NET ENERGY WATER LOOPS A clear path to net zero energy buildings

Presents NET ENERGY WATER LOOPS A clear path to net zero energy buildings Alan Niles WaterFurnace International

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Learning Objectives: 1) Define and compare net energy loops (air, refrigerant and water) within a building 2) Implementation of various types of net energy water loops 3) Strategies in optimizing net energy water loops 4) Importance to include non-hvac systems to reduce the cost of on-site renewable energy systems

Net Zero Energy Building Design: Analyze the unique energy profile of the building Increase the efficiency of each system as they function as part of a whole within the building Share energy across all of the systems within the building to minimize waste energy The Goal: Net Energy Water Loops Reduce the energy foot print without sacrificing comfort or functionality Increase the impact of onsite renewable energy

HVAC Systems for a Net Zero Energy Building Design must meet specific characteristics: 1. Capture and effectively transport energy from HVAC and non-hvac sources throughout the structure 2. Be scalable for any size building with minimal effects to overall efficiency 3. Provide maximum efficiency and maximum comfort with controllable performance for each zone 4. Easily connect to onsite renewable energy opportunities

Requirements for a Net Energy Loop: Low cost transportation of energy throughout the building AIR 1. Requires a large amount of conditioned space to run ductwork 2. Fan Power excessive as net energy air loop increases

Requirements for a Net Energy Loop: Low cost transportation of energy throughout the building REFRIGERANT 1. Can only share energy within a single circuit 2. Compressor losses limits scalability (440 equivalent feet of line sets causes 20% reduction in compressor efficiency)

Requirements for a Net Energy Loop: Low cost transportation of energy throughout the building WATER 1. Moves energy 10 times more efficient than air 2. Small diameter piping moves large amount of energy 3. Scalable and easy to shut off flow to zones that are satisfied for minimizing operating costs of the transportation system 4. Easy to connect to onsite renewables like solar, ground loop, and biomass heat

Percent Increase in Horsepower Net Energy Water Loops

Start with a Water Loop Heat Pump (WLHP) System

LOW INSTALLED COST

LOW INSTALLED COST Air Cooled VRF 33% 31% 30% no data From Reps and Installing Contractors

vs Net Energy Refrigeration Loops ASHRAE Headquarters in Atlanta January 1, 2012 to May 9, 2012 Energy Use Live Data Available online http://images.ashrae.biz/renovation/ GLHP System Dramatically reduces Peak Load

vs Net Energy Refrigeration Loops ASHRAE Headquarters in Atlanta 2010 HVAC Energy GLHP = 25.26 kwh / sq. ft. / year VRF = 39.66 kwh / sq. ft. / year

vs Net Energy Refrigeration Loops ASHRAE Headquarters in Atlanta 2010 HVAC Energy GSHP = 25.26 kwh / sq. ft. / year VRF = 39.66 kwh / sq. ft. / year

vs Net Energy Refrigeration Loops ASHRAE Headquarters in Atlanta 2010 to 2012 HVAC Energy

vs Net Energy Refrigeration Loops ASHRAE Headquarters in Atlanta

Hides above the ceiling increasing leasable space Net Energy Water Loops

Horizontal Cabinets Mirror Image Air Flow Patterns Discharge Air Flow Pattern is Field Convertible

THE WLHP SYSTEM BECOMES THE BACKBONE OF A BUILDING-WIDE NET ENERGY WATER LOOP Maximum Comfort at the Lowest Operating Cost for your budget

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Upgrade to High Efficiency WSHP s Add Heat Recovery for DHW Add Heat Recovery to Exhaust Air/Makeup Air Add Renewable Energy Hybrid Ground Loop Add other Renewable Energy (solar, wind, biomass) Integrate chilled beam, radiant floor, six pipe simultaneous chiller/boiler technology Integrate non-hvac equipment: - ice making machines, freezer cases, refrigeration cases, snow melt, ice rinks, process water, black water waste, grey water, sprinkler water

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Upgrade to High Efficiency WSHP s Standard efficiency 12 EER means for every 1 watt of electricity consumed, 3.52 watts of energy is removed from the conditioned space (1 ton of cooling) resulting in 4.52 watts of waste heat delivered to the net energy water loop High efficiency 21.6 EER reduces the electricity consumed from 1 watt to only 0.56 watts to remove the same amount of energy from the zone and reduces the waste heat delivered to the net energy water loop from 4.52 watts to 4.08 watts

Impact of system efficiency and waste heat to a ground loop Basis of Design: 60 bore holes x 305 ft per hole x $10/ft Total: $ 183,000.00 Basis of Design 20.0 EER Alternate # 1 18.5 EER Alternate # 2 17.5 EER Alternate # 3 17.0 EER Add for Lower EER Alt #1: 60 bore holes X 5 ft per hole = 300 bore ft Plus 8 holes X 310 ft = 2,480 bore ft Total: 2,780 bore ft X $10/ft = $ 27,800.00 15% add 75.5 Connected Tons of GLHP s Cost of Heat Pumps with Accessories $ 60,000.00

Impact of system efficiency and waste heat to a ground loop Basis of Design: 60 bore holes x 305 ft per hole x $10/ft Total: $ 183,000.00 Basis of Design 20.0 EER Alternate # 1 Alternate # 2 Alternate # 3 18.5 EER 17.5 EER 17.0 EER 75.5 Connected Tons of GLHP s Cost of Heat Pumps with Accessories $ 60,000.00 Add for Alt #1: 60 bore holes X 5 ft per hole = 300 bore ft Plus 8 holes X 310 ft = 2,480 bore ft Total: 2,780 bore ft X $10/ft = $ 27,800.00 Add for Lower EER Alt # 2: 16 holes X 305 ft = 4,880 bore ft Total: 4,880 bore ft X $10/ft = $ 48,800.00 15% add 27% add

Impact of system efficiency and waste heat to a ground loop Basis of Design: 60 bore holes x 305 ft per hole x $10/ft Total: $ 183,000.00 Basis of Design 20.0 EER Alternate # 1 Alternate # 2 Alternate # 3 18.5 EER 17.5 EER 17.0 EER 75.5 Connected Tons of GLHP s Cost of Heat Pumps with Accessories $ 60,000.00 Add for Alt #1: 60 bore holes X 5 ft per hole = 300 bore ft Plus 8 holes X 310 ft = 2,480 bore ft Total: 2,780 bore ft X $10/ft = $ 27,800.00 Add for Alt # 2: 16 holes X 305 ft = 4,880 bore ft Total: 4,880 bore ft X $10/ft = $ 48,800.00 Add for Lower EER Alt # 3: 60 holes X 10 ft per hole = 600 bore ft Plus 16 holes X 315 ft = 5,040 bore ft Total: 5,640 bore ft X $10/ft = $ 56,400.00 15% add 27% add 31% add

It Is Not Just About EER

3 Ton Variable Speed with Variable Air Flow

3 Ton Variable Speed with Variable Air Flow 50% drop in kw

3 Ton Variable Speed with Variable Air Flow 50% drop in kw 50% drop in kw

3 Ton Variable Speed with Variable Air Flow 50% drop in kw 50% drop in kw Almost 50% drop in kw

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Add Heat Recovery to DHW Add Heat Recovery from Exhaust Air/Makeup Air

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Section 6.5.6.2.1 and 6.5.6.2.2 The required heat recovery system shall have the capacity to provide (as a minimum) the smaller of: a. 60% of the peak heat rejection load at design conditions, or b. preheat of the peak service hot water draw to 85 F.

How much heat can be recovered from the HVAC system?

Heat Recovery Calculation Given: 100 ton Building Zone Distribution: 60% core (60 tons), 40% perimeter (40 tons) Snap Shot Winter Occupied Mode: 65% of core in cooling mode, 85% of perimeter in heating mode Core (cooling mode) 60 tons x 0.65 (percent running) x 3 GPM/ton x 10 F (rise) x 500 = 585,000 BTUH heat rejected Perimeter (heating mode) 40 tons x 0.85 (percent running) x 3 GPM/ton x 6 F (drop) x 500 = 306,000 BTUH heat absorbed Net Heat Gain to the Net Energy Water Loop = 279,000 BTUH

Heat Recovery Calculation Net Heat Gain to the Net Energy Water Loop = 279,000 BTUH OA Pre-Heat Analysis 100 ton x 400 CFM/ton x 25% OA = 10,000 CFM of OA Available Dry Bulb Rise of OA 279,000 BTUH / (10,000 CFM x 1.085) = 25 F Rise 100% recovered waste heat for preheating OA from 30F to 55F Or DHW Pre-Heat Analysis 279,000 BTUH/(500 x (110 F LWT 70 F EWT) = 14 gallon per minute 100% recovered waste heat for preheating 14 GPM of hot water or 840 gallons per hour

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Add Renewable Energy Hybrid Ground Loop

85 F Supply Water 95 F Return Water 10F Across the Cooling Tower

One unit in each zone with individual local temperature control 79 F 95 F 85 F Supply Water 95 F 87 F 90 F Return Water Only 5F Across the Cooling Tower

79 F Water-to-Water Unit Heat Recovery To OA AHU Snow Melt Domestic Hot Water Pre-Heat 130 F or 160 F Hot Water 95 F 85 F Supply Water 95 F 84 F 86.8 F Return Water Only 1.8F Across the Cooling Tower

79 F Water-to-Water Unit Heat Recovery To OA AHU Snow Melt Domestic Hot Water Pre-Heat 130 F or 160 F Hot Water 95 F 85 F Supply Water 95 F 84 F 86.8 F Return Water Only 1.8F to the Ground Loop Supply Water approaches Ground Temperature

Typical Water Source Heat Pump Cooling Performance

Typical Water Source Heat Pump Cooling Performance 33% Increase

Typical Water Source Heat Pump Cooling Performance Published EER is actual operating efficiency based on specific operating conditions and the actual Net cooling capacity of the WSHP 33% Increase These are not seasonally adjusted IEER's or SEER's

Hybrid GLHP Systems Take Advantage of Part Load Operation Commercial Building Loads are only 50% or less of the Peak Load for 80% - 90% of the Year Renewable Energy Hybrid GLHP Systems should be sold just like Solar PV Panels Only install the amount that is most economical

Take Advantage of Part Load Operation 50% of the hours In the year 27% Flow 80% of the hours In the year 54% Flow 552 GPM System (2.8 GPM/ton) with VFD Pumping

Maximize Property Area

Great River Medical Center Burlington, Iowa 1500 Ton, 2002 ASHRAE Technology Award

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Using 6 Pipe chiller/boiler technology, integrate more hydronic technologies in zones of the building where the application makes sense: Chilled beam Underfloor Displacement Ventilation Radiant floor Ice Storage Integral Waterside Economizer

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler How It Works

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Two Way Water Valves And Three Way Valves Two Way Water Valves And Three Way Valves Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Chilled Water Mode Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Hot Water Mode Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Simultaneous Chilled Water & Hot Water Mode Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Partial Simultaneous Mode Allows for simultaneous control of both the Chilled Water and the Hot Water Set Point Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Waterside Economizer Mode Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Chilled Water Supply & Return Hot Water Supply & Return Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors Condenser Evaporator Single Screw Compressor or Dual Scroll Compressors Net Energy Water Loop Supply & Return

Six Pipe Simultaneous Chiller/Boiler Primary Variable Speed Pumping Net Energy Loop Hot Water Supply Chilled Water Supply

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Integrate non-hvac systems and equipment: ice making machines, freezer cases, refrigeration cases, snow melt, ice rinks, process water, black water waste, grey water, sprinkler water

Black Water/Grey Water Heat Exchanger

Ice Making Machines, Freezer Cases, Refrigeration Cases, Walk-in Freezers AHRI Certified EER improves 20% using water cooled Ice Making Machines as compared to air cooled machines. Units are quieter Units do not add a heat load to the zone Units require less maintenance Freezer and Refrigeration Cases are free sources of energy for the Net Energy Water Loop and selecting "water cooled" improves efficiency, reduces refrigerant charge, and improves comfort by reducing sound levels

Integrating Hybrid Ground Loop, Snow Melt, DHW, Freezer Cases, and Refrigeration Cases The GLHP system in this Minnesota gas station heats and cools the building: provides hot water, food refrigeration, and ice making; and melts snow to and from the carwash. 5 HP Air Cooled Cooler Case downsized to 3 HP Water Cooled Cooler Case 3 HP Air Cooled Freezer Case downsized to 1 HP Water Cooled Freezer Case

Integrate as much system efficiency as your budget allows Add Renewable Energy Solar PV Panels Wind Power Generators Solar Hot Water Panels Co-Generation Bio-Mass

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