Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association 1 30, 2003, 1-8 PHYSICAL SOIL C CTERISTICS OF WATERLOGGED SAL LANDS OF FIVE DISTRICTS OF YANA, IA S. Raizada, N. K. Chadha, Javed Hasan and U. K. Maheshwari Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre Lahli, Rohtak - 124 411 STRACT Physical characteristics of waterlogged and saline soils of five districts, namely Rohtak, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Sonipat and Jhajjar, of Haryana were studied to evaluate the aquaculture potential. The soil samples from 76 sites were procured and analysed for ph, electrical conductivity, soil particles and water retention capacity, since the knowledge of these parameters is essential for the preliminary evaluation of a site for aqua-farming. Six soil types were identified and clay-loam was observed to be the maximum at 45 (59.21%) sites, followed by silty-clay loam at 14 (18.42%), sandy-clay loam at six (7.89%), silty-loam at four (5.26%), sandy-loam at four (5.26%) and loam at three (3.94%) sites. The ph of soil indicated moderate to high alkaline conditions ranging between 8.01and 9.00 at 53 (69.73%) sites, 9.01 and 10.00 at 17 (22.36%) sites, and low between 7.01 and 8.00 at six (7.89%) sites. The electrical conductivity was found to range between <1 and 10 mmho cm -1 with the value of <1.0 mmho cm -' at 36 (47.36%) sites. The water retention capacity was observed mostly to be moderate. The paper describes the interrelationship between these parameters with reference to the suitability for aqua-farming. Keywords: Soil survey, aqua-farming, soil particles, ph, electrical conductivity, water retention capacity INTRODUCTION In India, about 11.6 million hectares of canal-irrigated lands are lying barren due to water logging and soil salinity (Prasad and Biswas, 1999). The condition is grim in semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, Haryana and South Western Punjab where rainfall is scanty and the potential evapotranspiration is high (Sharma and Paul, 1999), though many parts of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh also have such a critical problem. The agriculture crops sown on such lands are becoming unable to provide any economical benefit to the farmers and therefore, farmers are gradually abandoning them as poor fertile lands. The pilot-work carried out at the Research Farm of the Central Institute of Fisheries Education's Rohtak Centre at Village Lahli
2 S. RAIZADA, N. K. CHADHA, JAVED HASAN AND U. K. MAHESHWARI in District Rohtak; and at the Choudhary Charan Singh Hisar Agricultural University, Hisar; in Haryana has shown that large areas of such lands are either fit or could be manoeuvred suitably for high yielding aquaculture produce. However, these lands are considerably variable in both physical and chemical soil characteristics, and criteria for proper selection and suitable applications are needed for harnessing a profitable aquacrop. In this direction, a survey was carried out in five districts, namely Rohtak, Faridab ad, Gurgaon, Sonipat and Jhajjar of Haryana State, and soil samples were collected from waterlogged and wastelands. The physical quality of soil was assessed from the aquaculture point of view. MATERIAL THODS The soil samples were collected from 76 sites of waterlogged and barren saltaffected fields. The samples were collected with utmost care keeping in mind that physically the best soil sample between at a depth of 30-90 cm, which would ultimately form the pond bottom, is collected. At least four samples from four spots of a site were collected and pooled, and a representative sample was dried under shade, minced, sieved and used for the analysis ph, electrical conductivity (EC), soil particles (SP) and water retention capacity (WRC). The ph and EC were measured by electronic probes using Decibel 1011 ph Meter and Decibel 1041 Electrical Conductivity Meter, whereas SP were analysed with the help of Bouyoucos Hydrometer. WRC was estimated by the soil hydration method. The soil pyramid was used to identify the soil type. The data were then assessed to evaluate the suitability of the sites for aquaculture. RESULTS DISCUSSION Soil classification data are useful in planning aquaculture projects as they can help in the initial assessment of the suitability of soil properties at a particular pond site (Boyd, 1995). The physical properties of soils exert a marked influence on the behaviour of soils with regard to plant growth, hydrology, environment management and engineering uses. The nature and properties of the individual particles, their size distribution and their arrangement in soil determine the total volume of non-solid pore space as well as the pore size, thereby impacting on water and air relationship (Brady and Weil, 2002). The soil particle analysis revealed that the soil samples collected in the present study fall within six soil types, namely clay-loam, silty-clay loam, silty-loam, sandy-clay loam, sandy-loam and loam. Clay-loam was observed maximum at 45 (59.21%) sites, followed by silty-clay loam at 14 (18.42%), sandy-clay loam at six (7.89%), silty-loam at four (5.26%), sandyloam at four (5.26%) and loam at three (3.94%) sites (Fig. 1).
PHYSICAL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERLOGGED AND 3 SALINE LANDS OF FIVE DISTRICTS OF HARYANA, INDIA Numbers 0 Percentage Clay loam Sityr- clay loam Shy loam Sandy- clay loam Sandy loam loam Fig. 1. Soil types in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana Soil texture is important for pond construction, for the soil must contain the proper distribution of particles to permit constructions of stable embankment and watertight pond bottoms (USDA, 1975; Yoo and Boyd, 1994; Hajek and Boyd, 1994). A soil material composed of a mixture of different particles and containing at least 30% clay is ideal for pond construction. Such a soil can be compacted to form a watertight bottom, and can be readily dried and tilled. In the present study, out of the 76 sites, 61 (80.26%) showed more than 28% clay particles and thus, may be considered suitable for pond construction as far as construction of bunds and seepage loss are concerned. The ph of soil indicated mostly moderate to high alkaline conditions. A ph value between 8.1 and 9.0 was found maximum at 53 (69.73%) sites followed by a ph between 9.1 and 10.0 at 17 (22.36%), and a ph between 7.1 and 8.0 at six (7.89%) sites (Fig. 2). Thus, the ph of waterlogged and saline soils was found from moderately high to very high, which is in contrast to the reports of Boyd et al. (1994), who reported almost neutral ph in waterlogged agricultural soils and an average of 6.5 (range: 1.2-9.8) in brackishwater pond soils.
4 S. RAIZADA, N. K. CHADHA, JAVED HASAN AND U. K. MAHESHWARI r a Nu rrb er El Pe r ce ntag e 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7. 01-8. 00 8. 01-9. 00 9. 01-1 0. 00 Fig. 2. Soil ph in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana The EC was found ranging between <1 to 10 mmho cm -1 (Fig. 3). At 36 (47.36%) sites, the EC was found to be less than 1.0 mmho cm-1 followed with less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 mmho cm -1 at 19 (25.00%), six (7.89%), five (6.57%), one (1.31%), two (2.63%), four (5.26%), two (2.63%) and one (1.31%) sites, respectively. The EC values were found to be less than 4.0 mmho cm -1 at 66 sites (86.84%) out of 76, which could be considered suitable for the farming of freshwater species. Number 0 Percentage 1777;479 1.11 110 1.111 III 4.111 61111 Fig. 3. Electrical conductivity in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana
PHYSICAL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERLOGGED AND 5 SALINE LANDS OF FIVE DISTRICTS OF HARYANA, INDIA The analysis of the WRC of soil showed that out of the 76 sites, 37 (48.68%) have moderate WRC between 40.01 and 50.00%; 36 (47.36%) sites have it between 30.01 and 40.00%, two (2.63%) between 50.01 and 60.00%, and one (1.31%) between 60.01 and 70.00% (Fig. 4). Thus, overall 40 (52.63%) sites have WRC more than 41% (50.00%), sandy-clay loam (60.00%), sandyloam (75.00%) and loam (66.66%) were observed in the respective ph ranges of 8.51-9.00, 9.01-9.50, 8.51-9.00, 8.51-9.00 and 9.51-10.00. However, silty-loam and 16am exhibited the highest ph values, respectively, of 9.01-9.50 and 9.50-10.00 in 50.00 and 66.66% cases, which indicate Fig. 4. Water retention capacity in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana which could be used without much of seepage problem, whereas 36 (47.36%) sites, which have WRC between 30.01 and 40.00% may need treatment manoeuvres for reducing seepage. The available data were further evaluated to assess the ph, EC and WRC levels for each soil type. The clay-loam type of soil indicated a maximum of 52.38% (22 sites) soils having a ph range between 8.01 and 8.50, whereas the maximum values in silty-clay loam (61.11%), silty-loam that higher quantity of silt particles may be responsible for high ph (Fig. 5). Fig. 6 shows that when EC is measured with respect to different soil types, the soil types rich in sand particles (sandy-clay loam, sandy-loam and loam) showed EC in the lower range between <1.0 and 1.01-2.00 mmho cm-1 in all the cases. The value of EC was found from a minimum of <1.0 to 6.01-7.00 mmho cm -1 in clay-loam containing the maximum of clay particles. However, on the contrary, the soil types
6 S. RAIZADA, N. K. CHADHA, JAVED HASAN AND U. K. MAHESHWARI *W.?OA zap Of Clay loam Silty clay Silty loam S ray,laylnam Sandy loam 7.01-7.50 E 7.51-8.00 Vs 8.01-8.50 0 8.51-9.00 9.01-9.50 El 9.51=10.00 Fig. 5. ph levels of different types of soils in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana rich in silt particles (silty-clay loam and silty-loam) exhibited low to the highest EC values ranging from <1.0 to10.00 mmho cm-1. EC is dependent on the availability of salts in the soil/water. The conductivity increases as more and more salt is dissolved in the water. Thus, it could be interpreted that higher levels of silt particles along with moderate level of clay particles retain higher salt accumulation to develop salinity in soils. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1.0 1.01-2.01-3.01-4.01-5.01-6.01-8.01-9.01-2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 9.00 10.00 Clay loam Sandy-clay loam k-clay loam El Sandy loam Silty loam 03 Loam Fig. 6. Electrical conductivity of different types of soils in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana
PHYSICAL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERLOGGED AND SALINE LANDS OF FIVE DISTRICTS OF HARYANA, INDIA 100% 80% - 60%- 40% 20% 0% C ay loam Silty clay Silty loam Sardy 6ay Sardy loam loan 030.01-40.0 040.01-50.0 50.01-60.0 re3 60.01-70.00 Fig. 7. Water retention capacity of different types of soils in the waterlogged, saline areas of Haryana The WRC of soils in sand-rich soils (sandy-clay loam, sandy-loam and loam) was found to be the poorest and ranging between 30.01 and 40.00% (Fig. 7). Soil texture clearly exerts a major influence on WRC. Boyd et al. (1994) have stated that the WRC of a soil depends on the volume of pore space alone. Fine-textured soils have higher WRC than coarse-textured soils. The amount of unavailable water also increase in fine-textured soils, but they still contain more available water than do coarsetextured ones. Thus, the present study revealed that the soils of the waterlogged and wastelands have more congregations of clay-loam and silty-clay loam, which have moderate WRC and therefore, can be used for the construction of aquaculture ponds subject to the assessment of chemical parameters. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to Dr. S. C. Mukherjee, Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for providing facilities and according approval for carrying out this work. The field facilities provided by Mr B. S. Saharan, Director of Fisheries, Government of Haryana, and his staff are also greatly acknowledged. REFERENCES Boyd, C. E., 1995. Bottom Soils, Sediment, and Pond Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, New York, 348 pp. Boyd, C. E., Tanner, M. E., Madkour, M. and Masuda, K., 1994. Chemical characteristics of bottom soils from freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture ponds. J. World Aquac.
8 S. RAIZADA, N. K. CHADHA, JAVED HASAN AND U. K. MAHESHWARI Soc., 25: 517-534. Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R., 2002. The nature and properties of soils (13th edition). Pearson Education Inc., Singapore, 960 pp. Hajek, B. F. and Boyd, C. E., 1994. Rating soil and water information for aquaculture. Aquae. Eng., 13: 115-128. Prasad, R. N. and Biswas, P. P., 1999. Soil resources of India. In: 50 Years of Natural Resource Management Research. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, pp. 13-30. Sharma, D. E.. and Paul, D. K., 1999. Water resources of India. In: 50 Years of Natural Resource Management Research. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, pp. 31-48. USDA, 1975. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 754 pp. Yoo, K. H. and Boyd, C. E., 1994. Hydrology and Water Supply for Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, New York, 480 pp.