at the edge of the roof Result for load applied the pillar Proposed design analysis with passenger consideration Result for load applied at the roof Result for load applied at the edge of the roof Result for load applied the pillar

9 ix CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion Recommendation 38 REFERENCES 39 APPENDICES 41 A Gannt Chart for FYP 1 and FYP 2 41 B Bus Sketch 42 C Bus Dimension 43

10 x LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page 1 Analysis model data for current design (daily and school bus) 29 2 Analysis model data for current design (TEMSA- TOURMALIN) 32 3 Analysis model data for proposed design 35

11 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page 1 Current bus design Current bus design Model mesh setting toolbar 16 4 Mesh creation for current design model Mesh creation for current design model Maximum shear stress criterion 19 7 Flowchart of full project methodology 20 8 Load at the roof (current bus design 1) 23 9 Load at the edge of roof (current bus design 1) Load at the roof pillar (current bus design 1) Load at the roof (current bus design 2) Load at the edge of roof (current bus design 2) Load at the roof pillar (current bus design 2) Load at the roof (proposed bus design) Load at the edge of roof (proposed bus design) Load at the roof pillar (proposed bus design) Current design model Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the roof) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the roof)

12 xii Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the edge of roof) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the edge of roof) Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the pillar) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the pillar) Current model design (TEMSA) Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the roof) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the roof) Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the edge of roof) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the edge of roof) Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the pillar) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the pillar) Propose Design model Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the roof) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the roof) Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the edge of roof) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the edge of roof) Von Misses Stress Distribution (load applied at the pillar) Nodal Displacement (load applied at the pillar) Bus Sketch Current bus design (1) dimension Current bus design (2) dimension Proposed Design Dimension

13 xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS σ e y Equivalent stress Stress in y-axis direction Maximum stress max

14 xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Al ASTM CAD CAE CFA DOF ECE FEA FEM IGES kg R66 RTD TRR UTS Aluminium American Society for Testing and Materials Computer-aided drafting Computer-aided engineering Composites fabricators association Degree-of-freedom Economic Commission for Europe Finite element analysis Finite element model Initial graphic exchange specification Kilograms Regulation 66 Regional transportation district Transportation Research Record Ultimate tensile strength