Sensitive Anlysis of Pssive Dehumidifiction System using Solr Het Hksung Lee 1, Akihito Ozki 2, Myonghyng Lee 3 1 Grdute student, Kyushu University, Fukuok, Jpn 2 Professor, Kyushu University, Fukuok, Jpn 3 Associte Professor, Ritsumeikn University, Kyoto, Jpn Astrct A pssive dehumidifiction nd solr collector (PDSC) system is proposed s possile mens of controlling therml lods. Reserch ws conducted to develop the thermodynmic-potentil-sed fundmentl principle of the PDSC. This work will enle the comined nlysis of het nd moisture movement in PDSC envelope systems. The quntittive simultion nd experimentl results indicte tht significnt ltent het reduction cn e chieved y employing PDSC systems, which will reduce the energy consumptions of indoor temperture nd humidity control systems y using solr energy. Introduction The current energy conservtion stndrds demnd quntittive evlution; however, quntittive nlysis of pssive nturl energy collection methods hs not een performed. In prticulr, construction methods, which significntly influence ltent het lods, hve een ignored, s hve moisture sorption nd desorption (indoor humidity vritions). Furthermore, indoor environment control is strongly dependent on irtightness nd equipment such s ir conditioners nd dehumidifiers; thus, high initil nd running costs re imposed. Currently, out 3% % of residentil energy consumption is used for cooling nd heting (METI, 14). Therefore, pssive dehumidifiction nd solr collector (PDSC) system tht cn control therml lods using solr energy collected from the externl wlls nd roofs of uildings is proposed in this pper. The system cn reduce ltent het lods in summer y dehumidifiction nd mintin low het lods in winter y collecting solr energy. A numer of reports hve presented nlyses of desiccnt dehumidifiction techniques (Mzzei et l., 5). Areemit nd Skmoto (6) proposed uilding design with pssive dehumidifiction system y using the sorption properties of wooden ttic spce. Sustntil reserch on ir dehumidifiction with mechnicl equipment, which requires significnt cpitl investment nd the use of degrdle chemicl desiccnts, ws conducted, while little reserch on pssive ir dehumidifiction using uilding components hs een performed. Nturl fier mterils such s kenf cores (Mish, 14) nd rtificil fier mterils (Zhng, 11) such s hollow fier memrnes hve exhiited excellent dehumidifiction performnces. The proposed PDSC system cn perform dehumidifiction ll dy, vi n ir circultion system using ventiltion lyer inside wll comined with hygroscopic cellulose fier (CF) insultion. The excellent performnce of CF insultion ws verified previously (Lee et l., 16). In this pper, the thermodynmicpotentil-sed fundmentl principle of the PDSC envelope system, which ws designed to reduce ltent het lods vi dehumidifiction during the summer, is descried. Anlysis of the ehvior of the wter potentil in the summer nd the results of lortory experiment performed for verifiction re lso provided. Moreover, the effectiveness of the PDSC envelope system is demonstrted y presenting the results of prmeter sensitivity nlysis conducted using Hygre simultion softwre for hygrotherml nlysis of uilding envelopes. PDSC system System overview Wter potentil (Ozki nd Wtne, 1996) is type of non-equilirium thermodynmic energy tht is function of the wter vpor concentrtion, the internl energy of the wter vpor molecules, the force cting on the wter vpor molecules (dhesive power or cpillry ction), nd the field energy (stresses such s externl forces), mong other fctors. It is nlogous to chemicl potentil, which is n index of mss equilirium, for moisture. Figure 1 shows the principl reltions etween wter potentil (left y-xis), temperture (x-xis), reltive humidity (digonl lines from the lower left to the upper right), nd solute humidity (downwrd to the right) (Ozki, 5). The wter potentil t certin temperture nd humidity is given y the sum of the sturted nd unsturted wter potentils. The sturted wter potentil is type of thermodynmic energy possessed y sturted humid ir t certin temperture. Wter potentil [kj/kg] 3 2 1 1 - Asolute humidity [g/kg'] 1 1 9 8 7 6 w w Reltive humidity [%] -1 5 1 15 25 3 35 45 Wter potentil chrt 3 3 6 1 7 6 3 1 Asolute humidity [g/kg'] w w w Figure 1: Wter potentil. 飽和水分ポテンシャル Sturted wter potentil 不飽和水分ポテンシャル Unsturted wter potentil 水分ポテンシャル Wter potentil = w + Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 15 https://doi.org/1.26868/2522278.17.397
Wter potentil [kj/kg] 3 2 1 1 - Asolute humidity [g/kg'] 18 kj/kg 78 kj/kg 1 34 kj/kg 1 9 8 7 6 27 6% 1 4 27 35% 3 3 6 % 2 3 3% Reltive humidity [%] 1 7 6 3 1 Asolute humidity [g/kg'] -1 5 1 15 25 3 35 45 Wter potentil chrt Figure 2: Wter potentil in the PDSC system during the dytime. The unsturted wter potentil is type of negtive energy indicting the extent of dryness reltive to the sturted stte. If the solute humidity chnges constntly, the wter potentil difference etween the sturted nd unsturted sttes increses s the temperture increses (ecuse the reltive humidity decreses nd the ir ecomes dry), so the wter potentil ecomes smller thn its initil vlue. Thus, dry ir hs low thermodynmic energy (high potentil to contin wter vpor), nd moisture flow from high-humidity ir occurs. Therefore, if the devition from the equilirium stte (homogeneous stte) of the wter potentil is considered to drive the moisture flow, the wter potentil difference etween the room nd inside the wll drives the moisture flow in the PDSC envelope system, resulting in dehumidifiction. Figure 3: Cycle of moisture sorption nd desorption in the summer. To simplify the explntion of the PDSC envelope system, the dvection from the room to the outside ir through the ventiltion lyer is ddressed for n externl wll composed only of moisture-permele fce mteril without moisture sorption nd desorption properties, s illustrted in Figure 2. On summer night, if the initil conditions re 27 C nd 6% reltive humidity inside the room nd 27 C outside the room, the wll exists in constnt hygrotherml conditions. Then, if the temperture of the ventiltion lyer reches C due to irrdition y solr het during the dytime nd moisture desorption from the fce mteril does not occur, the Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 16
Temperture[ ] Reltive humidity[%] Wter potentil [kj/kg] solute humidity of the ventiltion lyer ecomes the sme s tht in the room since indoor ir flows into the ventiltion lyer. However, for the ove resons, the wter potentil is lower in the ventiltion lyer thn in the room. Therefore, difference in wter potentil occurs etween the room nd the ventiltion lyer, nd moisture flows from the room into the ventiltion lyer. This is the sic concept of the summer dehumidifiction process of the PDSC envelope system. Figure 3 depicts the chnges in temperture, humidity, nd wter potentil in the ventiltion lyer tht were otined y considering the externl wll to contin firous (CF) insultion etween the interior mteril nd the ventiltion lyer. Ignoring the dvection through the ventiltion lyer (circultion of ir from the room through the ventiltion lyer to the outside) tht occurs ecuse of the desorption nd diffusion of wter vpor from the firous insultion mteril tht result from the increse in temperture due to irrdition y solr het during the dytime, the solute humidity of the ventiltion lyer increses to the sme extent s the tht of the insultion (1 2). The solute humidity of the ventiltion lyer (nd firous insultion mteril) decreses ecuse the indoor ir ctully circultes through the ventiltion lyer (2 3). As result, wter potentil difference (etween 1 nd 3) occurs etween the room nd the ventiltion lyer, cusing moisture to flow from the interior to the ventiltion lyer. On the other hnd, t night, ecuse the therml insultion mteril sors moisture in ccordnce with the decrese of the outside ir temperture, the solute humidity in the wll, including in the ventiltion lyer, decreses (3 4) nd the wter potentil is mintined t lower stte in the wll thn in the room. Thus, wter vpor is trnsferred into the wll from the room due to the wter potentil difference (etween 1 nd 4), so the solute humidity grdully increses (4 1). In the periodic stedy stte of onedy cycle, the ove process is repeted. Due to the solr rdition received during the dytime nd the dvection of indoor ir into the ventiltion lyer, moisture is dischrged from the inside the wll to outside, llowing moisture permetion (dehumidifiction) throughout the dy from the room to the inside of the wll. Anlysis of wter potentil ehvior in the ventiltion lyer The ehvior of the wter potentil in this system ws nlyzed y performing Hygre (Ozki et l., 4) numericl simultion using the unstedy het trnsfer clcultion tool. Tle 1 lists the clcultion conditions, while Figure 4 shows the roof construction nd ventiltion route. The roof ws ssumed to e on the south side of the uilding nd to hve n inclintion ngle of 22.4. The clcultions were performed y introducing indoor ir into the ventiltion lyer. The uilding ws treted s eing locted in Fukuok city, Fukuok prefecture, nd the wether conditions were otined from Extended AMeDAS wether dt. The room ws set to hve temperture of 27 C nd reltive humidity of 7%. Figure 4: Roof configurtion nd ventiltion route. Tle 1: Clcultion conditions Condition Cse 1 Cse 2 Firous insultion mteril Ventiltion route Flow velocity Wether conditions Yes No Room Ventiltion lyer Outside.2 m/s (Only from 9: to 17:) Extended AMeDAS wether dt Clcultion period July 24 August 31 Clcultion intervl time Indoor conditions Trget 1 s 27 C nd 7% reltive humidity, constnt South side of the roof Outside Tempreture Cse1 Temperture in ventiltion lyer Cse1 RH in ventiltion lyer Cse1 Wter potentil 1 8 6 Reltive humidity Cse2 Temperture in ventiltion lyer Cse2 RH in ventiltion lyer Cse2 Wter potentil 8/7 8/8 8/9 8/1 Figure 5: Temporl chnges of temperture, humidity, nd wter potentil in the ventiltion lyer. Figure 5 presents the chnges in the temperture, humidity, nd wter potentil inside the ventiltion lyer. Although the wter potentil is slightly high when the ventiltion egins, it grdully decreses due to the influence of the solr rdition. Moreover, y not ventilting t night, it is possile to prevent the humidity from eing high in the ventiltion lyer, so the wter 16 1 8 Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 17
potentil during the dy vries less in the ventiltion lyer thn it does indoors. Figure 6 depicts plots of the wter potentil in the ventiltion lyer with nd without firous insultion, which exhiit differences from one nother. Upon receiving solr rdition, desorption from the firous insultion occurs nd the reltive humidity in the ventiltion lyer increses slightly, so the wter potentil lso increses. Therefore, the differences etween the trends in the two plots re considered to result from the presence or sence of firous insultion. Wter potentil [kj/kg] 2 1 1 Asolute humidity [g/kg'] 1 1 9 8 7 6 Room 3 1 3 Reltive humidity [%] instntneous cooler could ecome -1 C, the mount of moisture contined in the ir could e mesured sed on the mount of wter vpor freezing in the ir; thus, the mount of nturl dehumidifiction could e otined. The ir tht pssed through the cooler ws confirmed to e solutely dry y using the dew point thermometer. The temperture nd reltive humidity of the experimentl room were held constnt t 27 C nd 7%, respectively. Menwhile, the temperture nd humidity t the inlet of the experimentl model, inside the ventiltion lyers nd nozzle, nd under the experimentl model were mesured using high-performnce temperture nd humidity meter. Figure 9 depicts cross-section of the - 1 3 6 Figure 7: Schemtic digrm of experimentl setup. 2 3 Wter potentil [kj/kg] 1 1 Asolute humidity [g/kg'] 1 1 9 8 7 6 Room 3 1 Reltive humidity [%] 図 3 水分ポテンシャル線図 - 1 3 6 Figure 6: Simulted chnges in the wter potentil in the ventiltion lyer over 1 month () without nd () with CF insultion. Experimentl verifiction Experimentl setup The chrcteristics of moisture trnsmission due to wter potentil difference t constnt solute humidity were clrified y performing n experiment. A schemtic digrm of the experiment is provided in Figure 7, nd Figure 8 is pln of the experimentl room with the experimentl pprtus. The four experimentl models re numered 1, 2, 3, nd 4 long the upper prt of Figure 7, nd the ornge rectngle in this figure is flexile heting sheet. The room ir ws drwn into the instntneous cooler through the ventiltion lyer in the model y the pump. Becuse the temperture in the Figure 8: Pln of experimentl room. Figure 9: Cross-section of the experimentl model (A-A ). Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 18
experimentl model. In the model, moisture-permele sheets were instlled t the ottom nd could e considered therml insultion mteril without moisturestorge cpilities. The ir lyer ws formed etween the moisture-permele sheets. Iron pltes with high therml conductivity were employed externlly, ove the uppermost sheet. Indoor ir moved through the ventiltion lyer formed y the cvity etween the iron plte nd the moisture-permele sheets. A flexile het sheet of the type used for floor heting ws plced on the iron plte to het the ventiltion lyer. Wter vpor ws trnsferred from the room to the ventiltion lyer through the sheet during heting. The occurrence of dehumidifiction ws evidenced y the increses in the moisture trnsmitted through the sheets nd the ir exhusted y the pump. The surfce tempertures of the iron plte nd moisturepermele sheets were mesured y thermocouples. Using these conditions, the experiment ws implemented y performing the following steps. First, the indoor ir ws cused to flow into the instntneous cooler through the ventiltion lyer y the pump without heting the flexile het sheet. The temperture nd humidity in the nozzle were mesured nd recorded during tht time. Secondly, to simulte the structure receiving solr rdition, the flexile heting sheet ws heted. Then, wter potentil difference occurred etween the inside of the ventiltion lyer nd the underside of the moisture-permele sheet, nd the moisture moved from the underside to the ventiltion lyer. In tht stte, the indoor ir ws moved into the instntneous cooler through the ventiltion lyer y the pump. The temperture nd humidity were mesured during tht time, nd the difference etween the solute humidities efore nd fter heting the flexile heting sheet ws considered to e the mount of nturl dehumidifiction. 8 Inlet 1 2 3 4 Nozzle Under experimentl model 8 Inlet 1 2 3 4 Nozzle Under experimentl model Reltive Reltive humidity humidity [%] [%] Temperture Asolute [ ] humidity [g/kg] 7 6 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 6 Figure 1: Temperture inside the ventiltion lyer with the utotrnsformer voltge set to () V nd () 1 V. Figure 11: Reltive humidity inside the ventiltion lyer with the utotrnsformer voltge set to () V nd () 1 V. 9 8 7 6 3 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Figure 12: Temperture of the second experimentl model with the utotrnsformer voltge set to () V nd () 1 V. Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 Inlet 1 2 3 4 Nozzle Under experimentl model 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reltive Reltive humidity humidity [%] [%] Temperture Asolute [ ] humidity [g/kg] 7 6 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 8 6 4 2 9 8 7 6 3 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inlet 1 2 3 4 Nozzle Under experimentl model 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 T T
Thirdly, controlled experiment ws conducted in which the temperture vritions of the ventiltion lyer were investigted ssuming tht the moisture permence remined constnt due to chnges in the wter potentil etween the ventiltion lyer nd the room to verify whether the flow-through of wter vpor ws proportionl to the wter potentil difference. By chnging the utotrnsformer voltge, the temperture of the ventiltion lyer ws controlled nd the results otined efore nd fter chnging the voltge were exmined. Experimentl results The experiment ws conducted y setting the voltge of the vrile utotrnsformer to V nd 1 V. The flow rte ws held constnt t.6 m 3 /h. Figures 1 nd 11 present the chnges in temperture nd humidity under the experimentl model, t the inlet of the experimentl model, nd inside the nozzle nd ventiltion lyer, where the numers 1, 2, 3, nd 4V correspond to the numered models in Figure 7. 8 Mesured vlue Clculted vlue Upon heting of the flexile heting sheet, the temperture increses nd the reltive humidity decreses in the ventiltion lyer nd the nozzle. Figure 12 shows the temperture chnges of the second experimentl model. In the legends, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, nd 2-4 indicte the loctions of the corresponding moisture-permele sheets reltive to the ottom where 2-1 denotes closest from the ottom nd 2-4 denotes frthest from the ottom, respectively, while 2-5 corresponds to the iron plte underneth the flexile heting sheet. The temperture in the ventiltion lyer tht is presented in Figure 1 cn e interpreted s the verge of the surfce tempertures of the iron plte nd the uppermost sheet. Accurcy verifiction of simulted nd clculted dehumidifiction rtes The experimentl results were verified y using Hygre simultion softwre. Figures 13 nd 14 present the results of simultion of the second experiment model. The simultion results 1V gree well with the mesured results, reflecting the high precision of the Hygre simultion 8 Mesured vlue Clculted vlue 7 6 3 7 6 5 4 3 Reltive Reltive humidity humidity [%] [%] Dehumidifiction rte [g/m 2 h] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 6 Figure 13: Temperture inside the ventiltion lyer in the second experimentl model with the utotrnsformer voltge set to () V nd () 1 V. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Figure 14: Reltive humidity inside the ventiltion lyer in the second experiment model with the utotrnsformer voltge set to () V nd () 1 V. 5 4 3 2 1 Mesured vlue V Clculted vlue Figure 15: Dehumidifiction rtes otined with the utotrnsformer voltge set to () V nd () 1 V. Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 Dehumidifiction rte [g/m 2 h] 1 2 31 42 35 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Heting time Heting time Heting time Reltive Reltive humidity humidity [%] [%] Dehumidifiction rte [g/m 2 h] 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1V 5 4 3 2 1 Mesured vlue Clculted vlue 151
softwre. The response speed of the mesurement instrument is considered to hve cused the mesured tempertures to increse slightly lter thn the clculted tempertures. The mount of dehumidifiction ws clculted y tking the difference etween the solute humidities t the inlet in the experimentl model nd in the ventiltion lyer in the second model during heting sed on the simultion results. Figure 15 presents the simulted dehumidifiction rtes per unit re per hour over 5 h. The totl mounts of dehumidifiction during the 5 h heting period were determined to e 8.761 g nd 18.8228 g when the utotrnsformer voltge ws set to V nd 1 V, respectively. Therefore, the system is more effective during the dy when the mount of solr rdition is higher, nd the mount of dehumidifiction increses s the wter potentil difference increses. Numericl simultion of detched house Clcultion of dehumidifiction mounts in the wll nd on the roof surfce Prmeter sensitivity nlysis relted to the dehumidifiction of the wll ws performed. Tles 1 nd 2 descrie the compositions nd clcultion conditions, respectively, of the wll nd roof. Exmple prmeter sensitivity nlysis results re presented in Figure 16. Moisture sorption from nd desorption into the room re represented y positive nd negtive vlues, respectively. The mount of moisture relesed into the room decreses in proportion to the flow rte. More moisture is sored from the room when the ir flow is less thn.2 m/s thn when it is greter thn.3 m/s. It is considered tht the ir temperture ws prevented from incresing in the ventiltion lyer. Tle 2: Wll nd roof compositions Wll composition Siding Wterproof plywood Ventiltion lyer Moisture-permele nd wterproof sheets Structurl plywood CFs Bse mteril Plster ord Roof composition Glvlume Roofing mteril Wterproof plywood Ventiltion lyer Moisture-permele nd irtight sheets Structurl plywood CFs Bcking mteril Plster ord Tle 3: Clcultion conditions Condition Overview Clcultion oject South-fcing wll nd roof Meteorologicl dt Expnded AMeDAS wether dt (Fukuok) Clcultion softwre Hygre Preliminry clcultion 15 dys Computtion period July August 19 Dehumidifiction(g/m 除湿量 (g/m 2 dy) 2 dy) Indoor temperture nd reltive humidity 27 C nd 7% (constnt) Solr sorptivity.7 Prmeter Yes (time: 9:-16:, Ventiltion 1:-17:, 11:-18:, 12:-19:), No Insultion wter cpcity, CF, CFʹ Interior mteril wter conductivity Low, Stndrd vlue, High Flow rte in ventiltion lyer.1,.2,.3,.4,.5 m/s Dehumidifiction 除湿量 [g/m 2 h] 通気なし No ventiltion.1m/s 2m/s.2m/s (g/m 2 dy).3m/s 3m/s.4m/s.4m/s.5m/s.5m/s 3 1-1 - -3 1 1 () (1) (1) () 23 24 25 26 27 July 7 月 m/s.1m/s.2m/s.3m/s.4m/s.5m/s 23 26 29 1 4 7 1 7 July 月 August 8 月 Figure 16: Influence of flow velocity on dehumidifiction. Ltent het lod reduction The clculted dehumidifiction mounts presented ove were compred with the mounts of wter vpor entering the room. The wter vpor ws evluted sed on the indoor solute humidity, mient ir solute humidity, nd specific grvity of the mient ir to verify the ltent het lod reduction cpilities of this system. An IBEC stndrd house ws used for the clcultion model. This model is depicted in Figure 17, nd its prmeters re listed in Tle 4. This house is highly insulted, nd its therml performnce follows the Energy Conservtion Stndrd for Housing in Jpn (IBEC, 7). The mounts of dehumidifiction nd ltent het lod reduction re presented in Figure 18. CF therml insultion mteril, which is le to hold moisture, nd flow rte of.2 m/s were used for the clcultions. 13 16 (time) (dy) 19 (dy) Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 1511
Figure 17: South side of the house model. Tle 4: Prmeters of the house model Totl floor spce 1.7 m 2 Floor height 2.825 m Are of system Wll 1. m 2 Roof 31.77 m 2 Comprison of the moisture sorption nd desorption in the wll contining CF insultion with the wter vpor content in the room from the outside indicted tht dehumidifiction of % or more ws relized. The high dehumidifiction ws otined y reducing the moisture cpcity of the wll y employing CF insultion, which incresed the mount of moisture desored from the wll during the dytime due to its high moisture-holding cpcity. Conclusion The results presented in this report demonstrte tht the proposed PDSC envelope system cn reduce ltent het lods y dehumidifiction in summer using the solr therml energy received y the externl wlls nd roof. The effectiveness of nd dehumidifiction chievle y this system were confirmed y performing lortory experiments nd numericl simultions using Hygre hygrotherml nlysis simultion softwre for uilding Moisture sorption Moisture desorption Wter vpor content Reduction effect 3 31 1 2 3 4 5 July Single ventiltion lyer Single ventiltion lyer (.7) Moisture sorption Moisture desorption August Wter vpor content Reduction effect 3 31 1 2 3 4 5 July August Single ventiltion lyer Single ventiltion lyer (.9) Figure 18: Ltent het lod reduction corresponding to solr sorptivities of ().7 nd ().9. Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 1512
envelopes. The high precision of Hygre ws lso confirmed y the greement etween the mesured nd clculted results. The ir contins the trnsmitted moisture fter pssing through the ventiltion lyer in the experimentl model. It remins necessry to confirm the dehumidifiction cpilities of the experimentl model y ctully mesuring the mount of ice formed s the ir psses the instntneous cooler since the mounts of dehumidifiction were clculted sed on the tempertures nd reltive humidities mesured y the high-performnce temperture nd humidity sensor instlled t the entrnce of the ventiltion lyer in this study. Moreover, ecuse the mounts of dehumidifiction in the wlls nd roof hve only een ddressed for certin indoor conditions thus fr, further investigtions in which ctul indoor conditions, such s moisture generted inside the room, re considered re necessry for cses in which the ventiltion lyer thickness or insultion thickness is chnged. References Areemit, N. nd Y. Skmoto (6). Numericl nd experimentl nlysis of pssive roomdehumidifying system using the sorption property of wooden ttic spce, Energy nd Buildings 39, 317 327. Lee, H., et l. (16). Performnce evlution on dew proofing nd humidity conditioning of exterior wlls with chrcteristics of moisture sorption nd desorption. ICHES 16, The Fifth Interntionl Conference on Humn-Environment System, 52 Mzzi, P., et l. (4). HVAC dehumidifiction system for therml comfort: A criticl review, Applied Therml Engineering 25, 677 77. Mish. S., et l. (15). Performnce of solr ssisted solid desiccnt dryer for kenf core fier drying under low solr rdition, Solr Energy 112, 194 4. METI Agency for Nturl Resources nd Energy (14). Energy White Pper 14. IBEC (7), Hndook of the Next Genertion Energy Conservtion Stndrd, Institute for Building Environment nd Energy Conservtion. Ozki, A. (5). Het nd mss trnsfer of multicomponent system. 35 th Symposium on Therml Environment, Sucommittee on Therml Environment under Reserch Committee on Environmentl Engineering, AIJ, 51 6. Ozki, A., et l. (1996). Anlysis of moisture trnsfer y wter potentil: Driving force of moisture flux. Journl of Architecture, Plnning nd Environmentl Engineering 488, 17 24. Ozki, A., T. Wtne, nd S. Tkse (4). Simultion softwre of the hygrotherml environment of uildings sed on detiled thermodynmic models. esim 4 of the Cndin Conference on Building Energy Simultion, 45 54. Zhng, L. (11). An nlyticl solution to het nd mss trnsfer in hollow fier memrne contctors for liquid desiccnt ir dehumidifiction, Journl of Het Trnsfer 133, 91. Sn Frncisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 17 1513