Construction Innovation Center Building 186 FPE 596 Professors Presented Culminating Experience in Fire Protection Engineering Christopher Pascual & Frederick W. Mowrer Christopher Torres
Objective / Overview Prescriptive Analysis Approach Structure Fire Protection Performance based Analysis Approach Tenability Analysis: NFPA 101 / Method 2 Means of Egress B Fire Alarm System Fire Suppression System Codes & Standards during Construction Codes & Standards being Analyzed 2001 CBC 2001 CFC 1999 NFPA 13 1999 NFPA 72 C 2013 CBC 2013 CFC 2013 NFPA 13 2013 NFPA 72 Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) Time from ignition until building becomes untenable Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) Time needed for occupants to evacuate from the building 2
General Building Description A Construction Innovation Center was completed in 2008 B B Dedicated to the Construction Management Department C Divided into 3 individual buildings (A B C) 7 laboratories, 12 classrooms & lecture halls, and faculty offices Sprinklered throughout Group B Occupancy 3
Building Location San Luis Obispo, California B California Polytechnic State University South West of Campus C 4
Fire Apparatus Access Fire department vehicle must approach within 150 feet of any point along the exterior wall Minimum Unobstructed Horizontal Clearance 20 feet Minimum Unobstructed Vertical Clearance 13 feet 6 inches 5
Building Existing Dimensional Characteristics A Floors Building A Building B Building C Total Basement 1,770 SF 0 SF 0 SF 1,770 SF First 5,384 SF 8,178 SF 3,004 SF 21,498 SF Second 5,384 SF 8,184 SF 3,054 SF 17,488 SF Third 2,525 SF 8,264 SF 3,054 SF 14,573 SF Total 15,144 SF 24,626 SF 9,122 SF 48,882 SF B C B A Building A Existing Height 46 feet B 46 feet C 58 feet 6
Color Coded Floor Plans First Floor A B 7
Color Coded Floor Plans Second Floor A B 8
Color Coded Floor Plans Third Floor A B 9
Construction Type Classification A Construction Type of IIA Building elements listed in CBC Table 601 are of noncombustible materials Adopted provision CBC Table 601 Footnote d Buildings of only type IIA construction are permitted Automatic sprinkler system 1 hour rated substitution System is not used for allowable height and area increase Building Elements Minimum Fire Resistance Rating Existing Fire Resistance Rating Primary Structural Frame 1 hour 0 hour Exterior Bearing walls a 1 hour 1 hour Interior Bearing walls 1 hour 0 hour Exterior Nonbearing walls and partitions a CBC Table 602 1 hour Interior Nonbearing walls and partitions 0 hour 0 hour Floor Construction and Associated Secondary Members Roof Construction and Associated Secondary Members 1 hour 0 hour 1 hour 0 hour a the 1-hour substitution for the fire resistance of exterior walls is not permitted under CBC Table 601 Note d 10
Fire Separation Distance A 187 Fire separation distance is the distance from the exterior wall of the building to an imaginary line between two buildings on the property. 76 Fire Separation Distance = X (feet) Type of Construction Group B Occupancy X < 5 IIA 1 hour 5 X < 10 IIA 1 hour 10 X < 30 IIA 1 hour X 30 IIA 0 hour 11
Occupant Load The occupant load factor establishes minimum occupant densities based on the function or actual use of the space, and not group classification Function Waiting Area Conference Office Lecture Laboratory Occupancy Load Factor 15 SF/Person 15 SF/Person 100 SF/Person 20 SF/Person 50 SF/Person Floor Building A Building B Building C Total amount of Occupants First 100 Persons 124 Persons 148 Persons 372 Persons Second 96 Persons 125 Persons 141 Persons 362 Persons Third 20 Persons 130 Persons 145 Persons 295 Persons Total 216 Persons 397 Persons 434 Persons 1029 Persons 12
Exit Access Exterior Exit Access Balcony The same requirements as corridors for width, headroom, dead ends, and projections [CBC Section 1019.1] Width Headroom Dead Ends a, b Minimum Provided Minimum Provided Minimum Provided 44 96 84 126 147 50 27 6 a. 20 feet in length without sprinklers & 50 feet in length with sprinklers b. Dead-ends are permitted to be limited in length, where the length is less than 2.5 times its width (existing width = 20 feet) Projections Fire Separation Distance (FSD) Minimum Distance from Line used to Determined FSD 0 feet to less than 2 feet Projections not permitted 2 feet to less than 5 feet 24 inches 5 feet or greater 40 inches 13
Exit Stair #1 (Required) Stair #2 (Required) Stair #3 Stair #4 4 3 Occupancy One Egress Doorway Two Exits B 01 49 050 500 1 Rooms or floors that require a minimum of two exit must have a separation distance of not less than 1/3 of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the space 2 14
Fire Alarm Control Panel A single smoke detector must be provided at the location of each fire alarm control panel [CBC Section 907.4.1] Notifier NFS-640 Intelligent Fire Alarm Control Unit First Floor Plan Space 110 (Building A) & Room B110 (Building B) 15
Initiating Devices Notifier NBG 12LX Addressable Fire Alarm Box Notifier FAPT-851 Addressable Acclimate Plus Multi Sensor Detector Notifier FST 851 Addressable Heat Detector Notifier FSD-751P Air Duct Smoke Detector Detector Type Features Multiple Sensors (photoelectric &thermal sensing) Acclimate Plus Multi Sensor Adjust its sensitivity & alarm thresholds Multiple Alarm Signal Mathematical Evaluation if alarm is necessary Other Initiating Devices : Sprinkler Tamper Switch (FBO) & Sprinkler Waterflow Switch (FBO) 16
Notification Appliances Gentex EH24 R Horn Gentex Waterproof Gasket for Horn Gentex GEC3 24WR Multi Candela Horn/Strobe Gentex GES3 24WR Multi Candela Strobe Other Notification Appliances : Sprinkler Waterflow Bell (FBO) 17
Automatic Fire Sprinkler System TYCO Series TY-FRB Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler System Quick Response Sprinklers 5.6 K Factor Actuation Temperatures: 155 F (1, 2, 3 Floor) & 280 F (Basement) Function Occupancy Density Total Combined Inside & Outside Hose Mechanical Rooms Service Rooms Storage Rooms Office Rooms General Building Areas Laboratory Rooms Ordinary Group Hazard Group 1 Ordinary Group Hazard Group 1 0.15 GPM/ 250 GPM 0.15 GPM/ 250 GPM Light Hazard 0.10 GPM/ 100 GPM Ordinary Group Hazard Group 1 0.15 GPM/ 250 GPM 18
Performance Based Analysis NFPA 101 / Tenability Analysis (Method 2) Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) Tenability Criteria Tenability Limits Reasons Visibility a 5.18 m Temperature 60 C Combustion Gas Toxicity 2,590 ppm a. SFPE Fire Protection Engineering 3rd Edition, Babrauskas For small enclosures and travel distances Thermal burns to the respiratory tract concentration of CO that causes incapacitation For each design fire scenario, the design team must demonstrate that each room or area will be fully evacuated before the smoke and toxic gas layer in that space descends to a level lower than 6 feet above the floor. Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) Total Evacuation Time = Activation Time + Notification Time + Reaction Time + Pre-Evacuation Time + Movement Time ASET > RSET 19
Design Fire Scenarios Building A: Space A101A, Seating Area The space is used for people to sit and wait until they are called upon from the receptionist A Fire occurring on couch closest to the door; blocking exit door Building B: Room B203, Construction Management Lab Lecture Format The room is used for students to work on various projects such as miniature architectural wood modeling B Fire occurring on a wooden model due to a faulty glue gun C Building C: Not selected as part of the tenability analysis This is due to time constraint and low existing ignition sources compared to Buildings A and B. 20
Fire Scenario in Building A Chair Tests Mass Padding Material Fabric Frame F21 T19, T45 28.3 kg California Foam Polyolefin Wood F22 T24 31.9 kg FR Cotton Batting Cotton Wood F23 T23 31.2 kg FR Cotton Batting Polyolefin Wood F24 T22 28.3 kg California Foam Cotton Wood F25 T29 27.8 kg Non- California Foam Polyolefin Wood Upholstered Furniture Heat Release Rate: Measurements and Estimation 21
Tenability Criteria for Fire Scenario in Building A 22
Evacuation Time for Fire Scenario in Building A Time: 0.0 / 49.0 seconds Time: 12.0 / 49.0 seconds Time: 24.0 / 49.0 seconds Occupant Evacuation Time Explanation Results Activation Time Detact-QS (Sprinkler) 150 sec Notification Time NFPA 72 Section 10.12.1 10 sec Reaction Time Medium Alert 3 sec Pre Evacuation Time Packing of Office Supplies 10 sec Movement Time Pathfinder 49 sec Total Evacuation Time 222 sec (3.7 min) 23
Tenability Criteria for Fire Scenario in Building A Visibility 304 / 500 seconds (1.5 to 31.5m) Tenability Criteria a Tenability Limits FDS Results Visibility 5.18 m Pass Temperature 60 C Pass Toxicity 2,590 ppm Pass a. The tenability criteria are evaluated at 6 feet above the top of finished floor Temperature - 303.5 / 500 seconds (20 to 27.5 C) Toxicity - 303.5 / 500 seconds (0 to 9 ppm) 24
Fire Scenario in Building B Particle board tested in the cone calorimeter at two irradiances Test Specimen Thickness Density Ignition Time Rigid Polyurethane Foam 30 mm 30 kg/m 3 1sec Insulating Fiberboard 13 mm 250 kg/m 3 28 sec Expanded Polystyrene 50 mm 20 kg/m 3 100 sec Medium Density Fiberboard 12 mm 600 kg/m 3 88 sec Particle Board 10 mm 750 kg/m 3 87 sec Prediction of Heat Release Rate of Surface Materials in Large Scale Fire Test Based on Cone Calorimeter Results 25
Tenability Criteria for Fire Scenario in Building B 26
Evacuation Time for Fire Scenario in Building B Time: 0.0 / 28.0 seconds Time: 9.3 / 28.0 seconds Time: 17.8 / 28.0 seconds Occupant Evacuation Time Explanation Results Activation Time Detact-QS (Sprinkler) 175 sec Notification Time NFPA 72 Section 10.12.1 10 sec Reaction Time Medium Alert 3 sec Pre Evacuation Time Packing of School Supplies 10 sec Movement Time Pathfinder 28 sec Total Evacuation Time 226 sec (3.8 min) 27
Tenability Criteria for Fire Scenario in Building B Tenability Criteria a Tenability Limits FDS Results Visibility 5.18 m Pass Temperature 60 C Pass Toxicity 2,590 ppm Pass a. The tenability criteria are evaluated at 6 feet above the top of finished floor Visibility 306.5 / 500 seconds (0.5 to 30 m) Temperature - 301.5 / 500 seconds (0 to 35 C) Toxicity - 303 / 500 seconds (0 to 200 ppm) 28
Acknowledgement A Christopher Torres would like to acknowledge and thank the following individuals for their assistance and guidance during the Fire Protection Engineering Master Program. The results of this endeavor would not have been possible without you. Professor Frederick Mowrer B Professor Christopher Pascual Dr. Chris Lautenberger Dr. David Rich Professor Lonnie Simonian Associate Professor Thomas Korman Professor Frederick Mowrer C Professor Kevin Dong Dr. Francisco Joglar Mr. Morgan Hurley Architect Rex Wolf Ivy Rose Jose Ando Professor Christopher Pascual