Lincoln Townscape Assessment Bailgate and Castle Hill Inherited Character Area Statement December 2007 Page 2 of 21
Table of Contents Page Overview 2 Historical Development 2 Urban form 6 Views 9 Condition of Buildings and Streetscape 9 Use 9 Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas 9 Key Townscape Characteristics 10 Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes 11 Appendix 2: List of RAZs 13 Appendix 3: List of Monuments 18 Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites 19 Appendix 5: Historical Components which influence the current character 20 Page 3 of 21
Overview The Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area (see Figure 1) is located on largely flat land on the top of the north escarpment overlooking the Witham gap. It has a complex townscape character that has been strongly influenced by nearly 2000 years of historical development, notably during the Roman and High Medieval Eras. This influence is most noticeable in the street layout and building plots as well as surviving buildings. The irregular grid street pattern is largely medieval and the mainly deep building plots running back from the streets with narrow frontages are strongly influenced by surviving medieval burgage plots. Bailgate, Castle Hill and Steep Hill and the medieval burgage plots form the heart of the Character Area. The townscape character is also very strongly influenced by the nearby iconic medieval buildings of the Cathedral and Castle Cathedral and Castle, especially in Castle Hill. The Cathedral and Castle, together with the historic monuments within the Character Area (Newport Arch, the Mint Wall, the Roman well and the outline at the former St Peter in the Bail site), form an important part of the influence of earlier developments on the current townscape character. This Character Area, together with the neighbouring Cathedral and Castle Character Areas, is a key tourist destination in Lincoln and the East Midlands region. Castle Hill is a key public square and nodal point for pedestrian movement. Around Castle Hill the buildings are taller than most of the rest of the Character Area, often three to four storeys high, and provide a good sense of enclosure to the square. However, the sense of enclosure is degraded by the surface car park on a lower level to the west, even with the Castle to its rear. The existing natural materials used in the public realm, including stone slabs on the footways and stone setts in the carriageway, are important townscape elements, in particular on Steep Hill, Exchequergate and Castle Hill. Bailgate and Steep Hill act as a High Street in the area with a mix of residential and commercial uses continuing a long tradition of these uses since the medieval era. 18 th and 19 th century houses and shops on former medieval plots along Bailgate and Steep Hill form a key part of the townscape. The form, materials and architectural style of the buildings in Bailgate and Castle Hill vary greatly which reflects the complex history of development in the area, mainly carried out plot by plot. The buildings provide no clear rhythm along the streets due to their varied form and door/window patterns. The building density is high and there is a good sense of enclosure along relatively narrow streets with mainly two to three storey buildings set at the back of the footway. The very narrow Steep Hill gives a particularly strong sense of enclosure which provides a striking contrast at its junction with the wider space of Castle Hill. The northern end of Bailgate opens out to create a wider space with raised footways on either side. Along Bailgate and Steep Hill, in particular, there are varied roofscapes which can be seen from the streets, including many steep roofs, and which reflect the varied form and periods of the buildings fronting onto the streets. The medieval buildings in this and neighbouring Character Areas are part of a nationally recognised group of residential and commercial medieval buildings. There are some small urban blocks which allow easy movement within parts of the Character Area. However, surrounding large, irregularly shaped urban blocks to the SW, SE, NW and NE, principally influenced by the earlier walls of the upper city, inhibit movement in these directions. Vehicle traffic through much of the area is restricted. There are many landmark buildings in a relatively small area, including Newport Arch, Leigh Pemberton House, the Cathedral and Castle, Exchequergate, the Prince of Wales public house. They often terminate views along streets. The views along the historic streetscapes and of the Cathedral and Castle also contribute greatly to the townscape character. Historical Development The current complex townscape character of Bailgate and Castle Hill has been strongly influenced by nearly 2000 years of historical development. The area has been at the heart of settlement in Lincoln since the Roman military conquest. In particular, the influence of both the Roman Era, during the latter part of which Lincoln was one of four provincial capitals in Britain, and the High Medieval Era (AD850-1350) can still be discerned in the townscape today. This influence is most noticeable in the street layout and building plots as well as surviving buildings. It is conceivable that there was a hilltop enclosure even before the Roman legionary fortress was built here in the Roman Military Era (AD 60-90). The line of the northern rampart of the fortress still influences the townscape in this Character Area as it was later rebuilt in stone during the Roman Colonia Era (AD90-410). These fortifications included a north gate, the current Newport Arch, built in approximately AD200, which is the only Roman archway in the United Kingdom still used by vehicular traffic. Page 4 of 21
Fig 2 Upper Bailgate and Newport Arch A small section of the north wall can also be seen in the front garden of 52 Bailgate. The chamfered base of the western gate tower in the northern defences survives as a ruin just to the west of Newport Arch. The line of the northern defences has also determined the alignment of the sections of Chapel Lane and East Bight that adjoin Bailgate and which run along what would have been the inside of the earlier wall. Bailgate and Steep Hill follow, very approximately, the principal north-south street through the legionary fortress and succeeding upper city of the Roman Colonia (the cardo ) which ran from Newport Arch to a gate in the south wall between the current 26 and 44 Steep Hill. Masonry remains of the south gate can be seen between 25 and 26 Steep Hill and within 44 Steep Hill. This road was part of Ermine Street, a major Roman road which linked Lincoln with London to the south and York to the north. The forum of the Roman Colonia was located on this main north-south street around the present junction of Bailgate and Westgate. The colonnaded frontage of the forum is marked out along Bailgate by setts in the road and pavement, and the entrance to Westgate is located on the site of one of the former entrances to the forum. A well and a small section of wall from the east range of the forum are located at the junction of Bailgate and Westgate. The well shaft may date from the Roman Military Era. The site of an early timber church (probably built between AD350-650), St Paul-in-the-Bail, is also marked out at this location. The townscape is also remarkable for still incorporating the c.6m high Mint Wall on West Bight. The Mint Wall was the north wall of the basilica and dates from around AD200. There is little influence of the Early Medieval Era (AD410-850) on the current townscape, other than the continuing occupation of St Paul-in-the-Bail, the plot of which remains visible today. The High Medieval Era (AD 850-1350) saw a dramatic rise in the city s fortunes, the effect of which has a huge influence on the current townscape character of Bailgate and Castle Hill. The current street layout, the general building plot size and shape, and standing houses dating from this era, together with the nearby Castle, Cathedral, Exchequergate and the Close Wall, greatly shape the townscape character. Page 5 of 21
Fig 3 The correlation in orientation between the Roman (red) and medieval road infrastructure (existing) in Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, William the Conqueror took over the upper city as a Castle. The present Castle boundaries date from the early-mid 12 th century, and the then still defensible walled former Roman upper-city became the outer bail. The area is still referred to as the Bail today and it also led to the name Bailgate. The area was outside the jurisdiction of the city authorities, and even today the Castle, formerly the base of the King s representative, belongs to the Duchy of Lancaster and is managed by Lincolnshire County Council rather than the City of Lincoln Council. The Castle clearly dominates the western aspect of Castle Hill and is visible from the junction of Westgate and West Bight, St Paul s Lane and Gordon Road. Following a fire and possible earthquake which destroyed most of the earlier Norman cathedral, the main period of construction of the present Cathedral was in the late 12 th and early 13 th centuries. Views of the Cathedral throughout the Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area greatly influence its townscape character. Fig 4 View of the West façade of Lincoln Cathedral from Castle Hill Car Park Page 6 of 21
The Close Wall, including Exchequergate, built between the late 13 th century and the mid-14 th century to protect the Cathedral clergy and property, forms a large part of the Character Area s eastern boundary. It divides the Cathedral Close, with its large houses facing the Cathedral and along the current James Street, from the more modest houses and commercial buildings running back from Bailgate and Steep Hill. In addition to Exchequergate, and an existing section of wall on the northern boundary of the rear of 5 Doleraine Court, the line of the Close Wall is marked by the rear plot boundaries of the White Hart Hotel, 39-43 Steep Hill and the Bailgate Methodist Church. Exchequergate itself is a key component of Castle Hill and forms a clear gateway between Castle Hill and the Cathedral Close. St Mary Magdalene originated in the 13 th century, although it has been extensively rebuilt since then, and was used to form the northern boundary of a small square between Exchequergate and a now demolished more westerly gate. Westgate (the western part of which probably followed the building of the Castle and runs along the outside of its northern ditch and wall), Bailgate, James Street, Eastgate (which led from the Castle to the eastern gate in the upper city), East Bight, Chapel Lane (an Anglo-Saxon short cut between the north and west gates) and Exchequergate are all surviving medieval streets (although some had Roman origins as stated above). The thin, narrow, and mainly long building plots running east and west back from Bailgate and Steep Hill are surviving examples of medieval burgage plots and help define the distinctive townscape. West Bight may have been a back lane to the west of burgage plots. The properties on the eastern side of Steep Hill have encroached on what would have been the wider Ermine Street which ran back as far as the later Close wall. The surviving High Medieval residential and commercial buildings running back from Bailgate, Eastgate and Steep Hill form part of a very important collection of medieval buildings in the upper city, including the Cathedral Close. Numbers 82-84 Bailgate, 6 Eastgate and 28-30 Steep Hill date from around the 14 th century. Numbers 6-10 Bailgate and 38-40 Bailgate and others contain building fabric from the High Medieval Era. As today, Castle Hill was situated in a prominent position between the Castle and Cathedral and between Bailgate and Steep Hill. It probably functioned as a market place during the High Medieval Era. By around 1350 Lincoln s fortunes had declined due, in part, to the collapse of the cloth industry in the late 13 th century. However, the Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area suffered less than other areas in Lincoln, in part due to the wealth of the nearby ecclesiastical, military and civic elite. In the early part of the Early Modern Era (AD 1350-1750) the houses and commercial buildings of the mercantile classes in this area were more likely to be timber-framed (for example, the 15 th -century number 7 Eastgate and the 16 th -century 79 Bailgate and Leigh Pemberton House) rather than built in stone as in the earlier medieval era. Fig 5 Leigh Pemberton House, a timber framed merchant house built c.1543 on the corner of Castle Hill and Bailgate (Lincoln City Council, 2007) Thereafter, in the early 18 th century building in brick was more common (such as 69-72 Bailgate and 24 Steep Hill). As a result of continued occupation, many buildings have been significantly altered over time and this variety and complexity of building form adds to the townscape character of the Character Area. For example, 34 Bailgate has an internal timber framed hall with a later Page 7 of 21
brick façade. St Mary Magdalene was also repaired and rebuilt in the 17 th century and some of this fabric survives the later 19 th century reconstruction. Despite Lincoln s decline during the Early Modern Era, the Bailgate and Castle Hill area still provided a social and commercial focus for Lincoln and the County. The Assembly Rooms were built in 1744 (with a classical frontage added in 1914) to provide a venue for dances and social events. There are also surviving public houses from this era, including the Lion and Snake and the Duke William Hotel, which helped cater for the influx of people on market days. The market continued on Castle Hill, but being within the Bail, remained outside the jurisdiction of the city authorities. Boundary stones dating from around c.1750 that marked the parish boundaries, and so the division between the Bail and the City, are still visible just north of Newport arch, on both sides of the road, and by 24 Steep Hill. In the 18 th century many narrow-fronted, brick houses and shops were built on existing medieval plots in upper Bailgate. They include numbers 30-33, 46-50 and 86/86. Numbers 40-43 on the east side of Steep Hill are similar examples. Housing from this period is relatively rare in Lincoln outside this Character Area and the Cathedral Close. In the Early Industrial Period (1750-1845) a Methodist chapel, now Newport Hall, was built on Chapel Lane, which was renamed after the chapel. The Judges Lodgings on Castle Hill were built in 1810 to provide accommodation for the judiciary serving the nearby court in the Castle grounds, and still serve the same function today. The period of Late-Victorian/Edwardian expansion (1869-1919) also saw the building of houses in this area as well as shops (many shopfronts still survive), including on the corner of Bailgate and Eastgate (89-90 Bailgate and 1-2 Eastgate), and 25-29 and 64-66 Bailgate. This was a period of rapid expansion in Lincoln to cater for the growing population. Although the expansion was more dramatic elsewhere in the city, the increased need for infrastructure saw the building of the Methodist Church and Sunday School in Bailgate, the current Magna Carta and Prince of Wales pubs, a new malthouse at the back of the Duke William (part of which still survives), and 5 Drury Lane which used to be a brewery, now modified as the Sam Scorer gallery. A new road, Wordsworth Street, was also built. The current section of Drury Lane between Wordsworth Street and Castle Hill was moved to its present position in the mid-19 th century. St Mary Magdalene underwent an extensive restoration led by the important architect G.F. Bodley. In the early 20 th -century a mission room (now Roman s Place) was built on Drury Lane. The 20 th Century has seen more limited changes in the Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area, although the former buildings on the Castle Hill car park site were demolished in the Inter-War Period. The site was used as a reservoir in Word War II. A telephone kiosk designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott was added to Castle Hill in the 1930s. A new bank was built in the 1960s at 19 Bailgate, following the demolition of the 14 th century Plough public house. Public toilets and a car park have also been built on Castle Hill, on the site of the former County News Room and County Club House. Fig 6 Victorian shop front stretching across two early 18 th century houses, formerly The Antelope Inn, a chemist has occupied the location for over 150 years. Urban form Page 8 of 21
The area is largely flat and lies on the top of the north escarpment overlooking the Witham Gap. However, the section of Steep Hill within the Character Area slopes gently down towards the south before the steep descent towards the lower city. The street pattern is an irregular grid of largely medieval origin, although strongly influenced by the Roman Ermine Street, the former upper city walls, and the Castle. There is good pedestrian access to the north and south, and also to the east along Eastgate, which is orientated towards the East gate in the former Roman city walls, and through Exchequergate to the Cathedral Close. To the west, access from Castle Hill is limited by the Castle, although Westgate provides a westerly link north of the wall of the Castle. Castle Hill itself, although accessible by vehicles, is an important nodal space for pedestrian movement, especially from the lower city to the south. Small urban blocks allow ease of movement within parts of the Character Area. However, surrounding large, irregularly shaped urban blocks to the SW, SE, NW and NE, principally influenced by the earlier walls of the upper city, prevent movement in these directions. Vehicle traffic through much of the area is restricted by a one-way system along Bailgate, Eastgate and parts of Westgate, and by blocked access between Bailgate and Castle Hill and at Exchequergate. Bailgate acts as a High Street in the upper part of the city and contains a mix of residential and commercial uses continuing a long tradition of these uses since the medieval era. The sections of Steep Hill, Westgate, Eastgate and Drury Lane within the Character Area also have a mix of uses. There is a good sense of enclosure along the relatively narrow streets of mainly two to three storey buildings nearly all of which are set at the back of the footway and form a strong, near-continuous building line. The very narrow Steep Hill gives a particularly strong sense of enclosure which provides a striking contrast at its junction with the wider space of Castle Hill. Around Castle Hill the buildings are taller; often three to four storeys high and also provide a good sense of enclosure to this wider square. However, this is degraded by the surface car park lying at a lower level to the west, despite the Castle behind it. The only building which has a narrow forecourt separating it from the footway is the Judges Lodgings. The northern end of Bailgate opens out to create a wider space, with some raised footways, which then converges onto Newport Arch. The building plots are usually deep and narrow and are strongly influenced by the former pattern of medieval burgage plots. The form, materials and architectural style of the buildings in Bailgate and Castle Hill vary greatly reflecting the complex history of development in the area, mainly carried out plot by plot. This is a key part of the townscape character. The buildings are mainly made of brick (red bricks, including some red Victorian Albion bricks and some yellow bricks), although there a few stone buildings, mainly ecclesiastical and civic buildings such as St Mary Magdelene, Exchequergate and Newport Arch, and timber framed buildings such as Leigh Pemberton House. A number of buildings have timber framing although later additions to the front façade partly conceal this fact. Most buildings are made from small scale materials (e.g. brick), although some buildings are rendered, such as the Duke William public house. A few have jettied first floors (e.g. The Lion and Snake public house). The building density is high. Many of the houses have 2 or 3 bay frontages on narrow plots. Buildings with wider frontages, such as the White Hart and the Judges Lodgings, stand out in the townscape. Many buildings are also plain with limited decorative detailing (e.g. most 18 th - and 19 th -century brick terraced houses have little decorative detailing at the eaves). Although here again there are exceptions which stand out in the townscape, especially churches, civic buildings and inns, such as Bailgate Methodist Church, the classical stone decorative facade of the Assembly rooms, and the classical detailing of the White Hart. Indeed most decorative detailing, where it exists, is in the classical style, and in stone. Windows are almost invariably vertical in orientation and are often vertical sash windows, some with large panes and some with multiple small ones: although there are a number of casement windows, particularly on older buildings. The window openings have many different forms (e.g. shallow curved brick arches or stone lintels), although again most show a classical influence. A particular characteristic of Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area is the large number of projecting first floor bay windows on the first floor in differing architectural styles. The facades have a high solid-to-void ratio throughout. Another key characteristic of the Character Area, particularly along Bailgate and Steep Hill, are the large number of relatively narrow 18 th, 19 th and 20 th century shopfronts. They are mostly built of wood and are in a variety of loosely classical styles with shallow cornices, pilasters, low stallrisers and either single panes of glass or smaller panes divided by slim mullions. One notable example is Watson s at 6-7 Bailgate. The shops often have hanging signs and awnings projecting out onto the streets. The majority of street frontages are punctuated by frequent windows and doors, including many shopfronts, restaurants and cafes, which generate activity and a feeling of safety throughout most of the Character Area. The rear of properties facing St Paul s Lane also engage with the street, with large delivery entrances, door and windows, many of which are being converted as small commercial/retail spaces. However, around Castle Hill car park, and along the south side of St Paul in the Bail, many Page 9 of 21
buildings do not face the street or spaces and there are few doors and windows. Although most of the buildings face onto Castle Hill with doors opening onto the square, for such an important public space/ pedestrian junction/tourist attraction there is only one building, the Magna Carta public house, which has a small seating area and associated activity on the pavement. Most buildings have shallow eaves and pitched roofs with the ridge line parallel to the street. Ecclesiastical and civic buildings such as Bailgate Methodist Church and the Assembly rooms have their gable end facing the street which provides an effective contrast with the domestic buildings and marks their location in the street more strongly. The pitched roofs are mainly of Welsh slate and pantiles, and many are steep. Along Bailgate and Steep Hill, in particular, there are complex roofscapes which can be seen from the streets and reflect the varied form and differing periods of the buildings fronting onto them. The buildings provide no clear rhythm along the streets due to their varied form and door/window patterns. This is a key characteristic of the area. However, most buildings have a vertical emphasis with narrow frontages, steep roofs and vertical windows. There are many landmark buildings in a relatively small area, including Newport Arch, Leigh Pemberton House, the Cathedral and Castle, Exchequergate, and the Prince of Wales public house. They are usually in important locations along the streets, for example at corners or terminating views along streets. Many of these have a public function. The historic monuments of Newport Arch, the Mint Wall, Roman well and the outline at the former St Peter in the Bail site, together with the nearby iconic medieval Cathedral and Castle, all show the influence of earlier developments on the current townscape character. The medieval buildings are part of a nationally recognised group of residential and commercial medieval buildings in this and neighbouring Character Areas. Footways are formed from a variety of materials, including surviving historic elements. Some riven York stone flags are used: other slabs are textured York Stone or concrete, and there are some tarmacked footways. Tegular paviors are also used. There are concrete and York stone kerbs and dished York stone channels as well as grooved channels. White limestone blocks mark some crossings over the footway in Westgate. Most carriageways are tarmac. However, the use of natural materials including York stone setts, and York stone and pink granite setted channels in the carriageway, are a key characteristic of some areas, particularly Steep Hill and Castle Hill. Pink granite and basalt setts are also used in the carriageway near the Castle. Granite setts mark the location of the Roman Forum in Bailgate and the circular bastions of the East gate of the Castle. Cast-iron 19 th -century lanterns, including later Foster s lanterns cast in the same form, are used in the Character Area. Other street furniture includes cast-iron basement grills and drains (e.g. made by Duckering of Lincoln), cast-iron green bollards, lanterns mounted on brackets on buildings, heritage style bins, many seats, and modern road signs and bus-stop signs. There is also a red Gilbert Scott telephone kiosk in Castle Hill and red post-boxes. Many 19 th / 20 th -.century cast iron street nameplates also survive. As mentioned above, Castle Hill is an important public square in Lincoln. It is probably the most important historic/cultural public space in the East Midlands with its surrounding historic buildings, particularly the Castle and Cathedral. It provides a destination for visitors and tourists, especially for pedestrians coming up from the lower city. Castle Hill car park is adjacent to Castle Hill, albeit some 1-2m below it. Its function and tarmac surface are in contrast to the materials and uses of the public space in the rest of Castle Hill. The Westgate/Bailgate junction at the site of St Paul in the Bail is a relatively large public open space incorporating trees and shrubs. However, it is not well used and there are no active frontages along its southern boundary. Two adjacent pub yards between the Prince of Wales and Lion and Snake public houses form a small open space opposite Westgate. Private spaces within the Character Area are rear gardens and yards. Other than rear gardens, there are no other green spaces except a small area near Bailgate Methodist Church and another bordering the Castle walls. A few trees have been planted in streets (e.g. in Castle Hill and Exchequergate). The Character Area is very active during the day and many tourists visit the area. Page 10 of 21
Fig 7 View of the west façade of the Cathedral from the Castle walls Views Views of the Cathedral and Castle contribute greatly to the townscape character in this Character Area. The Cathedral can be seen from many places in and around the Character Area, especially from Castle Hill, Exchequergate, and along Bailgate, Westgate and Eastgate. Close views of the Castle from Castle Hill, Exchequergate, St Paul s Lane, Drury Lane and Westgate have a strong influence on the townscape character of these areas. Indeed, part of the distinctiveness of Castle Hill and Exchequergate, and what makes this open space a key historic square, is that it has close views of the Cathedral with Exchequergate in the foreground and the Castle. There are also distinctive views along the historic streetscapes, particularly Bailgate, Steep Hill and Eastgate. The views include varied rooflines as described above. Condition of Buildings and Streetscape The majority of the buildings appear to be in good condition. Footways and carriageways are in varied condition. The carriageway setts in some areas of Castle Hill and Steep Hill have been poorly repaired which markedly affects the wider appearance of Castle Hill. The White Hart garage plot, north of the Judges Lodgings, is in poor condition as seen from St Paul s Lane and Castle Hill. Use A key characteristic of Bailgate and Castle Hill Character Area is the wide variety of uses that exist in a small area, including commercial, retail (with many small shops), residential, tourist attractions, leisure, ecclesiastical and civic. This variety of uses is a manifestation of the area s long history as an important centre in Lincoln and helps make the Character Area a focal point today. Relationship to City and Surrounding Areas The inter-relationship of Bailgate and Castle Hill to surrounding Character Areas, particularly the Cathedral Character Area to the east, the Castle Character Area to the west, and the Steep Hill/Strait Character Area to the south is central to the townscape character in each of these areas. They form an identifiable neighbourhood on the north escarpment throughout which the townscape character is strongly influenced by developments from, in particular, the Roman and High Medieval Eras. The influences include the former walls of the Roman upper city, the medieval street pattern, the Cathedral and Castle, the Close Wall, and existing medieval plots and buildings. These characteristics help make this neighbourhood a key attraction for residents and Page 11 of 21
visitors alike. This Character Area and its wider neighbourhood on the north escarpment also form one of two focal points in Lincoln, the other being the commercial centre of High Street to the south. Its historical influences, especially the Cathedral, make this neighbourhood of Lincoln an important visitor attraction for people from across the world. Key Townscape Characteristics The area is located on largely flat land on the top of the north escarpment overlooking the Witham gap The Character Area has a complex character that has been strongly influenced by nearly 2000 years of historical development, notably during the Roman and High Medieval Eras The former Roman roads, upper walled city and surviving structures influence the current character The largely medieval irregular grid street pattern including Bailgate, Castle Hill and Steep Hill and the medieval, deep, narrow fronted burgage plots running back from the streets also strongly influence the current character The form, materials and architectural style of the buildings in the Character Area vary greatly which reflects the complex history of development in the area, mainly carried out plot by plot. The buildings provide no clear rhythm along the streets due to their varied form and door/window patterns. The medieval buildings are part of a nationally recognised group of residential and commercial medieval buildings in this and neighbouring Character Areas The townscape character is very strongly influenced by the Cathedral The townscape character is also very strongly influenced by the Castle, especially in Castle Hill The historic monuments of Newport Arch, the Mint Wall, the Roman well and the outline at the former St Peter in the Bail site form an important part of the influence of earlier developments on the current townscape character (together with the nearby iconic medieval buildings of the Cathedral and Castle) This Character Area, together with the neighbouring Cathedral and Castle Character Areas, is a key tourist destination in Lincoln and the East Midlands region Castle Hill is a key public square and is situated in a prominent position between the Castle and Cathedral and between Bailgate and Steep Hill. It is a nodal point for pedestrian movement The building density is high Bailgate and Steep Hill act as a High Street in the area with a mix of residential and commercial uses continuing a long tradition of these uses since the medieval era 18 th and 19 th century houses and shops on former medieval plots along Bailgate and Steep Hill form an important part of the streetscape Natural stone setts and slabs in the carriageway and footways also form an important part of the streetscape, especially on Steep Hill and Castle Hill There is a good sense of enclosure along relatively narrow streets with mainly two to three storey buildings set at the back of the footway The very narrow Steep Hill gives a particularly strong sense of enclosure which provides a striking contrast at its junction with the wider space of Castle Hill. The northern end of Bailgate opens out to create a wider space with raised footways on either side Around Castle Hill the buildings are taller than most of the rest of the Character Area, often three to four storeys high, and provide a good sense of enclosure to the square. However, the sense of enclosure is degraded by the surface car park on a lower level to the east, even with the Castle to its rear There are many landmark buildings in a relatively small area, including Newport Arch, Leigh Pemberton House, the Cathedral and Castle, Exchequergate, the Prince of Wales public house. They often terminate views along streets There are some small urban blocks which allow easy movement within parts of the Character Area. However, surrounding large, irregularly shaped urban blocks to the SW, SE, NW and NE, principally influenced by the earlier walls of the upper city, inhibit movement in these directions Vehicle traffic through much of the area is restricted Along Bailgate and Steep Hill, in particular, there are varied roofscapes which can be seen from the streets, including many steep roofs, and which reflect the varied form and periods of the buildings fronting onto the streets Views along the historic streetscapes, and of the Cathedral and Castle contribute greatly to the townscape character Page 12 of 21
Appendix 1: Character Area Attributes Character Area Type: Commercial Predominant Period: Late Victorian/Edwardian (1869 to 1919 AD) Secondary Period: High Medieval (850 to 1350 AD) Average Building Density: High Location Type: City centre Average Building Type: Attached buildings Page 13 of 21
Appendix 2: List of RAZs Long distance roads Intermediate distance roads Newport market Market place on Castle Hill Former High Market of the lower city - The fish market Houses in the Bail (and the Close within St Mary Magdalene's parish) Housing in the lower city Upper City Assembly Rooms Upper City defences Lincoln Castle from c.1350-c.1750 The Close Wall St Paul-in-the-Bail All Saints-in-the-Bail St Mary Magdalene Christ's Hospital School (The Blue Coats School) 2 - Christ's Hospital Terrace Market place at Castle Hill Working class housing of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Newport, the Bail, the lower city and Wigford. Working-class housing estates c.1850-1945 in Newport, Newland, Butwerk Wigford and elsewhere Housing in the Close and Eastgate Newly-built Victorian housing for the middle and upper classes c. 1850-1918 Food processing industries and brewing industry Textile industries Long distance road routes Elementary Schools The Judge's Lodgings Prisons Theatres and cinemas St Paul-in-the-Bail St Mary Magdalene Wesleyan and Methodist Chapels The Jurassic Way Hill top activity Limestone uplands Road up the northern hillside Canabae outside east, north and west gates An early hilltop enclosure? Neronian Fortress Fortifications Principia Barracks Houses within the upper city Houses within the walled lower city The defences The forum The baths The sewer system Upper Ermine Street St Paul-in-the-Bail Central elements of former Roman city and Roman network Reserved enclosure(s) defined by the Roman city walls Long distance roads Intermediate distance roads Newport market Market place on Castle Hill Houses in the Bail (and the Close within St Mary Magdalene's parish) Houses in the lower city Upper city defences Lincoln Castle from the mid-12th century Close Wall Page 14 of 21
St Paul-in-the Bail All-Saints-in-the-Bail St Mary Magdalene Early graveyard around St Mary of Lincoln Page 15 of 21
Appendix 3: List of Monuments Vinery, Stonegarth, Northgate (53.245, -0.53) Lane, Langworthgate to Nettleham Road (53.236, -0.53) Roman road Greetwellgate (53.235, -0.53) 43-45 Waterside North (53.228, -0.53) 7 Gordon Road, Ginos Restaurant (53.235, -0.54) Smithy, 77B Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) Lime-burning pit, Westgate/West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Maltings, Duke William Inn, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) Stable?, 22 Bailgate [rear of] (53.236, -0.54) Well, 52 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) Lockup garages, Chapel Lane/West Bight (53.237, -0.54) Wall, East Bight (53.237, -0.54) Rope Walk, 50 Bailgate/Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54) 49 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 48 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 3 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) 1-2 East Bight (53.237, -0.54) 11 and 12 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 11 and 12 Bailgate and 3 St Pauls Lane (53.235, -0.54) 7 Chapel Lane, Chapel Cottage (53.237, -0.54) 2-8 Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54) 10-14 Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54) 89-90 Bailgate & 1-2 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) 31-33 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 57 Bailgate, former George Inn (53.237, -0.54) 68 Bailgate Wilkinsons School (53.236, -0.54) 4 Westgate (53.236, -0.54) White Hart Hotel Tap, Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) 77 and 77A Bailgate, Prince of Wales Public House and attached house (53.236, -0.54) Sunday School, Bailgate Methodist Church (53.237, -0.54) Sunday School, Bailgate Methodist Church (53.237, -0.54) Roman grave slab, 50 Bailgate? (53.237, -0.54) Roman metalling, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Castle Tavern, Castle Hill (53.235, -0.54) Roman tessellated pavement, North District School, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Castle Hotel, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) White Hart Yard, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Roman Catholic Chapel, Bail (53.236, -0.54) 19 Bailgate, former HSBC Bank (53.235, -0.54) 21/22 Bailgate, Lloyds TSB Bank (53.236, -0.54) 4 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Angel Yard, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 3 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Bedfords Court/Bedford Court/Bedfords Passage, St Pauls Lane (53.235, -0.54) Mint Wall Passage, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) Bail Passage, Bailgate/St Pauls Lane (53.235, -0.54) Newport Hall, 3 Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54) Halliwells Court, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Townrows Passage, Bailgate/East Bight (53.237, -0.54) Lees Court, 2 Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Well house, 77 and 77A Bailgate, Prince of Wales Public House (53.236, -0.54) 54 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) George and Dragon Public House, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 77 Bailgate, Prince of Wales Public House (53.236, -0.54) 54 Bailgate. Half Moon / Windmill / Peacock Public House (53.237, -0.54) Coach Inn, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 55 Bailgate. Castle Tavern (53.237, -0.54) 6-10 Bailgate. Antelope Inn. (53.235, -0.54) 51 Bailgate, Lincoln Cooperative Society (53.237, -0.54) Page 16 of 21
50 Bailgate, Newport Arch Chinese Restaurant (53.237, -0.54) 80-81 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Passage from Bailgate to Deloraine Court (53.236, -0.54) Tenement, Gordon Road site, between 15 and 16 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 9-11 Eastgate, including Kings Head Inn (53.235, -0.54) Boundary stone, Newport west side (53.237, -0.54) 67 and 68 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 64, 65, 66 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 50 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 32 Eastgate, Atton Place (53.235, -0.54) 85-87 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 82-84 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 80-81 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Stable and pigeoncote, Lion and Snake, 79 Bailgate. (53.236, -0.54) 73-75 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 69-72 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 58-63 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 46-47 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 45 Bailgate Greet Cottage (53.237, -0.54) 40 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 39 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 38 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 37 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 36 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 35 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 34 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 33 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 32 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 31 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 30 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 29 Bailgate, Roman House (53.236, -0.54) 27 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 26 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 25 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 2 Westgate (53.236, -0.54) 23 and 24 Bailgate. Greggs bakery (53.236, -0.54) 18 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 17 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 16 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 14 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 12A (13) Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Gordon Road (53.235, -0.54) Medieval well, Gordon Road/16 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Roman timber structures Bailgate Meth Church (53.237, -0.54) Roman building, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) Well, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Legionary fortress-general monument (53.236, -0.54) Roman building, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) Dowse Lane (53.237, -0.54) Late Saxon Street, Eastgate/Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Roman portico, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) Roman tessellated pavement, Wesleyan Methodist Church, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 19 Bailgate, former Plough Public House (53.235, -0.54) Roman tessellated pavement, Bailgate Colonnade (53.236, -0.54) Roman tessellated pavement, St Pauls Church, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Late medieval well, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Medieval kiln, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Medieval building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Roman well, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Roman path, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) 44 Bailgate, medieval building, Duke William Hotel, (53.237, -0.54) 44 Bailgate, medieval building, Duke William Hotel, (53.237, -0.54) Post-medieval well, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Page 17 of 21
Newport Arch as medieval gateway (53.237, -0.54) Roman intramural road in NW quarter of fortress (53.237, -0.54) West Bail Gate in Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) West Close Gate in Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Roman road E/W at Cottesford Place (53.236, -0.54) Roman road N/S at Cottesford Place (53.237, -0.54) 37 Bailgate, medieval boundary wall (53.237, -0.54) Bailgate Methodist Church, Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) 76 Bailgate, County Assembly Rooms (53.236, -0.54) Chapel Lane (53.237, -0.54) St Peter in the Bail Church? (53.236, -0.54) Roman water supply. Sewers in Bailgate Steep Hill and Eastgate (53.236, -0.54) Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) Roman road E/W, north of Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54) Ermine Street within upper city (53.236, -0.54) Mid Roman defences. Ditch (53.236, -0.54) Mid Roman defences. Gates (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman defences. Modifications (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman defences. North gate. (53.237, -0.54) Early Roman defences. Gates (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman defences. Interval towers. (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman defences. Fortress ditch. (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman defences. Fortress rampart. (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman defences (53.236, -0.54) 79 Bailgate. Lion and Snake Public House (53.235, -0.54) Mid Roman defences. Gates. North gate of Upper City. Newport Arch (53.237, -0.54) 44 Bailgate The Duke William Hotel (53.237, -0.54) Brummits Passage, 81-82 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Roman well in forum, St Paul in the Bail, Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 15 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 3 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 7 Eastgate. The White Horse (formerly) (53.235, -0.54) 6 Eastgate. The Black Horse Inn (formerly) (53.235, -0.54) 24 and 24A Minster Yard (53.235, -0.54) Roman building and tessellated floor, 19 Bailgate, Midland Bank (53.235, -0.54) Medieval building West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Roman cemetery 90 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 21/22 Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) Roman colonnade in Bailgate (53.236, -0.54) 34 Bailgate, folly/summerhouse (53.236, -0.54) 88-90 Bailgate & 1-5A Eastgate, Angel Inn (53.235, -0.54) 91-94 Bailgate. White Hart Hotel (53.235, -0.54) Medieval cobbled surface, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Medieval walls, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) Roman wall, 5-6 Eastgate (53.235, -0.54) 52 Bailgate, Newport Arch Cottage (53.237, -0.54) 10 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 9 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 8 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 7 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 6 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 5 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) 4 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Roman building on east of Ermine Street (88 Bailgate) (53.235, -0.54) Medieval building, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Medieval cobbled yard, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Late Saxon-early medieval building, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Late Saxon-early medieval building, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Roman basilica south wall (53.236, -0.54) Late medieval kiln, Westgate. (53.236, -0.54) Roman basilica, Mint Wall stables (53.236, -0.54) Medieval walls, 80-81 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Page 18 of 21
Roman milestone, Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Late Roman defences. Walls. Colonia wall thickening at 52 Bailgate (53.237, -0.54) Stable? 20 Bailgate [rear of]/ St Pauls Lane (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Roman building, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Roman basilica, West Bight/Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Roman basilica Mint Wall, West Bight (53.236, -0.54) Roman road/courtyard near Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54) Late Roman to early medieval pit near Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54) Late Roman to early medieval wall or path near Mint Wall (53.236, -0.54) Medieval kiln and pits near Mint Wall, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Medieval building near Mint Wall, Westgate (53.236, -0.54) Early Roman principia (53.236, -0.54) Roman forum courtyard (53.236, -0.54) Roman forum (53.236, -0.54) Roman forum east range (53.236, -0.54) Roman well in forum (53.236, -0.54) Late Roman-middle Saxon building in forum (53.236, -0.54) Late Roman-middle Saxon pits in forum (53.236, -0.54) Late Roman-middle Saxon building in forum (53.236, -0.54) St Pauls Church cemetery (53.236, -0.54) St Pauls Church - Saxon chapel / mausoleum (53.236, -0.54) Late Saxon-early medieval building, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54) Late Saxon-early medieval pits, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54) Late Saxon-early medieval floors, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54) Late Saxon-early medieval pits, St Pauls (53.236, -0.54) St Pauls Church - Medieval church (53.236, -0.54) St Pauls Church - Georgian church (53.236, -0.54) St Pauls Church - Victorian church (53.236, -0.54) Roman intramural road and drain in NW quarter of fortress (53.237, -0.54) Wall, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) Watsons Passage, Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 44 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) Roman building, Bailgate (53.234, -0.54) 35 Steep Hill, Magna Carta Public House (53.234, -0.54) Duke of Marlborough Public House, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) 30 Steep Hill. Wig and Mitre (53.234, -0.54) 29 Steep Hill, Widow Cullens Well PH (53.234, -0.54) Boundary stone 45 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 45 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 44 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 43 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 42 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 41 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 40 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 39 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 37 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 36 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 27 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) Exchequergate Lodge (53.235, -0.54) 6-7 Castle Hill (53.235, -0.54) Telephone kiosk, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) 3 Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) 1 (and 2) Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) Late Roman building and tessellated pavement, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) 32 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) The Bail (53.234, -0.54) Roman building, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) 2 Bailgate (53.235, -0.54) Castle Hill Market (53.234, -0.54) Post-medieval well, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) Roman hypocaust, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) Page 19 of 21
28 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 33 Steep Hill. Browns Pie Shop (53.234, -0.54) 34 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) Rose and Crown, Bailgate (53.234, -0.54) 24 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) Boundary stone 24 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 25 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 26 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) St Mary Magdalenes Church 1, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) Inhumation, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) 2 Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) St Mary Magdalenes Church 3, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) 8-9 Castle Hill and 1 Bailgate, Leigh-Pemberton House (53.234, -0.54) Mid Roman defences. Gates. South gate of Upper City (53.234, -0.54) Early Roman defences. South gate (53.234, -0.54) South Bail Gate/City Gate (53.234, -0.54) St Mary Magdalenes Church 2, Exchequergate (53.234, -0.54) Roman intramural road in SE quarter of fortress (53.234, -0.54) Western Exchequer Gate (53.234, -0.54) Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) Post-medieval bakehouse, 29 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) Well, 32 Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 4 Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54) 2 and 3 Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54) Romans Place, Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) Gazzards Passage, Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) 4 Castle Hill, Castle Hill House (53.234, -0.54) Castle Lodge, Castle Hill (53.234, -0.54) Crown Public House, Bail (53.234, -0.54) Michaelgate Villas, St Michaels Terrace (53.233, -0.54) 1-4 Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) 1 Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54) Sam Scorer Gallery, 5 Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) Stables complex, Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) Public Toilets, Castle Hill/Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) Medieval path / yard, 29 Steep Hill / Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) Post-medieval path / yard, 29 Steep Hill / Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) Roman building, Castle Hill (53.235, -0.54) Lincoln Castle East Barbican (53.235, -0.54) Roman intramural road in SW quarter of fortress (53.234, -0.54) Mid Roman defences. Walls. South colonia wall at Wordsworth Street (53.234, -0.54) Late Roman defences. Walls. Colonia wall thickening at Wordsworth Street (southern defences) (53.234, -0.54) Roman building, 32, Steep Hill (53.234, -0.54) Theatre, Drury Lane (53.234, -0.54) 3 or 4 Castle Hill, Castle Hill Club (53.234, -0.54) 5 Castle Hill, Judges Lodgings (53.235, -0.54) Ermine Street within lower city (53.231, -0.54) Pavilion, West Common (53.235, -0.56) Page 20 of 21
Appendix 4: List of Ecological Sites St Paul in the Bail Page 21 of 21