Management of Fruit Crop Diseases in a Challenging Climate Srdjan Acimovic, PhD Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section Cornell University
Outline Fire Blight Management Scab Management Bitter Rot Management Brown Rot management - Peaches
Outline Fire Blight Management Scab Management Bitter Rot Management Brown Rot management - Peaches
Fire Blight is Risk of Production - Biology - Balaž et al. 2008
Flowers - Ooze
Shoots - Ooze -
Fruitlets - Ooze -
Fire Blight Cankers Determinate Indeterminate
Actively Oozing Canker August 22 nd 2007
Worst Cases - Trauma and Rootstock Blight - Photo by Mark Longstroth Photo by Michael A. Ellis Photo by Kerik D. Cox
High Density - Susceptible Rootstocks, CV - High-density tall/super spindle (~1000-1500 /A) Susceptible cv: Mutsu, Fuji, Gala, Gingergold, Honeycrisp, Idared, Jonathan, Lady Apple, Monroe, Paulared, Rome, SweeTango, NY-1, NY- 2 M.9, M.26 Trees < 6-8 yr old.
Weather Triggers Infection - Issues 2016 - Late cv-s: still in bloom Early cv-s: rat-tail flowers; young shoots Extremely conducive conditions in NE: Bloom end No terminal bud set Shoot growth Hot: high 80-90 s Few short rain/dew events Hail storms Disease history Bacteria increase number rapidly in flowers May 27, predicted extreme risks & rain on 29 & 30
NEWA - Summary
Maryblyt 7.1 - Unusually hot and humid -
High RH - Models are not perfect -
Fire Blight Management - Cultural Practices - Dormancy Scout and prune out cankers sources of inoculum Trunk cankers hard to prune Small twig cankers hard to find Cankers remain Warmth triggers canker oozing
Fire Blight Management - Chemical Control - Preventive prediction models Cougarblight, Maryblyt (NEWA), RIMpro Orchard history Timing Dormancy (Silver tip 1/2 inch Green) Copper (oil + Bordeaux 8-10-10, Champ, Cuprofix, Kocide, Badge 3.5-7.0 pts or lb / A) Late dormant: lower rate Badge SC/X2 @ 1-1.5 pts / A OR 1-1.25 lb / A Tight Cluster, Badge SC/X2 @ 1-1.5 pts / A OR 1-1.25 lb / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING) Pink Badge SC/X2 @ 1-1.5 pts / A OR 1-1.25 lb / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING) Double Nickel 55/LC @ 0.5-1 lb / A OR 1-2 qt / A Bloom (first to last open flower): Streptomycin (Firewall, Agri-Mycin) 24 oz/a, 12 oz / A + 1 pt Regulaid / 100 gal Kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L) 64 fl oz/100 gal Oxytetracycline (Fireline, Mycoshield) 3 lb / A Double Nickel 55/LC @ 0.5-1 lb / A OR 1-2 qt / A Cueva Fungicide Concentrate @ 2-3 qt / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING) Badge SC/X2 @ 1-1.5 pts / A OR 1-1.25 lb / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING) Apogee @ 6-12 oz / 100 gal Serenade ASO 2-6 qt / A
Fire Blight Management - Chemical Control - Timing Petal Fall Streptomycin (Firewall, Agri-Mycin) 24 oz/a, 12 oz / A + 1 pt Regulaid / 100 gal Kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L) 64 fl oz/100 gal Oxytetracycline (FireLine, Mycoshield) 3 lb / A Double Nickel 55/LC @ 0.5-1 lb / A OR 1-2 qt / A Cueva Fungicide Concentrate @ 2-3 qt / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING) Badge SC/X2 @ 1-1.5 pts / A OR 1-1.25 lb / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING) Apogee @ 6-12 oz / 100 gal Summer Apogee @ 6-12 oz / 100 gal Streptomycin (Firewall, Agri-Mycin) 24 oz / A, 12 oz / A + 1 pt Regulaid / 100 gal Cueva Fungicide Concentrate @ 2-3 qt / A (AVOID SLOW DRYING)
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2012
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2013
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2015 - Antibiotics -
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2015 - Biologicals -
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2015 - SAR -
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2015 - Copper -
Fire Blight Management - Post Infection - Therapeutic Late flower infections Shoot Infections (Apogee 6-12 oz / 100 gal; Cueva Fungicide Concentrate 2-3 qt / A) Hail (Firewall @ 1.5 lb / Acre) Low doses of copper (Metallic Cu: 0.2 lb/a) + 1-3 lb/a hydrated lime) Pruning 18-24 below canker edge If not, prune to older wood (12 ) Drop cuttings in the middle, let it dry, flail-mow http://blogs.cornell.edu/acimoviclab/ Fire Blight in Champlain Valley 2016 (II) Management Options in 2016 & 2017
Outline Fire Blight Management Scab Management Bitter Rot Management Brown Rot Management - Peaches
Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)
Apple Scab Management - Cultural Practices - High-Infection Orchard Reduce scab spore dose in leaf litter Promote microbial degrading: urea 40 lb/a urea (100 gal / A) 2.5 ton / A of lime Flail mow Low-Infection Orchard Late leaf infections important source of inoculum Asses 600 shoots (less or more than 53 leaves)
Apple Scab Management Timing - prediction models NEWA RIMpro Biofix first ascospore discharge or GT Chemical Control SDHI: Luna Sensation (+QoI), Aprovia QoI-s: Flint, Sovran, Cabrio DMI-s: Inspire Super (+AP), Indar Pyrimidines: Vangard, Scala Multi site: Captan, Manzate, Koverall, Penncozeb Kick-back, protectant, systemic, local-systemic Rotate with unrelated fungicides (3-4 per year) Tank mix QoI + captan for visible scab lesions
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2012 - Resistance - SDHIs & QoI+SDHI premixes = Excellent Practical resistance Flint
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2012 - Resistance - Aprovia most consistent control
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2012 - Resistance - QoI+SDHI & Aprovia Merivon great
Efficacy Trials - Kerik Cox 2012 - Resistance - QoI+SDHI & Aprovia Practical resistance to QoI fungicides high: Merivon & Luna Sensation still unaffected
Apple Scab Management General philosophy: GT: copper Then 2 or more manzate sprays (depending on weather) PK: manzate + Inspire Super (or Flint, Luna Sensation, include product with activity for powdery mildew also) Bloom: manzate (depending on the rain deposit/s and residue lasting) PF: fungicide mix (include product with activity for powdery mildew also) FC: fungicide mix Covers (bare in mind the 77 days PHI limitation for manzate, so switch from using manzate to using captan according to the estimated time of harvest)
Outline Fire Blight Management Scab Management Bitter Rot Management Brown Rot Management - Peaches
Bitter Rot Management Cause: Colletotrichum acutatum clade Colletotrichum fioriniae
Bitter Rot Life Cycle Proposed by Everett et al. 2010
Bitter Rot Management Timing: 1-2 weeks after petal fall Spray before warm wetting (warm nights) 14-21 day except 2.2 inches of rain Late cultivars = more sprays Captan (full rate) 4.0 lb / A (50 WP), 2.5-5.0 lb / A (80 WDG), 1.0 pt/100 gal (4L) Sovran / Flint / Pristine + Captane / Ziram Sooty Blotch & Flyspeck
Outline Fire Blight Management Scab Management Bitter Rot Management Brown Rot Management - Peaches
Brown Rot / Blossom Blight - Monilia fructicola -
Brown Rot / Blossom Blight Life Cycle - Monilia fructicola - http://slideplayer.fr/slide/1202429/
Brown Rot Management - Peaches Remove mummies, prune cankers, Timing: Blossom blight: 1-2 sprays should in NY (P, B) More if wet bloom QoI, DMI, AP, anilines Brown rot Insect control (plum curculio, oriental fruit moth, tarnished plant bug) 14 days before harvest (17) 5 days before harvest (8, 1) Coordinate with picks and cv. ripening M. fructicola populations resistance to QoIs (Component of Pristine) Some populations resistant to DMIs
Blossom Blight Management Norman Lalancette (Rutgers) - Chemical Control* - *Note: this slide might contain experimental treatments not covered by label(s) always read the label before you apply any pesticide. Efficacy results can vary from year to year, hence at least two years of data are needed before making a conclusion on efficacy of certain product.
Brown Rot Management Norman Lalancette (Rutgers) - Chemical Control* - *Note: this slide might contain experimental treatments not covered by label(s) always read the label before you apply any pesticide. Efficacy results can vary from year to year, hence at least two years of data are needed before making a conclusion on efficacy of certain product.