10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study has chosen to assess the need for, and the role of, urban development in the context of national development, and to postulate a national framework within which this can take place. The di:scussion has provided indicators which clearly reveal the pattern of urban development centers within the overall advancement of the country; and urbanisation appears to be gathering increased importance as an element for inclusion in national development planning. A further conclusion is that the advantages of urban development are reflected as complementary to tutal development. Sri Lanka is presently in the stage of its development planning process, wherein it is moving from the concept of the 'town' to the more comprehensive 'urban' status; and national-urban relationships are thereby becoming more evident. This is reflected by way of inceeased demand upon resources from the national budget. Hence, the integration of urban development in the national planning Process is a necessary conclusion. 139
140 In view of these notions, the study of the urban setting in Sri Lanka indicates that the share of urban population has not varied greatly in the years following independance, nor is it very large; but the issues and problems which are concentrated in larban' ftreas are of a magnitude to deserve special attention in national policy formulation. It is also noted in this respect, that the resource framework, both at national and sub-national levels, is responding to the dimensions of urbanisation. It necessarily follows that tho challenges posed by the issues of urban growth now require careful analysis in formulating national development policy. The multi-facoted nature of development, the advantages consequent upon urban development, and the noed for policy in this regard, have also been identified in this study. The conclusion here is that, of the many options with respect to urban development, the criteria for selection should be, to relate the options to Sri Lanka's developmental goals. And as Sri Lanka moves towards integrated development, the requirement for policy at appropriate levels Is clear. In the absence of clearly enunciated urbanydevelopment plans, and even national plans, and policies, the policies on urban development were extracted from investment programmes initiated in urban areas. The analysis of these programmes and priorities indicated that there is a significant urban component in the development process now being pursued. Despite a certain lack of comprehensiveness in planning,
141 it is seen that existing policies re-inforce each other c In fact, two of the three lead projects in the country are heavily urban-based. The translation of these programmes into the spatial form reveals Intensive urbanisation in the South-VJest quadrant, intermediate urban development in selected urban centers, and less intensive development of urban areas in the Mahaweli region. "^he study therefore concludes that there is an immediate need for conscious urban development policy, in keeping with the overall patterns, existing policies, and the needs of the country, for the achievement of development. It is suggested that such a policy could Include the development of selected large towns, together with a series of smaller towns. Thos could be implementd within the existing resource framework, now geared to changing developmental needs. The recommendations that emerge from the descriptions, analyses, and proposals regarding urban development are therefore as follows* - A comprehensive national urban development policy should be formulated without delay.- - The overall responsibility for national urban policy to rest with the Ministries of Finance and Planning, and of Local Government, Housing, and Construction. - Tho development of Districts, and of the towns within them, to constitute a co-ordinated effort. - The spatial implications of resource allocations to be assessed.
142 - Due consideration to be given to the sectoral aspects within urban areas. - A study of tho resources and potentials of each urban area to be made. - Details of Policy to be worked out by the Urban Development Authority, in conjunction with sectoral departments and local authorities. - Co-ordination of sectoral activities at local, regional, and national levels to be enhanced. - Implementation at local level to be through sectoral departments and local government. - Adequate financial and technical resources to be provided to local government. - Physical Planning legislation ( the Town and Country Planning Ordinance ) to be suitably amended in keeping with current 1 dad Sr. - Adequate manpower for urban development planning be trained to fill roles at national, regional, and local levels - including training at technical levels. - Increased awareness of the advantages and implications of urban development to be imparted to those involved in the development process - politicians, planners, officers, and public alike.
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> APPENDICES
LI3? CF APPENDICES I Definition of Urban Areas in Some Countries of Asia and the Far East II Distribution of Employed Work-Force in Sr Lanka by Major Industrial Divisions and Sectors III Housing Requirements 5 Sri Lanka ( Urban/Rural ) 1976 to 2001 IV Issues in Planning and Housing Ordinances V Strategy Proposals ( Colombo Master Plan Project ) VI Urban Development Authority - Powers and Functions
APPENDIX Is DEFINITION OF URBAN AREAS IN SOME COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND THE FAR EAST. Country Afghanistan! All provincial capitals, district contersj, and municipal areas. Sri Lanka: All Municipal, Urban, and Town Council areas. India: An urban area is a place which is either a municipal corporation or a municipality or under a town committee or cantonment board. Each census has also adopted a number of census towns, which do not enjoy any statutory label of administration. In the 19G1 census, these census towns were determined on the basis of the following tests: - a density of not less than 1,000 per sq.mile - a population of 5,000 - three fourths of the occupation of tho working population should be outside of agriculture. - the place should have, according to the State Census Superintendent, a few pronounced urban characteristics and amenities. Indonesia: All municipalities, irrespective of the characteristics of their area or population. Iran; All Shahrestan centers (i«e. District headquarters) regardless of their sise, and all other places with 5,000 or more inhabitants. Japan: Tho country is divided into 46 prefectures each containing shi (cities), machi (towns), and mura (villages). The latter two are
APPENDX3C I contd. : grouped onto what are called ciun as rural areas. However, shi area boundaries usually included not only the built-up land, but also farm and forest land especially after 1953 when Town and Village Meger Acceleration Lav; was enforced. The whole of the shi areas therefore could not be considered as truly urban. On the other hand population aglomerations were increasing, and the built-up areas of laege cities were extending beyond the city limits. Nepal % All population agglomerations of 10,000 or more having urban charaaceristies. These are given the status of rjagar Panchayats,(a form of urban munieipal government). Phillipines: Chartered cities, provincial capitals, and populaciones of municipalities, regardless of the size or characteristics, of the resident urban population. Urban areas broadly include Bagnio, Cebu, and Quezon city, municipalties with a dansity of not less than 1,000 persons per sq. Km., administrative centers of cities, with a density of not less than 500 persons per sq. Km., or with a population of 20,000 or more, administrative centers and "arrios of 2,500 persons and more. Republic of Korea: Administrative entities with a population of broadly 50,000 or more (attained through demographic growth and boundary ectensions) gain city status, and their population is
I contd. s counted as urban. Local administrative units with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 are classified as 'eups' ( towns ), These are sometimes counted as urban, though not always with apparent justification, because most of these are functionally large market towns, and 50% of their employment is in the primary sector, The boundaries of both cities and 'eups' cover much more than tha actu&jfcl^ built up urban core, which makes the identification of urban areas all the less precise.
.APPENDIX II«DIS^SIBUTIONJEMPLOYED WORK FORCE IN SRI LANKA BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL DIVISIONS, 8 SECTORS COOO) Major Industrial Division Urban Rural Estate Zones 1 2 3 4 Agriculture, Forestry Hunting 6 Fishing 9.0 51.6 95.1 28.4 61.8 4.8 69.6 Mining S Quarrying 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.2 0.7 Electricity, Gas & Water 1.1 0.6 0.1 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 Construction 4.0 3.2 0.2 3.9 3.5 2.5 1.7 Manufacturing 16.1 12.2 0.6 5.8 1.8 2.7 3.0 Wholesale & Retail Trades, Restaurant & Hotels Transport, Storage, & Communication 18.1 9.1 1.0 12.9 7,6 8.5 6.7 10.8 4.6 0.3 8.3 3.1 4.0 2.6 Finance, Insuranoe, Real 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 Estate, & Business Services.. >Ml SMilfrLty., Sooial, & Personal Services 33 t 4 13.6 2.2 - U n r u l y car v, "y/ ' 21.2 11.8 14.9 9.8 Activities not adsguately defined r 6.5 4.0 0.5 5.8 1.8 2.7 3.0 100 100 100 Source 1 Socio - Economic Survey»69/70.
-it ii, APPENDIX: III HDLSING REQUIREMENTS. SRI LANKA (URBAN/RURAL)^1976-2001 ' r.- - f Description URBAN RUfiaH SRI LANKA (Total) 1976 (231) 1986 (26%) 2001 (30%) 1976 1986 2000 1976 1986 2001 1. a) Population (in '000 b) household size c) housing requirements 3.174 6.2 4.164 6.0 5.760 5.6 626 11,851 13.230 13.800 16,015 5.6 5.55 5.5 (6.37) (5.66) 18,900 (S.53) = (a) / (b) in '000) 512 694 1013 1893 2135 2405 2410 2829 3418 2. Less present stock (*000) Urban: premanent Rural: Perm. + Semi-Perm. 314 314 314 2100 2100 2414 1414 1414 1414 3. Balance required ('000) 198 380 899-202 35 304-4 415 1004 Add Obsolete houses ('000)' Urban: Perm.-50 years old Rural: Perm. -50 years old 46 82 136 394 456 1533 440 538 Semi-Perm.-3Q Yrs. old 5. Total Req. in '000 244 462 835 192 491 1838 436 953 2673 Sourcej Colombo Master Plan Team estimates and Projectionsj Colombo Master Plan Project i\ Development Activities Plan. p$ 64.
APPENDIX IV : ISSUES IN PLANNING AND HOUSING ORDINANCES Issues which may he includud in a Town Planning Schemes - regulation of land use (sondbng, densities, open space, eec) - regulation of roads - slum clearance - restrictions on structures - provision of public services and utilities - land acquisition - transport - other matters Standards for Buildings, Rooms, and Streets; - heights of buildings - proprtion of site used - siae and ventilation of habitable rooms - open air space around buildings and at rear - access - street widths Types of Improvement Schemes? - general improvement schemes - redistribution of sitos - rebuilding schemes - re-housing schemes - housing accomodation schemes - street/widening/intersection/back lane scheoes - building schemes - reclamation schemes - also land acquisition, redistribution and sale of land, demolition of 'unfit' buildings, construction of buildings a and streets, provision of open space, sanitary arrangements, low-income housing, communications, ets. %
corscfntaation COUNTER MA6P»fT TWfltOMAiK IrtMMALEE AflufiAWMFW RfG ioma.1 cmms GROWTH QOm\VO?\b SALLE EXI6TIRW TOWN5 APPENDIX.X: NATIONAL SToATffilE* -
APPENDIX Vis URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY - POWERS AND FUNCTIONS The powers and Functions of tho Urban Development Authority include; - integrate planning and physical development - implementing related programmes of development works, activities, and services - formulating development plans, including capital investment plans and programmes - undertaking the execution of development projects and schemes - contracting f o execution of development projects - implementing of capital development plans, and capital investment plans - formulating and implementing urban land use policy in urban development areas - developing environmental standards and preparing improvement schemes - carrying out building operations and infrastructure development - acquiring and holding property and disposing of it - formulating and executing housing schemes - clearing and developing slum and shanty areas - preparing development projects and planning schemes for other government bodies - approving, co-ordinating, regulating, and controlling development projects of government agencies - providing technical planning services to government and others - calling upon government bodies to undertake development projects - charging rents for buildings and fees for services 06;-lM97y "'A &