Variation in Flower Yield and Morpholpgical Characteristics of Damask Rose

2015, TextRoad Publication ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com Variation in Yield and Morpholpgical Characteristics of Damask Rose Mohammad Reza Kudori 1 *, Golamhosein Rahmani 1, Seyed Reza Tabaei-Aghdaei 2, Davod Darvishi Zeidabadi 1, Sayed Mohammad Reza Khoshroo 3 and Mohammad Sharifi Yazdi 1 1 Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman Province, Iran 2 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Biology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. ABSTRACT Received: June 1, 2015 Accepted: October 21, 2015 In this study, 47 Damask rose accessions (Rosa damascena Mill.) were collected from some cultivation regions of Iran and were evaluated based on morphological characteristics using three replicated randomized complete block design. The research was conducted at the Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman Province during 2004-2008. Twelve quantitative and qualitative morphological traits were evaluated to characterize the phenotypic variability. The traits were: plant height, canopy diameter, branch angle, stems number, leaf number, leaflet area, thorn density, flower diameter, flower number, flowering period, and flower yield per plant and flower dry weight. Results showed that accessions, Year and the interaction of Accession Year significantly affected all the measured traits. The results of the mean comparison of Year Accessions showed the highest yield flowers (9433 kg/ha) was obtained from accession No G45, in year 2008. Cluster analysis, using Ward's Method separated accessions into three groups according to Squared Euclidian Distances. The results of PCA analysis showed that the first three components accounted 54.81% of the total variation. Results showed positive significant correlations between flower yield per hectare and the number of flowers per plant, flowering period, plant height, and canopy diameter. The present study revealed much variation in the germplasm of Damask roses in Iran could be used for the future breeding programs. KEYWORDS: Rosa damascena, Genetic variation, Yield, Morphological traits INTRODUCTION Rose is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world. Presently, it is a popular ornamental for landscapes, and the most important commercial cut flower (Senapati & Rout, 2008). Its economic importance also lies in the use of its petals as a source of natural perfume (Guterman et al., 2002). The Rosa damascena is the most important species used to produce attar of rose, essential oils and rose-water in the fragrance Industry (Bayrak and Akgül 1994; Guterman 2002). In Iran, breeding and consumption of Damask rose has a long history (Guenther, 1952). The cultivation of roses for perfume outspread to the east and west from Persia, as is shown by the word attar is borrowed from the Turks; and in Farsi, attar originally meant fat (Farooq et al., 2011). Avicenna, an Iranian philosopher and physician of the medieval period is credited with the discovery of the process for extracting rosewater from rose. Ibn Khaldun expressed that the province of Fars, in Iran, was required to give a tribute of 30,000 bottles of rose water annually to the Caliph at Baghdad for the years 810-817 A.D. (Boskabady et al., 2011; Kiani et al., 2008; Nikbakht and Kafi 2004). Istakhri explained the export of rose-water from Farsistan to China and all over the Islamic world (Widrlechner, 1981). In Iran, this plant is called " of Prophet Mohammad" because people believe it is a holy and therapeutic plant. Iran was the main producer of rose oil until the 16th century and exported it to all over the world (Rusanov et al., 2005). Damask rose is the third plant with high essential oils content (Bayrak and Akgül 1994; Rhind 2013; Weiss 1997). The main compounds in damask rose essential oils are geraniol and citronellol (Babu et al.,2002; Rajeswara Rao et al., 2000). Recently, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Rosa damascena essential oil have been proved (Achuthan et al., 2003). Recently, some researchers have evaluated the morphological diversity of Damask Rose in Iran. Kiani and others (2010) stated that the germplasm of Damask Rose in Iran is more various than that found in Turkey and Bulgaria and that the Damask Rose in these countries was probably obtained from Iran. Furthermore, this region is a major center of diversity for the specie. Tabaei-Aghdaei et al., (2007) collected forty accessions of Damask rose from 28 provinces in Iran and evaluated to *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Kudori, Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman Province, Iran. mr_kudori@yahoo.com 208

Kudori et al.,2015 determine the diversity among them. Pearson's coefficients (r) analysis displayed that number of petals was positively correlated with flower weight (0.64) and number of stamens (0.63), while its correlation with peduncle length was negative ( 0.53). A negative correlation was obtained between oil content and number of stamens ( 0.60) which is useful for indirect selection of accessions with low number of stamens and therefore high amount of oil content. In other study Zeinali et al., (2010) reported Rosa damascena genotypes significantly varied for all the traits except for the fresh weight of petals per flower. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for flower yield per plant (48.03%, 36.49%), number of flowers per plant (40.65%, 26.99%), number of petals per flower (37.56%, 32.31%) were higher than the coefficients for other tested traits. Cluster analysis revealed that Khuzestan and Shiraz genotypes were the most related ones, while the most independent ones were the western and eastern Azerbaijan genotypes. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the variation among 47 Iranian accessions of Damask rose for flower yield, yield components, and other morphological traits, and to assess the relationship among the studied traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Local climate Forty seven accessions were selected from different parts of Iran with different climate (Table 1). Code G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17 G18 G19 G20 G21 G22 G23 G24 G25 G26 G27 G28 G29 G30 G31 G32 G33 G34 G35 G36 Table 1. Rosa damascena accessions collected from different parts of Iran Collection site Average rainfall(mm) Average temperature(ºc) Climate East Azerbaijan 500-600 5-14 West Azerbaijan 500-600 5-14 Ardabi l 500-600 5-14 Esfehan 1 Esfehan 2 Ilam Tehran Cheharmehal Khorasan 1 and semi Qum Khuzestan 24-47 Hot Zanjan Semnan 1 Semnan 2 i Belochestan 24-47 Desert Fars 1 Fars 2 Ghazvin and semi Kordestan Kerman 1 and semi Kermanshah Kohgeloeyeh Khorasan 2 and semi Golestan >1000 Wet Gilan >1000 Wet Lorestan Mazanderan >1000 Hot wet Arak and semi Hormozgan 24-27 Hot Hamedan Yazd 1 Yazd 2 Esfehan 3 Esfehan 4 Esfehan 5 Esfehan 6 209

G37 Esfehan 7 G38 Esfehan 8 G39 Esfehan 9 G40 Esfehan 10 G41 Kerman 2 and semi G42 Kerman 3 and semi G43 Kerman 4 and semi G44 Kerman 5 and semi G45 Kerman 6 and semi G46 Kerman 7 and semi G47 Kerman 8 and semi Plant material The accessions were planted in the field of the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman Province, Iran (latitude 31º 7 25 N, longitude 57º 14 01 E, altitude 1749 m) in 2004-2008. The experiment was performed in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant spacing was 3 m 3 m and each plot consisted of three plants. The plants were planted in 50 cm depth, watered by drip irrigation system and worker did weed annually. Manure (30 ton/ha) was added according soil testing. The experiment was done organically. The bug was used to control aphids. Data were collected during three years of growing 2006 to 2008 for different traits. These traits include plant height (cm), canopy diameter (cm), branch angle (degree), number of main stems, leaflet dry weight (mg), leaflet area (cm 2 ), thorn density, flower diameter (mm), flower yield (kg/ha), number of flower per plant, flower dry weight (g) and flowering duration (day) (Farooq et al., 2011). Statistical analysis The data were analyzed by split plot design in time and mean comparison being conducted through Duncan's multiple range tests using SPSS v17 (Naghavi and Jahansouz 2005). Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, the square root of the genetic and phenotypic variance expressed in percent of the mean, were calculated according to the method of Burton and Devane (1953). Furthermore, principal components analysis was carried out to determine the share of each trait in diversity, and data reduction (Naghavi and Jahansouz 2005). The average of 12 traits on 47 accessions was used in analysis. Cluster analysis with Ward s Method in squared Euclidean distance scale was performed. RESULTS Morphological characters Analysis of the variances indicated the significant effects of year, accessions and their interaction on the flower yield, flower per plant, flowering period, flower dry weight, plant height, canopy diameter, branch angle, leaf number, stem number, leaflet area, thorn density and flower diameter (Table 2). There were high significant differences between accessions for all morphological characters. Mean comparison of the years indicated that the flower yield, flower per plant, flower dry weight, plant height, canopy diameter, branch angle, left number, leaflet area, thorn density and flower diameter were the highest in 2008 (Table 3). yield was in 2006 (1140 kg/ha), 2007 (2455 kg/ha) and 2008 (4201 kg/ha) (Table 3). The longest flowering period (25 days) was in the first year and the shortest flowering period (20 days) was in the third year (Table 4). The results of the comparison Year Accession showed the highest yield of flowers (9433 kg/ha) in the year 2008 referred to accession G45 and the lowest yield of flower (175 kg/ha) in the year 2006 referred to landrace G27. The highest number of flower (896 flowers) Obtained from the landrace G45 in the third year (2008), and lowest number of flower (19 flowers) referred to the landrace G27 in the first year (Table 4). 210

Kudori et al.,2015 Table2. Variance analysis of Damask rose traits in Kerman (2006-2008) ns, * & ** : non-significant and significant differences at 5% and 1%, respectively. SOV Replication Year Error Accession Year Accession Error CV (%) DF 2 2 4 46 92 276 yield 1307099* 332519595** 505635 7947783** 2161684** 170445 15.8 per plant 13296* 2858699** 622305.3 98337.8** 14632.9** 6390.9 27.7 ing period 38.08** 18.9** 16.05 36.6** 26.4** 1.004 6.5 dry weight 0.014** 0.023** 0.034 0.068** 0.024** 0.002 9.7 Plant height 199* 23085.4** 1232 3797.7** 286.1** 184.8 9.9 Mean squares Canopy diameter 12948** 15211.9** 5684.5 5240.6** 1173.5** 407.3 10 Branch angle 653.4** 1010.5** 452.6 442.9** 82.2* 62.3 14.1 Left No. 2798.7** 153044.8** 1924.4 2024.6** 1348.8** 312.2 25.5 Stem No. 710.7** 11485.2** 142.6 97.9** 94.3** 24.4 30.8 Leaflet area 479.4* 76686.5** 564.7 861.8** 543.8** 148.7 20.6 Thorn density 876.1** 1452.7** 541.2 2754** 237.2** 142.5 23.8 diameter 180.8** 639.9** 71.1 181.7** 145.5** 10.2 5.6 Table 3. Effect of year on Damask Rose cultivated in Kerman Year 2006 2007 yield (kg/ha) 1140 c 2455 b s per plant 140 c 462 b ing period (days) 25 a 22 b dry weight (g) 0.53 b 0.52 b Plant height 121 b 134 a Canopy diameter (cm) 188 c 205 b Branch angle 54 b 55 b Leaf No. 36 c 72 b Stem No. 10 c 13 b Leaflet area 34 c 63 b Thorn density 46 b 51 a diameter (mm) 55 c 57 b 2008 4201 a 505 a 20 c 0.59 a 137 a 207 a 59 a 102 a 27 a 80 a 52 a 59 a Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p 0.05. Table 4. Descriptive statistics of 12 evaluated traits averaged over 47 Rosa damascena during the three years Variable Mean± SE St Dev Minimum Maximum yield (kg/ha) 2599.1 ± 84.7 1742.4 76 (G46) 9433 (G45) per plant 288.4 ± 17.9 53 8.4 (G46) 1088.7 (G45) flowering period(day) 22.3 ± 0.17 3.6 13 (G7) 35 (G22) dry weight(g) 0.46± 0.006 0.11 0.2 (G37) 1 (G22) Plant height (cm) 136.7 ± 1.3 26.8 60 (G2) 215 (G40) Canopy diameter(cm) 200.6 ± 1.7 35.7 90 (G12) 298 (G45) Branch angle(degree) 56.1 ± 0.53 10.9 24 (G2) 90 (G16) Stem No. 15.6 ± 0.51 10 2 (G21) 55 (G25) Leaf No. 70 ± 1.8 38 8 (G14) 210 (G21) Leaflet area(cm2) 59.1 ± 1.2 26 13.5 (G1) 151 (G40) Thorn density 50.1± 1 21 4 (G1) 92 (G21) diameter(mm) 57.4 ± 0.38 7.9 23 (G21) 95 (G22) 211

Principal components analysis The principal components analysis is shown in Table 5. The first four PCs with eigenvalues greater than 1 explained 54.81% of variation among the 47 accessions (Table 5). The first PC, which is the most important component, explained 29.75% of total variation and was positively related to flower yield and flower per plant, leaf number and leaflet area, so PC1 is a weighted average of these four characters. PC2 accounted of 15.56% of the total variation and the characters with the greatest weight on this component were Thorn density. PC3 accounted of 9.40% of the total variation and the characters with the greatest weight on this component were flowering period and flower diameter. These findings agree with the previous studies conducted in Iran (Babaei at al., 2008; Danyaei at al., 2012; Tabaei-Aghdaei at al., 2007). The PCs analysis reduced the original 12 characters in experiment to three PCs that the first and second principal components had the most shares in separation of accessions. Table 5. Principal components coefficients of the evaluated traits in 47 accessions of Rosa damascena Variable PC1 PC2 PC3 yield (kg/ha) 0.879-0.130 0.084 per plant 0.782-0.065 0.164 flowering period (days) -0.438 0.376 0.564 dry weight (g) 0.054-0.663 0.376 Plant height (cm) 0.287 0.377 0.242 Canopy diameter (cm) 0.526 0.301 0.277 Branch angle (degrees) 0.288 0.343 0.262 Stem No. 0.631-0.325-0.326 Leaf No. 0.701-0.017-0.192 Leaflet area (cm 2 ) 0.705 0.271-0.113 Thorn density 0.232 0. 744-0.076 diameter (mm) 0.333-0.440 0.518 Eigenvalue 3.57 1.87 1.12 Variance proportion % 29.75 15.56 9.40 Cumulative variance % 29.75 45.40 54.81 Phenotypic correlation coefficients The differences revealed a high diversity between the accessions. Pearson correlation analysis results are shown in (Table 6). Results showed that, flower number per plant (r=0.70**), canopy diameter (r=0.436**) and flower diameter (r=0.189*), were positively correlated with flower yield per hectare. Canopy diameter showed a positive correlation with flower number per plant (r=0.263**) while negative correlation with stamen number (r= -0.214*). There was a positively correlated between stamen number (r=0.51**), petal number (r=0.216*), leaf number (r=0.258**) and flower diameter (r=0.213*) with dry weight (Table 8). 212

Kudori et al.,2015 Traits Table 6. Pairwise phenotypic correlation coefficients between 15 evaluated traits in 47 of Rosa damascena accessions yield (kg/ha) per plant ing period (day) dry weight (g) Plant height (cm) Canopy diameter (cm) Branch angle (degree) Stem No. Leaf No. Leaflet area (cm 2 ) yield (kg/ha) 1.00 per plant 0.70 ** 1.00 ing period (days) -0.05 0.03 1.00 dry weight (g) 0.01 0.11-0.22 ** 1.00 Plant height (cm) 0.01-0.01 0.18 * -0.08 1.00 Canopy diameter (cm) 0.43 ** 0.26 ** 0.03-0.12 0.25 ** 1.00 Branch angle (degrees) 0.05 0.09 0.22 ** -0.27 ** 0.14 0.10 1.00 Stem No. 0.09 0.05-0.45 ** 0.09-0.05-0.03-0.28 ** 1.00 Leaf No. -0.03-0.03-0.02 0.25 ** 0.16 * 0.17 * -0.02-0.14 1.00 Leaflet area (cm 2 ) -0.05-0.06 0.33 ** -0.35 ** 0.13 0.10 0.23 ** -0.30 ** -0.09 1.00 Thorn density 0.07 0.01 0.52 ** -0.58 ** 0.16 0.22 ** 0.25 ** -0.37 ** 0.01 0.41 ** 1.00 diameter(mm) 0.19 * 0.07-0.22 ** 0.21 * -0.06 0.15 0.03 0.09-0.05-0.11-0.31 ** 1.00 * Significant (p<0.05); ** highly significant (p<0.01) Cluster analysis Cluster analysis, based on 12 morphological traits grouped the accessions into 3 different categories with dendrogram sliced at 3 of Euclidean distance (Fig. 1). The results showed the most similarity between accessions G23 and G32. In our study, G34 was placed in the first, G10 in the second and G3 in the third groups. G44, G45 and G47 originated from Kerman province placed in the third group because of their high yield of flower and the most number of flowers per plant. DISCUSSION Result showed significant differences between accessions for all morphological characters. Growth of the plants in the three years caused increasing flower yield and flower number per plant. yield Increased 72.8% in the third compared to the first year. The yield of flower ranged from G27 with 176 kg/ha in G27 to 9433 kg/ha in G45. Plant height ranged from 83 cm in G2 to 222 cm in G47, and thorns density ranged from 7 thorns in G22 to 81 thorns in G21. ing period in the first year was 25 days but in the third year was 20 days. Temperature could be the main factor in occurrence of this phenomenon. This is consistent to the reports indicated that increasing of temperature in the time of flowering could lead to earlier and/or quicker flowering and reducing flowering period (Scaven and Rafferty, 2013; Mouradov et al.,2002; Powell and Bunt, 2013). It was concluded that there was significant variation for most morphological traits in the Damask rose accessions evaluated to improve flower yield. Using PC analysis, the first three components accounted 54.81% of the total variation. There were positive significant correlations between flower yield per hectare and the number of flowers per plant, flowering period, plant height, and canopy diameter. Cluster and principal components analyses showed no relationship between genetic divergence and geographical origins, indicating germ plasm exchange between different areas of Iran. The results are consistent with studies carried out by Tabaei-Aghdaei et al. (2007), Babaei et al. (2007), and Zeinali et al. (2010). Based on the results of this study and former studies (Tabaei-Aghdaei et al., 2009, 2010), flower dry weight and flower number per plant could be considered as appropriate yield components in R. damascena breeding programs. Thorn density diameter (mm) 213

Figure 1. Dendrogram generated by cluster analysis based on morphological traits using Ward s clustering procedures 214

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