ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN A CHANGING WORLD

ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN A CHANGING WORLD

Ecological Issues in a Changing World Status, Response and Strategy Edited by SUN-KEE HONG JOHN A. LEE BYUNG-SUN IHM ALMO FARINA YOWHAN SON EUN-SHIK KIM JAE CHUN CHOE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 1-4020-2688-9 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-2689-7 (e-book) Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

CONTENTS Preface List of Contributors Acknowledgements Color Plates xi xiii xvii xix PART I. CONCEPT AND MODEL IN ECOSYSTEM COMPLEX 1 1. A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A SCIENCE OF LANDSCAPE 3 Almo Farina & Sun-Kee Hong 2. MATHEMATICAL VIEW OF COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM 15 PROCESSES Toshiyuki Namba & Tae-Soo Chon 3. COMPLEX SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO STUDY HUMAN- 31 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS: Issues and Problems Felix Müller & Bai-Lian Li 4. EFFECTS OF ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO 2 ON WETLAND SOILS 47 Seon-Young Kim, Hojeong Kang & Chris Freeman 5. TOWARD PREDICTING EFFECTS OF FIRE ON VEGETATION 55 DYNAMICS UNDER CHANGED CLIMATE SCHEME LANDSCAPE SCALE MODELS Xiao-Jun Kou & Robert H. Gardner 6. PARTITIONING CARBON FLUXES WITHIN FOREST STAND 65 BENEATH FLUX TOWER, METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION Kaneyuki Nakane & Henry L. Gholz 7. GAS EMISSIONS FROM BUFFER ZONES IN AGRICULTURAL 97 LANDSCAPES RESULTS EVALUATION OF THE VIII INTECOL CONGRESS SYMPOSIUM Lech Ryszkowski & Ulo Mander 8. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: MONITORING LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS 109 USING SPATIAL PATTERN METRICS Jan Bogaert & Sun-Kee Hong v

PART II. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN ENVIRONMENTAL 133 CHANGES: PATTERN AND PROCESS 9. BIOLOGICAL RICHNESS OF THE ASIAN TIDAL FLATS AND ITS 135 CRISIS BY HUMAN IMPACTS Masanori Sato & Chul-Hwan Koh 10. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF GRASSLAND 157 BIODIVERSITY IN EAST ASIA Hideharu Tsukada, Osamu Imura & Kun Shi 11. SPREAD OF AN INTRODUCED TREE PEST ORGANISM THE 173 PINEWOOD NEMATODE Katsumi Togashi, Yeong-Jin Chung & Ei'ichi Shibata 12. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SOME PLANT SPECIES IN KOREA 189 Bong-Seop Kil, Young Sik Kim, Hyeon Gyeong Yoo, Ji-Hyun Kil & Kew-Cheol Shim 13. BIOMARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ITS 203 APPLICATION IN CHIRONOMUS SPP. Jinhee Choi 14. BIOMASS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING OF NATURAL OAK FORESTS 217 IN KOREA Yowhan Son, In Hyeop Park, Hyun O Jin, Myeong Jong Yi, Dong Yeob Kim Rae Hyun Kim & Jung Ok Hwang 15. EFFECT OF ORGANIC RICE FARMING ON THE SEASONAL 233 OCCURRENCE OF AQUATIC ANIMALS AND PREDATION EFFICACY OF THE MUDDY LAOCH AGAINST MOSQUITOES IN RICE FIELD Dong-Kyu Lee & Young Son Cho 16. MODELLING ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF 251 PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS TRIN. STANDS Byung-Sun Ihm, Jeom-Sook Lee & Jong-Wook Kim PART III. ECOLOGICAL NETWORKING AND RESTORATION 261 TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND PRACTICE 17. LINKING PLANNING SYSTEM BETWEEN SPATIAL 263 DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENT PLAN TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Yeong-Kook Choi 18. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR RESTORATION SITE 301 OF NATURAL FORESTS IN THE OTA RIVER BASIN, JAPAN Nobukazu Nakagoshi, Sonoko Watanabe & Tomoko Koga vi

19. TOWARDS ECO-INTEGRATION - ECOPOLIS PLANNING IN CHINA 311 Rusong Wang 20. ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF URBAN AND RURAL 325 LANDSCAPES - THE NEED FOR LANDSCAPE PLANNING THAT CONSIDERS THE BIODIVERSITY CRISIS IN JAPAN Yukihiro Morimoto 21. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR RESTORING RIVER 337 ECOSYSTEMS IN JAPAN AND KOREA Mahito Kamada, Hyoseop Woo & Yasuhiro Takemon 22. BAEKDUDAEGAN, THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE KOREAN 355 PENINSULAR: THE PATH TOWARD MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES REGARDING TO ITS CONCEPTS Yeong-Kook Choi 23. FOREST FRAGMENTATION IN THE LOWER REGION OF THE HAN 385 RIVER BASIN, SOUTH KOREA FROM 1983 TO 1996 Engkyoung Lee, Kyung A Kim, Kyungmin Kim & Dowon Lee PART IV. EPILOGUE 399 24. SUMMARY OF THE VIII SEOUL INTECOL CONGRESS AND 401 SUBSEQUENT PROGRESSES IN ECOLOGY IN KOREA AS WELL AS IN EAST ASIA Eun-Shik Kim, Byung-Sun Ihm, Jae Chun Choe, Sei-Woong Choi, Sun-Kee Hong & John A. Lee INDEX 413 vii

PREFACE The 8th International Congress of Ecology was held in Seoul, South Korea in August 2002, and was hosted by the Ecological Society of Korea. The Congress theme was 'Ecological Issues in a Changing World', and this volume includes selected contributions to illustrate some of the important topics which were discussed during the Congress. Problems of scale have exercised the minds of ecologists for many years, and will continue to do so into the future. This volume deals with this subject and with mathematical approaches to improve our understanding of complex ecological systems. The book also concentrates on monitoring the responses of ecosystems particularly to human impacts upon them. The importance of spatial separation of function at both the landscape and ecosystem level forms an important theme. Finally, this special book focuses on large-scale issues, discussing in particular important applied ecological problems and how these can be managed through a variety of planning processes. Many examples of major ecological problems in the mainstream ecological literature are drawn from Europe and North America. In contrast, many of the most pressing ecological problems are to be found elsewhere in the World. The 8th INTECOL International Congress of Ecology set out in part to help to redress this situation. Many of the sessions discussed major problems of the Asian region with a view to their wider appreciation in the ecological community at large. This volume continues this process drawing many examples from China, Japan and importantly South Korea. The expertise of ecologists from these countries, the range of the ecological problems which they face, and their solutions to them provide the major substance of this book. Those of us from other parts of the World who attended the Congress were fascinated by the range of major ecological questions being addressed by our Asian colleagues. This deserves to be more widely appreciated in the ecological community. This volume is an important step in this process. This volume is composed of four parts according to scale, objectives and application of modern ecological research. Part I covers emerging concepts and models in the ecosystem complex and in the landscape. Part II. Biological responses to environmental changes: pattern and process, Part III. Ecological networking and restoration technology: theory and practice, and finally a summary of 8 th INTECOL Congress and possible future directions are covered in Part IV. In Part I. Concepts and models in the ecosystem complex each chapter discusses several emerging theories and their ecological methodologies. At this point in time our understanding of ecosystem configuration, ecological function and dynamics is advanced by spatial analyses and models, and by interdisciplinary theories and concepts (esp. ecosystem complexity, landscape ecology and spatial ix

models). The advancement of new concepts and the development of spatial analysis technology help us to understand ecosystem complexity and major global environmental problems. This section covers concepts and theoretical model in the spatio-temporally-different ecosystems and their importance for scaling up from ecosystems through the human-landscape system scale to the global scale. Part II. Ecological responses in global environmental change: pattern and process focuses on ecological responses to major environmental change factors. Ecological responses to these factors are potentially very important indicators of ecosystem health and environmental conditions. These 8 chapters discuss the cause and consequence of ecosystem stability and health in the light of the ecological responses of organisms. They also deal with scaling from ecosystems to the global level in considering the impacts of climate change and pollutants. Practical models and solutions to ecosystem stability are also discussed by world. Part II also contains several papers discussing biological conservation and biodiversity monitoring techniques. Conservation of biodiversity is major current issue. Although the threat to biodiversity is well recognized, the crisis still continues in many of the World s biomes. This section covers several ecosystems which are highly threatened by recent land developments. The strategy of maximizing the conservation of biodiversity is often very concerned with habitat or landscape conservation surrounding target organisms. Therefore, biodiversity conservation practioners are trying to understand habitat structure and related ecological functions. Issues of biodoversity and habitat conservation are strongly correlated to each other and are also important for human health and the environmental beauty of the earth. This section also discusses the interface between ecological and human sociological issues. Part III. Ecological networking and restoration technology: theory and practice, considers habitat networking problems associated with expanding human settlements and the exploitation of natural resources. Urgent issues are concerned with ecological restoration perspectives at both the ecosystem and landscape scale. The need for new environmental impact assessments of human-dominated ecosystems is explored. The need to balance ecosystem conservation and human development in several landscape types (urban-suburban, agricultural, watersheds and rivers) is explored. In this part, new theories of landscape planning, the restoration technology of land management and ecological engineering are suggested as new methodologies of environmental impact assessment and ecosystem information. The papers show new paradigms of sustainable land use and society and the vital importance of global ecology and networking in a changing world. Part IV. The Epilogue deals with the necessity of international networking by active co-operation in order to solve the environmental problems. The International Congress of Ecology in Seoul involved the participation of many international and domestic academic associations. Their roles and strong support were major factors leading to the success of the Congress. Notable examples include the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE) which was an important supporter. During the Congress, this group showed new solutions of environmental problems at x

both the local and the global scale. The Long-term ecological research network (LTER) is another international organization working at both the local and global scale. The new methodologies in several fields of ecology were discussed, especially in consideration of USA and Chinese LTER sites. One of the most valuable outcomes from the 8 th International Congress of Ecology was the establishment of the East Asian Federation of Ecological Societies (EAFES). This is a most important development for ecologists in the region, leading to much greater co-operation and interchange of ideas. The mutually beneficial activities of EAFES and INTECOL will help such co-operation between ecologists world wide, and will be important in addressing the major ecological problems which will confront us in the 21 st Century. Editors Sun-Kee Hong, John A. Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, Almo Farina, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim & Jae Chun Choe xi

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Editor in Chief SUN-KEE HONG, Environmental Planning Institute, Graduate School of Environmental Sciences at Seoul National University, Korea. Secretary General of 8 th INTECOL Congress (11-18 Aug. 2002, Seoul). Board Member of INTECOL. E-mail: pinehong@soback.kornet.net (Corresponding editor) Co-Editors JOHN A. LEE, Department of Animal & Plant Sciences at University of Sheffield, U.K. The President of INTECOL. BYUNG-SUN IHM, Department of Biology at Mokpo National University, Korea. Chairperson of 8 th INTECOL Congress (11-18 Aug. 2002, Seoul). Vice- President of INTECOL (2002). ALMO FARINA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences at The University of Urbino, Italy. Former Secretary General of INTECOL. YOWHAN SON, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering at Korea University, Seoul. EUN-SHIK KIM, Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest Science at Kookmin University, Co-Chairperson of 8 th INTECOL Congress (11-18 Aug. 2002, Seoul). Board Member of INTECOL (Secretary General of INTECOL elected). JAE CHUN CHOE, School of Biological Sciences at Seoul National University, Korea. Co-Chairperson of 8 th INTECOL Congress (11-18 Aug. 2002, Seoul). List of Authors JAN BOGAERT, École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgique, E-mail: jan.bogaert@ulb.ac.be YOUNG SON CHO, Division of Plant and Environment, National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station, R.D.A., Milyang 627-803, Korea, E-mail: choyoungson@hanmail.net JAE CHUN CHOE, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea. Kwanak-ku, Shilim-dong San 56-1, Seoul 151-742, Korea, E-mail: jcchoe@snu.ac.kr JINHEE CHOI, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 90, Jeonnong-dong, dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-743, Korea, E-mail: jinhchoi@uos.ac.kr SEI-WOONG CHOI, Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan-Gun 534-729, Chonnam, Korea, E-mail: choisw@mokpo.ac.kr YEOUNG-KOOK CHOI, National Territorial Planning and Environment, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), 1591-6 Kwanyang-dong, Tong-an gu, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-712, Korea, E-mail: ykchoi@krihs.re.kr xiii

TAE-SOO CHON, Laboratory of Ecology and Behavior System, Division of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, 30 Changjeon-dong, Keumjeong-ku, Pusan, 609-735 Korea, E-mail: tschon@pusan.ac.kr YEONG-JIN CHUNG, Division of Forest Diseases and Insect Pests, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea, E-mail: yjchung@foa.go.kr ALMO FARINA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, The University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico - Sogesta, 61029 Urbino Italy, E-mail: farina@uniurb.it CHRIS FREEMAN, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK, E-mail: c.freeman@bangor.ac.uk ROBERT H. GARDNER, Appalachian Laboratory, The University of Maryland, Frostburg, MD21532, USA, E-mail: gardner@al.umces.edu HENRY L. GHOLZ, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA (present address: Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22232 USA) SUN-KEE HONG, Environmental Planning Institute, Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, Korea, E-mail: pinehong@soback.kornet.net JUNG OK HWANG, Department of Forest Resources, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea, E-mail: hortus@korea.ac.kr BYUNG-SUN IHM, Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan- Gun 534-729, Chonnam, Korea, E-mail: ihmbs@mokpo.ac.kr OSAMU IMURA, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Senbonmatsu 768, Nishinasuno, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan, E-mail: imurao@affrc.go.jp HYUN O JIN, Department of Ecosystems Engineering, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, KyungHee University, Suwon 449-701, Korea, E-mail: hojin@khu.ac.kr MAHITO KAMADA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan, E-mail: kamada@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp HOJEONG KANG, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 11-1, Korea, E-mail: hjkang@ewha.ac.kr BONG-SEOP KIL, Division of Natural Science and Technology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea E-mail: bskil@wonkwang.ac.kr JI-HYUN KIL, Division of Plant Ecology, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 404-170, Korea DONG YEOB KIM, Department of Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. E-mail: ydkim@yurim.skku.ac.kr EUN-SHIK KIM, Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest Science at Kookmin University, 861-1 Chongnung-dong, Songbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea, E-mail: kimeuns@kmu.kookmin.ac.kr xiv

JONG-WOOK KIM, Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan- Gun 534-729, Korea, E-mail: keco@mokpo.ac.kr KYUNG A KIM, Environmental & Human Systems Research Institute, E-Jang Co., LTD., Seoul, Korea, E-mail: kimka@e-jang.net KYUNGMIN KIM, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul 130-712, Korea, E-mail: greenann@hitel.net RAE HYUN KIM, Department of Forest Resources, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea, E-mail: delphino@hanmail.net SEON-YOUNG KIM, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 11-1, Korea, E-mail: ecosun0@hanmail.net YOUNG SIK KIM, Department of Physical Therapy, Wonkwang Health Science College, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea TOMOKO KOGA, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529 Japan, CHUL-HWAN KOH, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (Oceanography), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea E-mail; getbolko@plaza.snu.ac.kr XIAO-JUN KOU, Faculty of Life science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P.R. China, E-mail: xj_kou@yahoo.com DONG-KYU LEE, Department of Biological Sciences, Kosin University, Pusan 606-701, Korea DOWON LEE, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, E-mail: leedw@snu.ac.kr ENGKYOUNG LEE, Environmental & Human Systems Research Institute, E-Jang Co., LTD., Cheong Gang bldg. 2F, Bongcheon 7 Dong 1662-35, Kwanak Gu, Seoul 151-848, Korea, E-mail: wolf@e-jang.net JEOM-SOOK LEE, Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-701, Korea, E-mail: jslee@ks.kunsan.ac.kr JOHN A. LEE, Department of Animal & Plant Sciences at University of Sheffield, U.K. E-mail: J.A.Lee@sheffield.ac.uk BAI-LIAN LI, Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124, USA, E-mail: bai-lian.li@ucr.edu ÜLO MANDER, Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, E-mail: mander@ut.ee YUKIHIRO MORIMOTO, Lab. of Landscape Ecology and Planning, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, E-mail: ymo@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp FELIX MÜLLER, Ecology Center, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 75, D 24118 Kiel, Germany, E-mail: felix@ecology.uni-kiel.de NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529 Japan, E-mail: nobu@hiroshima-u.ac.jp KANEYUKI NAKANE, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan, E-mail: knakane@hiroshima-u.ac.jp xv

TOSHIYUKI NAMBA, Department of Environmental Sciences, Osaka Women s University, Daisen-cho 2-1, Sakai, Osaka 590-0035 Japan, E-mail: tnamba@center.osaka-wu.ac.jp IN HYEOP PARK, Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea, E-mail: inhyeop@sunchon.ac.kr LECH RYSZKOWSKI, Research Centre for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland MASANORI SATO, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan, E-mail; sato@sci.kagoshima-u.ac.jp KUN SHI, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Senbonmatsu 768, Nishinasuno, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan EI ICHI SHIBATA, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, E-mail: shibatae@nuagr1.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp KEW-CHEOL SHIM, Department of Biology Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Chungnam, 314-701, Korea YOWHAN SON, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea, E-mail: yson@korea.ac.kr YASUHIRO TAKEMON, Water Resources Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, E-mail: takemon@wrcs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp KATSUMI TOGASHI, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan, E-mail: togashi@ hiroshima-u.ac.jp HIDEHARU TSUKADA, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Senbonmatsu 768, Nishinasuno, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan RUSONG WANG, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P.R. China, E-mail: wangrs@mail.rcees.ac.cn SONOKO WATANABE, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529 Japan HYOSEOP WOO, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2311 Daehwa-dong, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-shi, Gyeonggi-do 411-712, Korea, E-mail: hswoo@kict.re.kr MYONG JONG YI, Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea, E-mail: mjyi@kangwon.ac.kr HYEON GYEONG YOO, Division of Natural Science and Technology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea xvi

Acknowledgements Above all, we would like to express our deepest appreciation to those ecologists from 55 countries who presented some 1267 papers during the 50 symposia held as part of the 8 th INTECOL Congress in Seoul in 2002. This book consists of major 23 papers that were organized during the Congress, and includes the valuable works of 59 contributors. It was the presentations made during the various symposia that gave us the courage to publish this book. In addition to the seven editors of the book, the following authors were generous enough to agree to have their papers published in this book: Jan Bogaert, Young Son Cho, Jinhee Choi, Sei-woong Choi, Yeoung-Kook Choi, Tae-Soo Chon, Yeong-Jin Chung, Chris Freeman, Robert H. Gardner, Henry L. Gholz, Jung Ok Hwang, Osamu Imura, Hyun O Jin, Mahito Kamada, Hojeong Kang, Bong-Seop Kil, Ji-Hyun Kil, Dong Yeob Kim, Jong-Wook Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Rae Hyun Kim, Seon-Young Kim, Young Sik Kim, Tomoko Koga, Chul-Hwan Koh, Xiao-Jun Kou, Dong-Kyu Lee, Dowon Lee, Engkyoung Lee, Jeom-Sook Lee, Bai-Lian Li, Ülo Mander, Yukihiro Morimoto, Felix Müller, Nobukazu Nakagoshi, Kaneyuki Nakane, Toshiyuki Namba, In Hyeop Park, Lech Ryszkowski, Masanori Sato, Kun Shi, Ei ichi Shibata, Kew-Cheol Shim, Yasuhiro Takemon, Katsumi Togashi, Hideharu Tsukada, Rusong Wang, Sonoko Watanabe, Hyoseop Woo, Myong Jong Yi, Hyeon Gyeong Yoo. These valuable papers, which form the various blocks of this book, are the main reasons why we were able to produce such a quality book. Once again, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to all of these distinguished authors. We would also like to thank the INTECOL Board members for all of their advice during the planning stages of this book. We especially want to express our gratitude to The Ecological Society of Korea and The International Association for Ecology for hosting the 8 th INTECOL Congress, which eventually spawned this book. Moreover, we would like to point out the contribution of the following associations: The Ecological Society of China, The Ecological Society of Japan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, International Long-term Ecological Research Network, International Association for Landscape Ecology, The British Ecological Society, The Ecological Society of America, The Korean Association of Biological Sciences, Korean Forestry Society, Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, all of whom were vital participants in the 8 th INTECOL Congress. Furthermore, we would like to express special praise to the role of the following government institutions, both local and central, research foundations, and international business entities: The Ministry of Environment of Korea, xvii

The Korea Research Foundation, The Korea Science and Engineering Foundation, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Yuhan-Kimberly Ltd, Kookmin Bank, Asian Airlines, KT Megapass, Pulmuone Co., Ltd., Assum Ecological Systems Inc., GC100X Corporation, and Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. Without their crucial financial support, this project could not have been possible. Finally, we would like to convey our warmest thanks to Helen Buitenkamp from the Forestry and Ecology Division of Kluwer Academic Publishers, as well as to Sandra Oomkes and Amber Tanghe-Neely, for all of their assistance in the editing and publication of this book. Editors Sun-Kee Hong, John A. Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, Almo Farina, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim & Jae Chun Choe xviii

Color Plates xix

Figure 5. Potential distribution of actual geotopes appropriate for carrying the restoration project of natural forest ecosystems (From Chapter 5, by N. Nakagoshi et al., page 308) xx

Figure 3. Gap analyses using potential habitat to identify the areas for protection and restoration in the city of Kyoto (Imanishi et al. unpublished). Potential habitat for each vegetation was estimated using 33 physiotope classes and existing locations. The figure shows the case of reed community, one of the remarkably reduced communities. Potential habitat overlaid with protection status could help us to identify the areas not only for protection but also for restoration.(from Chapter 20, by Y. Morimoto, page 331) xxi

Figure 4. Comparison of EXPO 70 site in 1970 (left) and 2000 (right). Reclaimed and afforested in 1972-76 under the concept of a self-sustaining forest ecosystem in the urban area. (From Chapter 20, by Y. Morimoto, page 334) Figure 5. Comparison of initial (left) and one year after (right) the management treatment of patch thinning and soil seed bank introduction from the nearest remaining forest. (From Chapter 20, by Y. Morimoto, page 334) xxii