THE SMART MOBILITY AND THE STRUCTURING OF AN INTELLIGENT AND RESILIENT URBAN SYSTEM MODEL

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1 THE SMART MOBILITY AND THE STRUCTURING OF AN INTELLIGENT AND RESILIENT URBAN SYSTEM MODEL Assoc. prof. arch. Cerasella CRĂCIUN PhD Faculty of Urban Planning, Urban Landscape and Design Department, Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism Bucharest REZUMAT. Sistemele crono-metaboliste urbane clasifică oamenii, obiectele și energia ca informații, articulează aceste circuite în viziune flexibila și pun ordine în rapoartele și grilele informaționale, precum și între unitățile de spațiu și unitățile de timp. Studiul relației Spațiu-Timp conduc către modelări și modulări ale spațiului urban și peisagistic, precum și către o coordonare în cadrul organismului urban a diferitelor sisteme și subsisteme ale acestuia. Flexibilitatea elementelor din sistemele metabolice urbane conduce către concepte de închidere și deschidere a spațiului si la succeptibilitatea schimbărilor funcționale, la fenomenul de reciprocitate interior-exterior și la integrarea factorului temporal în cadrul dezvoltării conceptului de peisaj, in toate componentele sale, naturale, antropice/construite și culturale. Natura vie și componentele fizice, prin metabolismul organismului urban, sparg acordul unui ritm stabilit al cadrului antropic, construit, iar sistemele crono-urbane și tipologiile conectoare ale sistemului de spații verzi, interacționează cu sistemului de mobilitate și crono-accesibilitate și transport. Conștiința schimbării, alături de metamorfoza și permanenta schimbare, sunt factori determinanți în crono-urbanism, prin cicluri metabolice verzi și conductori de peisaj atât la nivel urban, cât și la nivel teritorial. Cuvinte cheie: mobilitate inteligentă, model, organism urban metabolic, sistem urban inteligent și rezilient. ABSTRACT. Chrono-metabolic urban systems classify people, objects and energy as pieces of information; they articulate these circuits in a flexible vision and they order information grids and reports, as well as space units and time units. The study of the Space-Time relationship leads to modelling and modulating the urban space and the landscape as well as to a coordination within the urban organism of its different systems and subsystems. The flexibility of the elements within the metabolic urban system leads to space opening and closing concepts and to the susceptibility of functional changes, to the phenomenon of interior-exterior reciprocity and to the integration of the temporal factor within the development of the concept of landscape with all its natural, anthropological / built and cultural components. Living and breathing nature and its physical components, through the metabolism of the urban organism, break the accord of the set rhythm within the built anthropogenic environment and the chrono-urban systems and the connecting typologies of the system of green spaces interact with the mobility, chrono-accessibility and transport systems. The consciousness of change together with the metamorphosis and permanent change are crucial factors for chrono-urbanism through green metabolic cycles and landscape conductors both at a urban and a territorial level. Keywords: Smart mobility, Model, Urban organism, metabolic, intelligent and resilient urban system. 1. INTRODUCTION. THE CONCEPT OF URBAN METABOLISM The idea of the city seen as an organism [1] is not new; this idea appeared in Gaston Bardet, Marcel Poet etc., and found a concrete form of expression later on, in 1960, with the writings of Marc Emery who defined the city as an organic phenomenon, regulated by one or more logics [2], accepted even by Le Corbusier who believed that cities are biological phenomena, or later by Japanese metabolists [3]. The analogy between the Biological Organism and the Urban Organism the City leads to complex 98 phenomena and processes that integrate mobility in an urban, metabolic sense. Thus, the Urban Metabolism [4] is epistemologically defined in a trans-disciplinary sense [5] as the totality of the biochemical reactions that occur in the organism s cells and tissues namely in the urban tissues and parcels and which are accompanied by energy consumption and release. These are achieved through processes that provide for the exchange of matter and energy between the urban organism and the environment, including all the nutritive processes that involve assimilation and dissimilation and that take place in the urban organism, presenting two main aspects known as the

2 THE SMART MOBILITY AND THE STRUCTURING OF AN INTELLIGENT AND RESILIENT MODEL intermediary metabolism and the energy metabolism [6]. These processes start with ingestion (input) and end with the elimination of unused products (output) in three stages: at the level of urban phenomena and processes (similar to the digestive stage in biological organisms), at an urban cellular level (tissue, parcel) and at the level of waste disposal (analogous to the excretory function in biological organisms). The link between these stages is provided through mobility and through communication lines and urban utilities, but also through the elements that are continually changing, mobile and in temporal passage, including man as an important urban player and ultimate finality. The term URBAN METABOLISM becomes a metaphor that comes from the conceptual structure of metropolitan areas as places that feed the population, services and energy, but also a processor of their transformation in qualities of life and in cores that issue production activities, services and their performance [7]. Starting from the processes that ensure the exchange of matter and energy between the organism and the environment through the physical, chemical and biochemical reactions that take place at the level of each cell, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between metabolism and urban mobility as integrated phenomena in the urban systems [8]. 2. MATRIX ON SPATIAL TIERS AND RELATIONSHIP LEVELS The programs that aim at the scientific research of metabolic urban systems are able to produce changes in the performance of smart cities through a matrix that organizes a possible scheme for an Extended Model of the Urban Metabolism [9], to underpin a resilient development that is extremely important in the current context. A concept studied in psychology, technical sciences, ecology, urban planning, Urban resilience is a positive adaptation of a system in the face of a significant stressor that affects the development and even the survival of a territory/landscape/human settlement. It is a characteristic and, at the same time, a phenomenon, with reference to the degree of adaptability of the structure and the elements of the urban system, which represents the capacity to prepare for and respond to threats and sometimes major changes with minimal impact on the health of the urban organism and the territorial / urban, human, economical safety etc. Also, the relationship that is established at the level of the organism, between Urban Resilience / Territorial Cohesion / Sustainability and which reunites the macro- and mezzo-territory, the urban areas and the landscape with all its (quasi- or seminatural, anthropogenic / built and cultural) components is extremely important and defining. The instruments and the theme proposed for research will lead to the development of a possible analysis model for a city seen as urban organism, which will include highlighting several relationship and spatial levels, set vertically or horizontally, which support the development of an intelligent and resilient urban system. These relationships are grouped into the following levels of research 3. ZONAL CAPACITY Physical capacity: surface, limits / inside and outside built-in areas, administrative; Functional capacity of the various areas / subareas at a micro- / macro-territorial level; Mobility capacity (energy-information and virtual mobility, communication means: road, rail, air, sea, pedestrian, public transport); Capacity of urban utilities (water, sewer, electrical grid, heating, telecommunications); Spatial capacity, functional diversification and responsiveness to human needs; Resilient ability to adapt of the structure and elements of the urban system; Green spaces and the ability to respect ecological indicators in improving the quality of life. 4. PHYSICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DYNAMICS Assessing the quality of life through material products; Storage and flow modelling (people, water, food, energy); Dynamics expressed through environmental methodologies (ecological fingerprints & footprints methodology [10]); National statistical database collation on physical metabolic components; Implementing sustainable production processes and substitute chains, links; Implication of the resources provided by national and sectoral development policies; Modelling the natural and built, the financial and the human capital; Promoting green industry [11]. 99

3 5. PROCESSES AND ANTHROPO- LOGICAL / BUILT SYSTEMS Developing concept plans / drawings (tools to articulate and manage human needs and decisions); Introducing performance indicators, targets, milestones; Modelling ecological eco-efficiency; Avoiding the risk of modelling and resilience of certain metabolic components; Introducing high-performance models seen through a holistic approach; Modelling the built environment and the infrastructure system; Balancing the relationship between employment and sustainable productivity; Measurable performance and monitoring ; Planned urban development. 6. METABOLIC URBAN DEVELOPMENT Promoting natural and anthropogenic landscape ecology ; Modelling the urban and human interface; Introducing environmental health factors, factors regarding the city as an organism and human welfare; The practice of urban biodiversity ; Reserving farmland used in metropolitan areas; Urban facilities and new economies; Modelling real estate value; Final monitoring and development costs; Correlating the relationship between urban form and the performance of the urban environment. 7. INFORMATION AND URBAN MODELLING Integrating CAD-GIS-RS spatial models in the metabolic-type design and research process; Introducing the geomatics and geomantic study; Visualisation and software (meant to recognize the urban metabolic system); Modelling and optimizing complex systems; Promoting semantic web and scalar systems study; Introducing basic models and promoting interoperability; Monitoring 3d information and participatory models. Componente de tip INPUT FIZICE / BIOLOGICE - Aer - Apă - Energie - Materii prime - Produse SIMBOLICE: - Cunoaştere - Informaţii - Tehnologie - Valori UMANE - Naşteri - Rata de mortalitate INFRASTRUCTURA - Transport - Comunicaţii - Locuire - Utilităţi - Energie - Apă - Canalizare D i SERVICII SOCIALE Educaţie CALITATEA VIEŢII STAREA DE SANATATE URBANĂ CALITATEA FACTORILOR DE MEDIU: CLIMĂ, SOL, AER, APA, SPAŢII VERZI PATOLOGIE URBANĂ ENERGIE - Încălzire şi prepararea hranei - Sisteme industriale - Transport SISTEM URBAN METABOLIC INTELIGENT SI REZILIENT - Structural, funcţional, energetic şi informaţional-virtual ORGANIZARE SOCIALĂ MOBILITATEA / DINAMICA POPULAŢIEI Durata de viaţă METABOLISMUL ORGANISMULUI URBAN Componente de tip OUTPUT FIZICE / BIOLOGICE - Gaze - Deşeuri -Apă -Solide -Toxine -Căldură - Produse eliminateîn Atmosfera REZERVĂ DE SPAŢIU SIMBOLICE: - Cunoaştere - Informaţii - Tehnologie - Valori UMANE - Migraţie Pic.1. Scheme for an Intelligent and resilient urban system model structurally, functionally, from the point of view of energy and information [4]. 100

4 THE SMART MOBILITY AND THE STRUCTURING OF AN INTELLIGENT AND RESILIENT MODEL 8. CONCLUSIONS. THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF AN INTELLIGENT AND RESILIENT URBAN SYSTEM In the sense of what has been exposed above, next to cultural, natural / semi- or quasi-natural, built / anthropogenic systems and processes, within the intelligent urban development, a special place is occupied by the intelligent physical, informational and virtual mobility that leads to specific and resilient urban modelling. The process by which the urban metabolism expresses itself is comprised of the sequence of operations, actions and activities, states or phenomena through which metabolizing, changing and permutetion, subsequent and progressive transformation, evolution, development, the action and evolution and involution in time of the urban phenomenon happens. The urban metabolic phenomenon [12] represents the external manifestation of the urban metabolic reality, of the essence of the metabolic system that is accessible and perceptible; it is at the same time a process of the natural and / or anthropogenic environment, of man / communities / societies, an event and real fact in connection with the essence of the city, designating the interior / exterior aspect in which the essence of things / components and processes directly perceived through sensory organs is manifested; it can also moving, temporal urban aspect (that is perceptible through the senses) changing. Thus, a possible research scheme for an Intelligent and resilient urban system model from the point of view of sustainable but also physical, structural, functional, energetic and informational-virtual mobility is proposed. be a complex of the characteristics of the urban organism that may change within specific limits without the city or any othe. This model exemplifies several metabolic components of possible research and / or modelling methods within the research of the characteristics and indicators of knowledge levels in studying and determining the urban organism [13], by quantifying the metabolic issue on several study levels, in a transdisciplinary way, having as a starting point sustainable and intelligent mobility. 4. NOTES / BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] CRĂCIUN, Cerasella, Article. The City as an urban organism. Biological analogies at a structural anthropologic urban level. [Orașul ca organism urban. Analogii biologice la nivel structural antropologic urban] (pp ), in the publication of the National Conference of Urban Anthropology, 2nd Edition (ISSN ), organized by the Organization of Urban Anthropology and the Francisc Iosif Rainer Institute of the Romanian Academy, the Department for Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Urban Planning of UAUIM, the Roman-Catholic Franciscan Theological Institute of Roman, the Municipality of Roman, the Museum Complex of the County of Neamt the History Museum of the city of Roman, Musatinia Publishing House, [2] See EMERY, Marc, GREZEL, Nicole, Une Logique de l aglomeration, in L Architecture d aujourd hui, no. 132 and SANDU, Alexandru, Course Notes The Theory of Urban Structures, UAUIM, Bucharest, [3] NORIAKI, Kurokawa, Deux Sistemes de metabolisme, in L' Architecture d'aujourd'hui, no.139. [4] See also CRĂCIUN, Cerasella, Metabolismul urban. O abordare Neconventionala a Organismului Urban [ The urban metabolism. An unconventional approach to the Urban organism ], Ion Mincu University Publishing House, ISBN , Bucharest, 2008 (book selected by an international jury at BAB THE ARCHITECTURE BIENNALE Bucharest, 2008, Publications Section, presented in the exhibition organized at the National Theatre of Bucharest, MNAC, Gallery ¾, 15 October -15 November 2008) and presented at the Romanian Book Review The Romanian Cultural Institute (no. 2/ March 2013). [5] See also CRĂCIUN, Cerasella, Chapter: Pluridisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity - Methods of researching the metabolism of the urban landscape [Pluri-, Inter- si Trans-disciplinaritatea - Metode in Cercetarea Metabolismului Peisajului Urban], in the Book Planning and Designing Sustainable and Resilient Landscapes, Series: Springer Geography, Editors: Cerasella, Crăciun; Boștenaru-Dan, Maria, Springer Publishing House, [6] MOGOŞ, Gheorghe, IANCULESCU Alexandru, Compendiu de Anatomie şi Fiziologie [Compendium of Anatomy and Physiology], Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucharest [7] See also GARRICK, E. Louis, Design for Development, Systems Engineering Thornton Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903, [8] In agreement with other theories in the field of urban planning, such as the theory of ALEXANDER, Christopher, explained in the book A New Theory of Urban Design, The MIT Press, [9] See also the space/time relationship in the metabolic system. [10] At first the term was called appropriated carrying capacity, later on inspired by the prints of the tracks left by a computer, introduced the term ecological footprint in 1992, by REES, William şi WACKERNAGEL, Mathis, Our Ecological Footprint. Reducing Human Impact on the Earth, 1996 [11] CRĂCIUN, Cerasella, Article: Landscape and the Ecological Crisis of the City [Peisajul si Criza ecologică a oraşului], in Analele Arhitecturii [Architecture Annals], Bucharest, no. 1/2009. [12] See also KENNEDY, C.A., CUDDIHY, J. and YAN, J. Engel, The changing metabolism of cities, Journal of Industrial Ecology, May, [13] WOLMAN, A., The metabolism of cities, article in Scientific American September, [14] Scheme belongs to the author of the paper. See also the scheme proposed by H. T. Odum: Relationship of energy and complexity implanning, Architectural Design, no. 10/1972, pg. 628, and Environment, power and society, Ed. J. WILLE and SONS, NY. 101

5 About the author Architect Cerasella CRĂCIUN PhD Faculty of Urban Planning, Urban Landscape and Design Department, Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism Bucharest Associate Professor Architect, Vice-Dean of Urban Planning Faculty Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism; Coordinator of Planning and Landscape Design Bachelor's Program and Landscape and Territory Masteral Program. Publications: 3 books author; 3 books as editor coordinator (including Springer Publishing House); over 40, over 80 projects, studies, research and documentation of landscape, urbanism and planning, architecture, interior design, object design, jewelry, costume - set design and scenography. Awards and nominations: nominated for "Outstanding Educator Award " - European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools (ECLAS); "Honor of Understanding Performance and Dedication" - "Best Gardens Designer Exhibition - 'Le Notre ' Jardins a la francais " from Huardiere Chateau, France; 2008 Award Planners Landscape Award - Bucharest Herastrau and Cismigiu Park Protection Romanian Urbanists Register; selection by an international jury for the Publications Section on 2008 Architecture Biennial - book author ''Urban metabolism. An Unconventional Approach of Urban Organism"; Prize (collectively ) in sustainability for "Educational initiative of the Green Building of the Year" - Romania Green Building Council; Prize (collectively ) of the Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism to "Diploma for contribution to the foundation and development of urban and regional strategic planning ", awarded by the Ministry of Tourism Regional Rezvoltarii for "Integrated urban development strategy of Bucharest and its territory support and influence - Bucharest 2035 Strategic Concept " Section: Public space, the quality of urban life and Landscape as fragile Resource 2012 National Biennial of Architecture Bucharest; 2010/ Winner of the Cultural Project "Lost Gardens" Romanian Union of Architects; Winner Contest "Urban-landscape and architectural Red Islands - Danube Delta"; winner of "Bucharest North Lakes". 102