E- Waste Rules and Guidelines Dr Shantanu Dutta Senior Environmental Engineer Central Pollution Control Board Shillong
What is E-Waste? Waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded. E-waste comprises of wastes generated from used electronic devices and house hold appliances which are not fit for their original intended use and are destined for recovery, recycling or disposal. Such wastes encompasses wide range of electrical and electronic devises such as computers, hand held cellular phones, personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners etc.
The Hazardous wastes (M H & TM) Rules 2008, notified e -wastes in Sl no 18 of Schedule IV as: Components of waste electrical and electronic assembles comprising accumulators and other batteries, mercuryswitches, activated glass cutlets from cathode-ray tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or any other component contaminated with Schedule 2 constituent (e.g. cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl) to an extent that they exhibit hazard characteristics indicated in part C of this Schedule. In the Hazardous wastes (M H & TM) Rules 2008, twenty (20) types of HW are listed in Schedule IV and for recycling/ reprocessing of these wastes, Registration in SPCB/PCC is required.
Contaminants in E-Waste E-wastes contain over 1000 different substances many of which are toxic and potentially hazardous to environment and human health, if these are not handled in an environmentally sound manner. E-waste can be considered as a resource that contains useful material of economic benefit for recovery of plastics, iron, glass, aluminum, copper and precious metals such as silver, gold, platinum, and palladium and lead, cadmium, mercury etc.
Toxic constituents in E - Waste COMPONENTS Printed circuit boards Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Switches & flat screen monitors Computer batteries Capacitors and transformers (PCB) Printed circuit boards, plastic casings cable Cable insulation/coating CONSTITUENTS Lead & cadmium Lead oxide & Cadmium Mercury Cadmium Poly Chlorinated Bi-phenyls Brominated Flame Retardant Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 The E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 have been notified in May 2011 and are effective from 01-05-2012 These rules are applicable to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components specified in schedule I. Two categories of end of the life electrical and electronic equipment namely (i) IT and Telecommunication Equipment and (ii.) Consumer Electricals and Electronics such as TVs, Washing Machines, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners are covered under these Rules.
Primary Objective of the E Waste Rules, 2011 The rules have been notified with primary objective to channelize the E-waste generated in the country for environmentally sound recycling which is largely controlled by the unorganized sector who are adopting crude practices that results into higher pollution and less recovery, thereby causing wastages of precious resources and damage to environment.
Applicability of the E-Waste Rules, 2011 1. These rules shall apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components as specified in schedule I. 2. The rule will not apply to lead acid batteries as covered under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001. 3. The rules shall not apply to Micro and Small enterprises as defined in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (27 of 2006) and radio-active wastes as covered under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) and rules made there under.
Salient features of the E Waste Rules: The E-waste Rules place main responsibility of e-waste management on the producers of the electrical and electronic equipment by introducing the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). EPR means responsibility of any producer of electrical and electronic equipment, for their product beyond manufacturing until environmentally sound management of management of their end of-life products. Under this EPR, producer is also entrusted with the responsibility to finance and organize a system to meet the costs involved in complying with EPR. It introduces the following new terms. a) Historical E-waste : Wastes (as listed in Schedule I), which was available on the date from which the Rules come into the force. b) Orphaned products means non branded or assembled electrical and electronic equipment (as per Schedule I) or those produced be a company, which has closed its operations or has stopped product support.
Outlines/contents of the E-Wastes Rules, 2011 Chapter 1 Preliminary 1.Short title and commencement 2. Application 3. Definitions Chapter II Responsibilities 4. Responsibilities of producer 5. Responsibilities of collection centers 6. Responsibilities of bulk consumer 7. Responsibilities of dismantler 8. Responsibilities of recycler Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Procedure for seeking authorization and registration for handling E Wastes Procedure of storage of e wastes Reduction of use of hazardous materials in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment Miscellaneous 9. Procedure for seeking authorization and grant of authorization 10. Power to suspend or cancel an authorization 11. Procedure for registration (of recycler of e waste) with SPCB 12. Procedure for storage of e -waste 13. Reduction in the use of hazardous materials in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment Schedule 1 Schedule II Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered under the Rules Applications, which are exempted from the Schedule I list
Schedules in the E-waste Rules Schedules Contents Schedule I Categories/list of electrical and electronic equipment covered under the rules Schedule -II Applications, which are exempted from the requirement (Hg in fluorescent lamps, Pb in CRT, etc.) Schedule -III List of authorities and corresponding duties
Various Forms in the E-waste Rules Form Target Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Application for obtaining authorisation for generation/collection/storage/dismantling/recycling of e-waste Form of maintaining records of e-waste handled/generated Form for filling annual returns Form 4 Application for registration of facilities possessing environmentally sound management practice for recycling of e-waste Form 5 Form for annual report to be submitted by the SPCB/PCC to CPCB
The e-waste Rules apply to all electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) listed in Schedule 1and put on market in India, including their components and consumables which are part of the product at the time of discarding.
Major Stakeholders in the E-Waste Rules and responsibilities 1. Producer with extended producer responsibility 2. Bulk Consumers 3. Collection Centre 4. Dismantler 5. Recycler 6. SPCBs/PCCs 7. CPCB 8. Urban Local Bodies
Sl No Stakeholders in the E Waste Rules 2011 Definition/Major Role 1 Producer Extended producer s responsibility (EPR) is the main feature of the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011, wherein the producer of electrical and electronic equipment has the responsibility of managing such equipment after its end of life, thus the producer is responsible for their products once the consumer discards them. Under this EPR, producer is also entrusted with the responsibility to finance and organize a system to meet the costs involved in complying with EPR. The producers are required to obtain authorization from SPCB/PCCs for implementing their EPR, which can be achieved by setting up collection centres, or implementing take back systems or joining a collective scheme or joining a collection centre for effective channelization of E-waste to the registered dismantlers/recyclers which shall be specified in their application for authorization.
EPR Authorization 123 Producers have been granted authorisation in 11 States for managing their EPR. State wise details as available with CPCB are given below: S.No. State No of Producers granted authorisation for EPR 1 AP 3 2 Bihar 1 3 Delhi 40 4 Goa 15 5 Gujarat 3 6 J & K 12 7 Karnataka 19 8 Maharashtra 27 9 Orissa 1 10 Rajasthan 1 11 UP 1 123
Sl No Stakeholders in the E Waste Rules 2011 Definition/Major Role 2 Collection Center Collection of e-waste is of prime importance for environmentally sound management of e-waste. Collection centre can be established to collect the E-waste individually or jointly or it can be a registered society or a designated agency or a company or an association, thus there is ample scope for evolving various ways in which a collection centre can be set up and functional 3 Dismantlers Any person or registered society or a designated agency or a company or an association can engage in dismantling of end of life electrical and electronic equipment into their components by obtaining registration and authorization from the respective SPCB/PCC. Dismantling operation can be manual, semi manual and automatic involving physical segregation operations for plastics, glass, steel, non-ferrous material, wires, gases, liquids and printed circuit boards. Dismantlers may perform the following operations
Sl No Stakeholders in the E Waste Rules 2011 Definition/Major Role 4 Recycler Any person who is engaged in recycling or reprocessing of used electrical and electronic equipment or assemblies or their component is a recycler. Recyclers may also set up their own authorized collection centers and may establish linkages with producers/bulk generators/other collection agencies. They may also establish a scheme for household collection of e-waste or may establish tie ups with other agencies involved in collection of e-waste from individual consumers.
Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste The growth of e-waste has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electrical and electronic products, consumption rates and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of e- waste There is no large scale organized e-waste recycling facility in India.
Recycle scenario in India E-waste recycling is presently concentrated in the informal (unorganized) sector No organized collection system prevails Operations are mostly illegal Processes are highly polluting Recycling operations engage in: dismantling sale of dismantled parts valuable resource recovery export of processed waste for precious metal recovery
Concerns: Informal recycling High-risk backyard operation Non- efficient and Nonenvironmentally sound technologies Occupational and environmental hazards Loss of resources due to inefficient processes Impacts vulnerable social groups- Women, children and mmigrant labourers
E-waste generation in India assessment figures S.No Year of Information State Estimated Quantity 1 2010 Andhra Pradesh 4266 MT in 3 cities (Hyderabad 3739 MT, Visakhapatnam 319 MT and Vijayawada 210 MTA) 2 2013 Assam 14 MT 3 2012-2013 2013-2014 Chandigarh 7.062 MT 6.28 MT 4 2012 Goa 915 MT 5 - Himachal 4749 MT 6 2012 Jammu & Kashmir 500 MT 7 2012 Madhya Pradesh 3250 MT in 6 cities 8 2005 Maharashtra 20271 MT 9 2010 Meghalaya 446 MT in Shillong City 11 2013 Puducherry 11.06 MT 12 2012 Punjab 12432 MT 13 2010 West Bengal 25999 MT in Kolkata Metropolitan Area
Authorized Collection Centres One hundred and fifteen (115) collection centres have been granted authorisation. S.No. State Authorisation granted 1 AP 4 2 Assam 2 3 Bihar 2 4 Chandigarh 1 5 Delhi 19 6 Gujarat 29 7 Goa 2 8 J & K 4 9 Karnataka 4 11 Kerala 4 12 Madhya Pradesh 1 13 Maharashtra 22 14 Odisha 7 15 Rajasthan 4 16 Uttrakhand 1 17 UP 09 Total 115
Registered Recycler/Dismantlers in India S. No. State 2014 1 Andhra Pradesh 2 2 Chhattisgarh 1 3 Gujarat 7 4 Haryana 7 5 Karnataka 53 6 Madhya Pradesh 1 7 Maharashtra 22 8 Rajasthan 9 9 Tamil Nadu 11 11 Uttar Pradesh 9 12 Uttarakhand 3 13 West Bengal 1 Total 126
Other salient features: The rules also call for the reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Every producer of equipment listed in Schedule 1 of the Rule shall ensure that the covered products do not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, poly-brominated biphenyls or polybrominated di-phenyl ethers above a specified threshold. The threshold for cadmium is 0.01% by weight in homogeneous material, for all other substances, the threshold is 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material. Equipment or system that is not listed in Schedule-I but has a part or component that is listed in Schedule-I as an integral part of that equipment or system is considered to be outside the scope of the rules. However, waste generated from such components or parts may be accepted for channelization to recycling facility as long as it is recyclable
Basel Convention Basel Convention covers all discarded/disposed materials that possess hazardous characteristics as well as all wastes considered hazardous on a national basis. Annex VIII, refers to E-waste, which is considered hazardous under Art. 1, par. 1(a) of the Convention: A1180 Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap containing components such as accumulators and other batteries included on list A, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-rat tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or contaminated with Annex I constituents (e.g., cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl) to an extent that they possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex III. Annex IX, contains the mirror entry, B1110 Electrical and Electronic assemblies given below. Electronic assemblies consisting only of metals or alloys Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap (including printed circuit boards) not containing components such as accumulators and other batteries included on List A, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-ray tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or not contaminated with Annex 1.
Implementation of the E-Waste Rules by the PSUs in Assam E-waste as stored in Bongaigaon Refinery, IOCL
Stacking of other wastes not covered by the E-Waste Rule
Form 2 as submitted by the Guwahati Refinery to PCBA
Assam has success stories showing implementation of the E- Waste Rules. More efforts from State Board shall be needed to aware the Stack Holders for strict implementation of the Rules.
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