URBAN REGENERATION IN THE UK Second Edition ANDREW TALLON R Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK
THE Contents Acknowledgements List of Illustrations xiii xiv SECTION I - CONTEXT FOR URBAN REGENERATION 1 Chapter 1 Introduction: The decline and rise of UK cities 3 Chapter aims 3 Aims and organisation of the textbook 3 Defining urban regeneration and urban policy 4 The contemporary urban regeneration agenda in the UK 7 Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century industrialisation and urbanisation 8 Suburbanisation, counter-urbanisation and the decline of the inner city 11 Post-war urban reconstruction projects 11 Late twentieth-century de-industrialisation 12 Social exclusion and social polarisation in cities 13 The rise of the post-modern city and new urban spaces 16 Key challenges and debates 21 Urban regeneration: significant texts 21 Summary 22 Study questions 23 Key readings on urban regeneration and urban policy 23 Key websites on urban regeneration and urban policy 24 SECTION II- CENTRAL GOVERNMENT URBAN REGENERATION POLICY 25 Chapter 2 The early years of regeneration: physical regeneration (1945-1968) and social and community welfare (1968-1979) 27 Chapter aims 27 Analysing urban policy periods 27 Urban policy as 'experimentation' 29
CONTENTS Urban problems at the end of the Second World War 30 The philosophies behind urban policy between 1945 and 1979 30 Physical regeneration (1945-1968) 31 Social and community welfare (1968-1979) 36 The 1977 Urban White Paper: VA Policy for the Inner Cities' 38 Critiquing the early years of regeneration 39 Summary 40 Study questions 40 Key readings on the early years of regeneration 40 Key website on the early years of regeneration 41 Chapter 3 Entrepreneurial regeneration (1980s) 42 Chapter aims 42 The philosophies of entrepreneurial regeneration in the 1980s 42 The rolling back of the state and the rise of market-led urban regeneration 43 Public-private partnerships 45 Property-led regeneration 46 1980s urban policies 47 Enterprise Zones 48 Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) 52 The legacy of urban entrepreneurial ism: a critique 62 Summary 65 Study questions 65 Key readings on entrepreneurial regeneration (1980s) 65 Key website on entrepreneurial regeneration (1980s) 66 Chapter 4 Competition and urban policy (1991-1997) 67 Chapter aims 67 The context and philosophy of regeneration (1991-1997): partnership, competition and sustainability 67 City Challenge 69 Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) 73 Other competitive bidding urban policies (1991-1997) 77 Criticisms of competition in urban policy 78 Summary 79 Study questions 80 Key readings on competition and urban policy (1991-1997) 80 Key websites on competition and urban policy (1991-1997) 80 Chapter 5 Urban renaissance and neighbourhood renewal (1997-2010) 81 Chapter aims 81 New Labour, new urban policy? The philosophy of urban regeneration (1997-2010! 81 Urban renaissance 83 Neighbourhood renewal 91 Community regeneration policy in under New Labour Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 98 Evaluating urban renaissance and neighbourhood renewal 100 Summary 103 Study questions 103
TRANSFORMING CONTENTS Key readings on urban renaissance and neighbourhood renewal (1997-2010) 104 Key websites on urban renaissance and neighbourhood renewal (1997-2010) 104 Chapter 6 Regeneration in the age of austerity C rom 2010) 105 Chapter aims 105 Urban policy of the Coalition government (from 2010) 105 Urban regeneration in the 2010s: back to the 1980s? 106 Economic growth and localism policies 108 Critique of regeneration in the age of austerity 113 Summary 114 Study questions 114 Key readings on regeneration in the age of austerity (from 2010) 114 Key websites on regeneration in the age of austerity (from 2010) 115 SECTION III - CITIES: CITY-LEVEL RESPONSES TO URBAN CHANGE 117 Chapter 7 Urban competitiveness 119 Chapter aims 119 Competitiveness and place competition within urban regeneration 119 Drivers behind place competition 120 Competitive cities in the UK 121 Arenas of competition: consumption and production 125 Competitive advantage and the creative class 126 Place rebranding, marketing and urban entrepreneurialism 127 Critiquing urban competitiveness 130 Summary 132 Study questions 132 Key readings on urban competitiveness 133 Key websites on urban competitiveness 133 Chapter 8 New forms of urban governance 134 Chapter aims 134 Urban regeneration and urban governance 134 From Fordism to post-fordism and the city 135 The changing role of the state in urban regeneration 138 The shift from local government to local governance 141 From managerialism to entrepreneurialism 143 Inter-city collaborative networks 145 The neighbourhood, regional and city-region levels of governance 146 New forms of urban governance: a critique 148 Summary 148 Study questions 149 Key readings on new forms of urban governance 149 Key websites on new forms of urban governance 149 Chapter 9 Community and regeneration 150 Chapter aims 150
CONTENTS Community in public policy: a historical and theoretical perspective (1960s-2010s) 150 The ideology of community and its importance to urban regeneration 153 The benefits and challenges of community involvement in urban regeneration 156 Measures to promote the social economy 158 Critiquing community involvement in urban regeneration 160 Summary 161 Study questions 161 Key readings on community and regeneration 161 Key websites on community and regeneration 161 Chapter 10 Urban regeneration and sustainability 163 Chapter aims 163 Cities, sustainability and regeneration 163 Ecological footprints and cities 164 Defining sustainability and sustainable cities 165 Sustainable cities and communities 168 Linking urban regeneration and sustainability 169 The compact versus dispersed city debate 170 Sustainable urban design, housing and regeneration 172 Eco-towns and sustainable urban regeneration 174 Brownfield site regeneration 175 Urban green spaces and regeneration 177 Urban regeneration and sustainability: reconciling economic regeneration and environmental protection 178 Summary 179 Study questions 180 Key readings on urban regeneration and sustainability 180 Key websites on urban regeneration and sustainability 180 Chapter 11 Retail regeneration 181 Chapter aims 181 City centre retail change and regeneration: in-town versus out-of-town 181 Retail regeneration 190 Mega-retail regeneration 197 Town and city centre management schemes 198 Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) 199 Portas Pilot town teams 200 Retail regeneration: critical issues 200 Summary 204 Study questions 204 Key readings on retail regeneration 204 Key websites on retail regeneration 204 Chapter 12 Housing regeneration and gentrification 206 Chapter aims 206 Urban regeneration and housing development 206 Adaptation and reuse of buildings 208
CONCLUSION CONTENTS The gentrification debate 210 City centre housing regeneration and gentrif ication 216 Urban regeneration and the lurban idyll' 218 Studentification and cities 222 Gated communities 223 Housing regeneration: critical issues 225 Summary 226 Study questions 226 Key readings on housing regeneration and gentrif ication 227 Key websites on housing regeneration and gentrification 227 Chapter 13 Culture and regeneration 228 Chapter aims 228 Culture and the city 228 The cultural city 231 Cultural quarters in cities 234 Urban festivals and carnivals 236 Promoting the evening and night-time economy 237 Urban tourism and urban heritage 244 Sport and the entrepreneurial city 245 Creativity, creative industries and the creatre city 247 Selling the city of culture and spectacle 251 Cultural regeneration: critical issues 253 Summary 254 Study questions 255 Key readings on culture and regeneration 255 Key website on culture and regeneration 255 Chapter 14 Regenerating suburban and exurban areas of cities 256 Chapter aims 256 Urban spatial models and changing suburbs 256 Regenerating suburban and exurban areas: problems and responses 260 Regenerating suburbia: policy implications and critical issues 262 Summary 264 Study questions 264 Key readings on regenerating suburban and exurban areas of cities 265 Key website on regenerating suburban and exurban areas of cities 265 SECTION IV - 267 Chapter 15 Urban regeneration: learning from the past, lessons for the future 269 Chapter aims 269 Urban regeneration and changing cities 269 Central government urban regeneration policy: a critique 271 Transforming cities: thematic approaches to regeneration 274 Future directions for urban regeneration in the UK 275 Summary 276 Study questions 278
CONTENTS Key readings on urban regeneration: future Key websites on urban regeneration: learning future learning from the past, lessons for the from the past, lessons for the 279 279 References Index 281 317